Sebastian Thrun and Chris Anderson: What AI is -- and isn't
سيباستيان ثران وكريس أنديرسون: الجيل الجديد من الحواسب الآلية هو البرمجة نفسها
Sebastian Thrun is a passionate technologist who is constantly looking for new opportunities to make the world better for all of us. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
what machine learning is,
على فهم ماهية تعلم الآلة،
and also of the concern
intelligence and machine learning
من الذكاء الاصطناعي وتعلم الآلة
in its past until recently.
في ماضيهما حتى فترة قريبة
of computing and datasets
say, your phone,
very long kitchen recipe,
turn down the temperature.
شديدة السخونة، قلل درجة الحرارة.
the temperature."
has 12 million lines of code.
can cause your computer to crash.
makes so much money.
مهندسي البرمجيات الكثير من الأموال
can find their own rules.
الآلي بوسعه ابتكار قواعده الخاصة
deciphering, step by step,
خطوة تلو الأخرى،
the computer examples
تزود الحاسب الآلي بالأمثلة
which recently was won by Google.
الذي ربحته (جوجل) حديثًا
you would really write down all the rules,
تقوم بكتابة كل القواعد بنفسك
residing Go champion.
the software engineer
where this has become really possible --
التي جعلت أمرًا كهذا ممكنًا،
was about machine learning.
لأن أطروحتي كانت حول تعلم الآلة
insignificant, don't read it,
were as big as a cockroach brain.
الحاسب الآلي مثل حجم الديناصورات
to really emulate
take advantage of the fact
much more data than people can.
من البيانات بخلاف البشر
more than a million games.
بفحص أكثر من مليون لعبة
study a million games.
a hundred billion web pages.
عن مئة مليار صفحة ويب
a hundred billion web pages.
دراسة مئة مليار صفحة ويب
the computer can find rules
الحاسب الآلي التوصل إلى قواعد
to, "If he does that, I will do that,"
من كتابة "إذا فعل هذا، سأفعل ذلك"
looks like a winning pattern,
a winning pattern."
how you raise children.
giving kids a rule for every contingency
الأطفال كل قواعد حالات الطوارئ
and they have this big program.
فيصبح لديهم ذلك البرنامج الضخم
they get slapped or spanked,
وينهضون ويتم صفعهم أو ضربهم
a good grade in school,
ودرجات جيدة بالمدرسة،
so much easier all of a sudden.
باستخدام الحاسب أكثر سهولة فجأة
We just give them lots of data.
فقط نزود الأجهزة بالكثير من البيانات
to the spectacular improvement
الرئيسي لتحسينات رائعة
into a spin-off called Voyage.
إلى برنامج فرعي يسمى (فوياج)
called deep learning
الذي يسمى "التعلم الاصطناعي"
from Mountain View, California,
من (ماونتن فيو)، (كاليفورنيا)،
and 133 traffic lights.
والمارة و133 إشارة مرور
the Google self-driving car team.
فريق سيارة (جوجل) ذاتية القيادة
the world's best software engineers
into the computer brain,
that often surpasses human agility.
كثيرًا ما تتفوق على رشاقة البشر
about 33 miles, an hour and a half.
على مسافة نحو 33 ميلًا، طوال ساعة ونصف
of this program on the left,
على الجانب الكبير باليسار في هذا البرنامج،
the computer sees as trucks and cars
image, which is the main input here,
الكاميرا، التي تشكل المُدخَل الرئيسي هنا،
other cars, traffic lights.
على الطرق والسيارات وإشارات المرور
to do distance estimation.
in these kind of systems.
and so on depicted by the laser.
وغيرها التي يظهرها الليزر
is centering on the camera image now.
تقريبًا يوجد بالكاميرا الآن
sensors like radars and lasers
الاستشعار الدقيقة مثل الرادارات والليزر
on the left thing, what is that?
الخضراء باليسار، ما هذه؟
for your adaptive cruise control,
البعيدة لمثبت السرعة المتغير،
how to regulate velocity
على إدراك طريقة تنظيم السرعة
the cars in front of you are.
got an example, I think,
learning part takes place.
a challenge to Udacity students
الذي وضعناه أمام طلاب (يوداستي)
a self-driving car Nanodegree.
(النانوديجري) لسيارة ذاتية القيادة
how to steer this car?"
إلى طريقة ما لتوجيه هذه السيارة؟"
to get the steering right.
على البشر توجيهها بشكل صحيح
"It's a deep learning competition,
"هذه مسابقة متعلقة بالتعلم الاصطناعي،
like Google or Facebook,
عملاقة مثل (جوجل) أو (فيسبوك)،
at least six months of work.
6 أشهر على أقل تقدير
100 submissions from students,
نحو 100 مراسلة من الطلاب
توصلوا إلى الطريقة المثالية
drive on this imagery,
مما أستطيع أنا في حالة كهذه،
to a computer now,
to comprehend the data,
of powerful applications
إلى تطوّر تطبيقات قوية
the other day about cancer.
CA: This is cool.
(أنيرسون): هذا رائع
into what's happening
400,000 dollars a year,
to be a good dermatologist.
من التدريب لتصبح أخصائي جلدية متميز
the machine learning version of it.
هو نسخة تعلم الآلة لذلك الأمر
for these machine learning algorithms.
الفني لخوارزميات تعلم الآلة تلك
by a Facebook Fellow called Yann LeCun,
في (فيسبوك) يدعى (يان ليكان) عام 1988،
as the human brain.
but it emulates the same thing.
ولكنها تحاكي الأمر ذاته
the visual input and extracts edges
المُدخَل المرئي وتُخرِج edges
more complicated edges
تصبح ال(EDGES) أكثر تعقيدًا
really complicated concepts.
من بناء مفاهيم معقدة للغاية
cat faces and dog faces
at Stanford has shown is that
of skin conditions,
على 129 ألف صورة للأمراض الجلدية
that this is the case,
that we presented to our network
وقمنا بعرضها على شبكتنا
Stanford-level dermatologists,
حاصلين على الزمالة بمستوى (ستانفورد)،
the performance classification accuracy
أو أكثر دقة في التصنيف من نتائج
That's a moving piece.
الخميس الماضي، وهذه قطعة متحركة
in "Nature" earlier this year
ونشره في دورية "الطبيعة" بهذا العام
dermatologists images
صورًا على أخصائيين الجلدية
we had the correct classification.
حتى نتأكد أن تصنيفنا لها صحيح
by one of our collaborators.
في (ستانفورد) بواسطة أحد معاونينا
one of the three best, apparently,
واحد من أفضل ثلاثة أخصائيين جلدية،
"This is not skin cancer."
وقال: "هذا ليس سرطان جلدي"
a second moment, where he said,
and ran our piece of software,
خاصتنا، إن صح التعبير
the iPhone a little bit more than myself,"
"حسنًا، ربما أثق في التطبيق أكثر من نفسي"
to get it biopsied.
that we actually found,
التي اكتشفنا فيها،
would have gone unclassified,
كان من الممكن يمر دون أن يُكتشف،
for an app like this right now,
making an app that allows self-checking?
تطبيق يسمح بفحص الناس لأنفسهم؟
about cancer apps,
برسائل حول التطبيقات المتعلقة بالسرطان،
10, 15, 20 melanomas removed,
بقعة سرطان جلدي لبعضهم،
might be overlooked, like this one,
these days, I guess.
والمتحدثين تُرسل هذه الأيام
بحاجة إلى المزيد من الاختبارت
and impress a TED audience.
نتائج لافتة للنظر وتبهر جمهور (TED)
something out that's ethical.
the assistance of a doctor
and our data holds up,
to take this kind of technology
doctors never, ever set foot.
لم يطأ أطباء (ستانفورد) قدمًا قط
with this army of Udacity students,
a different form of machine learning
نوعٍ مختلفٍ من تعلم الآلة
with a form of crowd wisdom.
تعلم الآلة بنوع من حكمة الجماهير
that could actually outperform
أنه في بعض الأحيان قد يتفوق ذلك
even a vast company?
حتى وإن كانت شركة عملاقة؟
instances that blow my mind,
is these competitions that we run.
هو تلك المسابقات التي نجريها
a self-driving car
to San Francisco on surface streets.
وحتى (سان فرانسيسكو) بالشوراع الرئيسية
after seven years of Google work,
بعد أن عملوا على المشروع لسبع سنوات،
and three months to do this.
وثلاثة أشهر من العمل فحسب
an army of students
who use crowdsourcing.
إلى الاستعانة بالجمهور
where people do bug-finding crowdsourcing
إلى الاستعانة بالجمهور للعثور على الثغرات
in crowdsourcing.
عن طريق الاستعانة بالجمهور
this car in three months,
هذه السيارة في ثلاثة أشهر،
who are never hired,
من 9 آلاف شخص لم يتم تعيينهم قط،
and I don't even know.
maybe 9,000 answers.
which is maybe not the best thing to do.
وقد يكون ذلك أمرًا سيئًا
of their education, too, which is nice.
جزء من تعليمهم، وهذا أمر جيد
to produce amazing deep learning results.
تقديم نتائج مذهلة للتعلم الاصطناعي
and great machine learning is amazing.
وتعلم آلة مميز أمر رائع
the first day [of TED2017]
في اليوم الأول [لـTED2017]
turned out to be two amateur chess players
من المثير للدهشة، أنهما كانا لاعبين هاويين
mediocre-to-good, computer programs,
with one great chess player,
على أستاذ دولي كبير بلعبة الشطرنج
you're talking about a much richer version
the fantastic panels yesterday morning,
الألواح الرائعة بصباح يوم أمس،
that we sometimes confuse
with this kind of overlord threat,
وهذا النوع من التهديد للأسياد الآليين،
consciousness, right?
is for my AI to have consciousness.
أن يكون لذكائي الاصطناعي وعيًا
with the dishwasher
and I don't want them.
an augmentation of people.
of human smarts and machine smarts
من الذكاء البشري والذكاء الآلي
is as old as machines are.
أكثر قوة قديمة للغاية كالآلات نفسها
place because it made steam engines
بفضل المحركات البخارية
that couldn't farm by itself,
it made us stronger.
will make us much, much stronger
من الذكاء الاصطناعي ستجعلنا أكثر قوة بكثير
of this for some people,
بالجزء المخيف لهذا الأمر لبعض الناس،
scary for people is when you have
rewrite its own code,
إعادة كتابة أكواده الخاصة،
multiple copies of itself,
if a goal is achieved and improved.
الهدف المطلوب قد تحقق وتحسن أم لا
on an intelligence test.
بشكل أفضل في اختبار للذكاء
that's moderately good at that,
some sort of runaway effect
on Thursday evening,
على ما يرام بمساء يوم الخميس،
on Friday morning,
of computers and so forth,
what I heard you say.
we had exactly this thing:
the game against itself
is a rewriting of the rules.
absolutely no concern
these are all very single-domain things.
كل تلك الأشياء متعلقة بمجال واحد فحسب
that seemed nearly capable
and understand in the sense that we can,
والفهم كما نفعل نحن البشر،
patterns of meaning.
as this broadens out,
kind of runaway effect?
من التأثير غير المتوقع؟
I draw the line, honestly.
I don't want to downplay it --
the thing that's on my mind these days,
ولا أفكر بذلك بالوقت الحالي
is something else.
to the present date
الاصطناعي حتى يومنا هذا
is because of massive numbers of Go plays,
هو الأعداد الهائلة لألعاب (جو)،
or fly a plane.
قيادة سيارة أو التحليق بطائرة
or the Udacity self-driving car
أو سيارة (يوداستي) ذاتية القيادة
and it can't do anything else.
ولا يمكنها فعل أي شيء آخر
domain-specific function,
على تطبيق السرطان خاصتنا
on this thing called "general AI,"
الذي يمسى "الذكاء الاصطناعي العام"
"Hey, invent for me special relativity
"مرحبًا، اخترع لي نظرية نسبية
and I want to acknowledge them.
"What if we can take anything repetitive
كان باستطاعتنا إزالة كل الأعمال التكرارية
100 times as efficient?"
we all worked in agriculture
منذ 300 سنة، عملنا جميعًا بالزراعة
doing repetitive things,
جلدية نقوم بأعمال تكرارية
of being able to take an AI,
على أخذ الذكاء الاصطناعي
as effective in these repetitive things.
أو 50 مرة في القيام بتلك الأعمال التكرارية
a little terrifying to some people,
تبدو مخيفة بعض الشيء لبعض الناس
can do this repetitive thing
قادرًا على فعل تلك الأعمال التكرارية
is the thing that's talked about
بشكل خاص، الشيء الذي تحدثنا عنه
glorious aspects of what's possible.
إلى الجوانب الرائعة لما هو ممكن
and it's a big issue,
by several guest speakers.
من قِبَل العديد من الضيوف المتحدثين
optimistic person,
back 300 years ago.
of continuous war,
من 140 عام من الحرب المستمرة
or software engineer or TV anchor.
أو مهندس برمجيات، أو مذيع تليفزيوني
with a little steam engine in his pocket,
as strong, so you can do something else."
لكي تقومون بفعل أمورٍ أخرى"
there was no real stage,
with the cows in the stable,
نتسكع مع الأبقار في الحظيرة،
concerned about it,
and what if the machine does this for me?"
فماذا لو قامت آلة ما بفعل ذلك بدلًا مني؟"
past progress and the benefit of it,
الاعتراف بإنجازات الماضي وفوائدها،
or electricity or medical supply.
أو الطائرات أو الكهرباء أو اللوازم الطبية
which was impossible 300 years ago.
والذي كان مستحيلًا منذ 300 سنة مضت
the same rules to the future.
of my work is repetitive,
on stupid, repetitive email.
على رسائل بريدية غبية ومكررة
that helps me get rid of this.
يساعدني على التخلص من ذلك
are insanely creative;
more than anybody else.
أكثر إبداعًا من أي شخص آخر
I think you can go to your hotel maid
أظن أنك قد تذهب إلى خادم الفندق
you find a creative idea.
is to turn this creativity into action.
build Google in a day?
إنشاء (جوجل) في يوم فحسب؟
and invent the next Snapchat,
(سناب شات) جديدًا وأنت تتناول الجعة؟
in my opinion.
great side effects.
and education and shelter
واللوازم الطبية والتعليم والمأوى
affordable to all of us,
that this time it's different
(مارتن فورد) أن هذا الزمن مختلف
that we've used in the past
is that, not completely,
different from the kind of creativity
belief as an AI person --
كمتخصص بالذكاء الاصطناعي،
any real progress on creativity
أي تقدم حقيقي في الإبداع
really important for people to realize,
للغاية أن يدرك الناس ذلك،
intelligence" is so threatening,
tossing a movie in,
the computer is our overlord,
do repetitive things.
على القيام بالأعمال التكرارية
entirely on the repetitive end.
we've become superhuman.
لقد أصبحنا بشرًا خارقين
the Atlantic in 11 hours.
المحيط الأطلنطي في 11 ساعة
shouting back to us.
We're breaking the rules of physics.
نحن نكسر قواعد الفيزياء
we're going to remember everything
in my early stages of Alzheimer's.
الأولى لإصابتي بالزهايمر
an IQ of 1,000 or more.
معدل ذكاء يعادل ألف شخص أو أكثر
spelling classes for our kids,
is that we can be super creative.
هو أننا يمكننا أن نصبح خارقي الإبداع
it's going to be painful,
of more than those jobs.
to just a new level of empowerment
إلى مستوى جديد من التمكين
60-100,000 years old, give or take --
60-100 ألف عام، تعطي أو تأخد،
in terms of invention,
it's a little bit older.
سيكون التاريخ أقدم بعض الشيء
manufacturing, penicillin --
سنجد المزيد من الأشياء
has gone up, not gone down, in my opinion.
الاختراع، ولم تقل، في رأيي
things have been invented yet. Right?
فحسب من الأشياء المثيرة، صحيح؟
Hopefully, I'll change this.
people laughed about. (Laughs)
Working secretly on flying cars.
العمل بسرية على السيارت الطائرة
implant in our brain
once you have it, you'll love it.
we haven't invented yet
from one location to another.
that flight wouldn't exist,
than you could run,
أكبر مما يمكنك أن تركض،
that you can't beam a person
حول عدم قدرتنا على نقل شخصٍ شعاعيًا
and your brilliance.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Sebastian Thrun - Educator, entrepreneurSebastian Thrun is a passionate technologist who is constantly looking for new opportunities to make the world better for all of us.
Why you should listen
Sebastian Thrun is an educator, entrepreneur and troublemaker. After a long life as a professor at Stanford University, Thrun resigned from tenure to join Google. At Google, he founded Google X, home to self-driving cars and many other moonshot technologies. Thrun also founded Udacity, an online university with worldwide reach, and Kitty Hawk, a "flying car" company. He has authored 11 books, 400 papers, holds 3 doctorates and has won numerous awards.
Sebastian Thrun | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com