TED2005
Robert Full: The sticky wonder of gecko feet
Robert Full om dyre bevægelser
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Biolog Robert Full deler slow-motion videoer af nogle fængende dyr. Kig tættere på de tornede ben der lader kakerlakker komme over fint net, og de nanobørstebeklædte fødder på gekkoerne, der lader dem løbe lodret op af mure.
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want you to imagine that you're a student in my lab.
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Jeg vil have dig til at forestille dig, at du er en elev i mit laboratorie.
00:17
What I want you to do is to create a biologically inspired design.
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Jeg vil have dig til at skabe et biologisk inspireret design.
00:21
And so here's the challenge:
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Og her er udfordringen:
00:23
I want you to help me create a fully 3D, dynamic, parameterized contact model.
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Jeg vil have du hjælper mig med at skabe en fuld 3D, dynamisk, parameteriserede kontakt model.
00:29
The translation of that is, could you help me build a foot?
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Oversættelsen af det er; kan du hjælpe mig med at bygge en fod?
00:33
And it is a true challenge, and I do want you to help me.
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Og det er en sand udfordring, og jeg vil have din hjælp.
00:35
Of course, in the challenge there is a prize.
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Selvfølgelig er der en præmie i udfordringen.
00:37
It's not quite the TED Prize, but it is an exclusive t-shirt from our lab.
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Det er ikke helt en "TED Prize", men det er er en eksklusiv t-shirt fra vores laboratorie.
00:44
So please send me your ideas about how to design a foot.
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Så send endeligt jeres idéer ind om hvordan man designer en fod.
00:50
Now if we want to design a foot, what do we have to do?
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Hvis vi gerne vil lave en fod, hvad skal vi så gøre?
00:54
We have to first know what a foot is.
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Først skal vi vide hvad en fod er.
00:57
If we go to the dictionary, it says, "It's the lower extremity of a leg
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I ordbogen står der: "Det er et lavere legeme af et ben
01:00
that is in direct contact with the ground in standing or walking"
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der er i direkte kontakt med jorden når man står eller går."
01:02
That's the traditional definition.
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Det er den traditionelle definition.
01:03
But if you wanted to really do research, what do you have to do?
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Men hvis du virkeligt ville forske, hvad gør du så?
01:06
You have to go to the literature and look up what's known about feet.
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Du skal ty til litturaturen og slå op under hvad der er kendt om fødder.
01:09
So you go to the literature. (Laughter)
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Så du går til litturaturen. (Latter)
01:12
Maybe you're familiar with this literature.
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Måske kender du denne litturatur.
01:14
The problem is, there are many, many feet.
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Problemet er, at der er mange, mange fødder.
01:17
How do you do this?
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Hvordan griber man det an?
01:18
You need to survey all feet and extract the principles of how they work.
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Du bliver nødt til at undersøge alle fødder og udtrække deres principper.
01:23
And I want you to help me do that in this next clip.
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Og jeg vil gerne have i hjælper mig i det næste klip.
01:25
As you see this clip, look for principles,
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Når du ser dette klip, så hold øje med principper,
01:28
and also think about experiments that you might design
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og tænk over hvilke eksperimenter du ville lave
01:31
in order to understand how a foot works.
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for bedre at forstå hvordan en fod virker.
01:44
See any common themes? Principles?
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Ser du nogle ens temaer? Principper?
01:46
What would you do?
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Hvad ville du gøre?
01:59
What experiments would you run?
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Hvilke eksperimenter ville du lave?
03:31
Wow. (Applause)
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Wow. (Bifald)
03:37
Our research on the biomechanics of animal locomotion
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Vores forskning omkring biomekaniken bag dyrenes fremdrift
03:40
has allowed us to make a blueprint for a foot.
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har gjort det muligt at lave en byggeplan bag en fod.
03:42
It's a design inspired by nature, but it's not a copy of any specific foot you just looked at,
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Det er et design inspireret af naturen, men det er ikke en kopi af en bestemt fod vi har set,
03:48
but it's a synthesis of the secrets of many, many feet.
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det er en sammenblanding af hemmelighederne bag mange, mange fødder.
03:52
Now it turns out that animals can go anywhere.
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Det viser sig nu, at dyr kan gå overalt.
03:55
They can locomote on substrates that vary as you saw --
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De kan komme frem på overflade typer der varierer som du så --
03:57
in the probability of contact, the movement of that surface
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sandsynligheden for kontakt, bevægelsen af overfladen
04:01
and the type of footholds that are present.
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og det gældende type fodfæste.
04:04
If you want to study how a foot works,
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Hvis du vil studere hvordan en fod virker,
04:06
we're going to have to simulate those surfaces, or simulate that debris.
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bliver du nødt til at simulere de forskellige overflader.
04:10
When we did that, here's a new experiment that we did:
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Her er et nyt eksperiment vi lavede:
04:15
we put an animal and had it run -- this grass spider --
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Vi satte et dyr og fik det til at løbe - denne græs edderkop --
04:17
on a surface with 99 percent of the contact area removed.
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på en overflade med 99 procent af kontaktfladen fjernet.
04:20
But it didn't even slow down the animal.
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Men det sænkede slet ikke dyret.
04:22
It's still running at the human equivalent of 300 miles per hour.
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Den løber stadig med en fart svarende til 480 km/t for mennesker.
04:25
Now how could it do that? Well, look more carefully.
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Hvordan kan den det? Prøv at se nøje efter.
04:28
When we slow it down 50 times we see how the leg is hitting that simulated debris.
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Når vi sætter farten ned 50 gange, ser vi hvordan benet rammer de simulerede forhindringer.
04:34
The leg is acting as a foot.
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Benet agerer som en fod.
04:36
And in fact, the animal contacts other parts of its leg
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Faktisk har andre dele af benet kontakt
04:39
more frequently than the traditionally defined foot.
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mere hyppigt end den traditionelt definerede fod.
04:42
The foot is distributed along the whole leg.
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Foden er fordelt langs hele benet.
04:46
You can do another experiment where you can take a cockroach with a foot,
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Du kan lave et andet eksperiment hvor du tager en kakerlak med en fod,
04:50
and you can remove its foot.
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og du fjerner denne fod.
04:52
I'm passing some cockroaches around. Take a look at their feet.
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Jeg sender nogle kakerlakker rundt. Tag et kig på deres fødder.
04:56
Without a foot, here's what it does. It doesn't even slow down.
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Sådan gør den uden en fod. Den sænker ikke engang farten.
05:00
It can run the same speed without even that segment.
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Den kan løbe med den samme fart uden det segment.
05:03
No problem for the cockroach -- they can grow them back, if you care.
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Det gør ikke noget for kakerlakken -- de kan gro dem tilbage.
05:06
How do they do it?
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Hvordan gør de det?
05:08
Look carefully: this is slowed down 100 times,
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Se nøje efter: Dette er sat ned i fart 100 gange,
05:11
and watch what it's doing with the rest of its leg.
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og se hvad den gør med resten af benet.
05:14
It's acting, again, as a distributed foot --
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Det agerer, igen, som en fordelt fod.
05:17
very effective.
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Meget effektivt.
05:19
Now, the question we had is, how general is a distributed foot?
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Så, det næste spørgsmål vi havde; hvor general er en fordelt fod?
05:24
And the next behavior I'll show you of this animal just stunned us the first time that we saw it.
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Og den næstes dyrs adfærd jeg viser jer, lamslog os da vi så det for første gang.
05:33
Journalists, this is off the record; it's embargoed.
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Journalister, dette er stadig hemmeligt, i har embargo --
05:38
Take a look at what that is!
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se hvad det er!
05:40
That's a bipedal octopus that's disguised as a rolling coconut.
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Det er en tobenet blæksprutte der er forklædt som en rullende kokosnød.
05:47
It was discovered by Christina Huffard
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Den var opdaget af Christina Huffard
05:51
and filmed by Sea Studios, right here from Monterey.
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og filmet af Sea Studios, lige her fra Monterey.
05:56
We've also described another species of bipedal octopus.
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Vi har også beskrevet en anden art af tobenet blæksprutte.
06:01
This one disguises itself as floating algae.
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Denne er forklædt som flydende alger.
06:04
It walks on two legs and it holds the other arms up in the air so that it can't be seen.
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Den går på to ben, og holder den anden arm op i vejret så den ikke kan blive set.
06:09
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
06:10
And look what it does with its foot to get over challenging terrain.
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Og se hvad den gør med sin fod for at komme over svært terræn.
06:18
It uses that beautiful distributed foot to make it as if those obstacles are not even there --
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Den bruger den smukke fordelte fod, så det ligner hindringen slet ikke er der.
06:29
truly extraordinary.
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Intet mindre end ekstraordinært.
06:33
In 1951, Escher made this drawing. He thought he created an animal fantasy.
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I 1951 lavede Escher denne tegning. Han troede han lavede et væsen af fantasi.
06:38
But we know that art imitates life,
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Men vi ved at kunsten imiterer livet,
06:40
and it turns out nature, three million years ago, evolved the next animal.
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og det viser sig, tre millioner siden udviklede naturen det næste dyr.
06:43
It's a shrimp-like animal called the stomatopod,
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Det er et reje-agtigt dyr kaldet stomatopod,
06:45
and here's how it moves on the beaches of Panama:
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og sådan her bevæger den sig på Panamas strande:
06:49
it actually rolls, and it can even roll uphill.
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den ruller faktisk, og den kan endda rulle opad bakke.
06:53
It's the ultimate distributed foot: its whole body in this case is acting like its foot.
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Den er den ultimative fordelte fod; hele dens krop agerer som en fod.
07:03
So, if we want to then, to our blueprint, add the first important feature,
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Så det første vigtige vi vil tilføje til fodens byggeplan
07:08
we want to add distributed foot contact.
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er en fordelt fods kontakt med overflader.
07:10
Not just with the traditional foot, but also the leg,
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Ikke bare en traditionel fod, men også benet,
07:13
and even of the body.
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og selv kroppen.
07:14
Can this help us inspire the design of novel robots?
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Kan dette inspirere designs af nye robotter?
07:18
We biologically inspired this robot, named RHex,
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Denne biologisk inspirerede robot ved navn RHex,
07:21
built by these extraordinary engineers over the last few years.
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bygget af disse ekstraordinære ingeniører i løbet af de sidste par år.
07:25
RHex's foot started off to be quite simple,
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RHex's fod startede med at være simpel,
07:28
then it got tuned over time, and ultimately resulted in this half circle.
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den blev forbedret gennem tiden, og resulterede i denne halvcirkel.
07:33
Why is that? The video will show you.
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Hvorfor det? Denne video vil vise det.
07:35
Watch where the robot, now, contacts its leg in order to deal with this very difficult terrain.
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Hold øje med robotten, nu, bruger benets kontaktoverflade til at håndtere svært terræn.
07:42
What you'll see, in fact, is that it's using that half circle leg as a distributed foot.
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Hvad du vil kunne se, er dens halvcirkel ben fungere som en fordelt fod.
07:48
Watch it go over this.
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Se den gå over det.
07:50
You can see it here well on this debris.
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Man kan se det godt på denne hindring.
07:53
Extraordinary. No sensing, all the control is built right into the tuned legs.
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Ekstraordinært. Ingen sensors, alt control er indbygget i benene.
07:59
Really simple, but beautiful.
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Meget simpelt, men smukt.
08:01
Now, you might have noticed something else about the animals
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Nu har du måske bemærket noget andet ved dyrene
08:04
when they were running over the rough terrain.
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da de løb over svært terræn.
08:06
And my assistant's going to help me here.
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Min assistent vil hjælpe mig nu.
08:08
When you touched the cockroach leg -- can you get the microphone for him?
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Da du rørte ved kakkelarkens ben -- kan du give ham en mikrofon?
08:12
When you touched the cockroach leg, what did it feel like?
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Da du rørte kakkelarkens bens, hvordan var det?
08:15
Did you notice something?
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Lagde du mærke til noget?
08:17
Boy: Spiny.
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Dreng: Tornet.
08:18
Robert Full: It's spiny, right? It's really spiny, isn't it? It sort of hurts.
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Robert Full: Det er tornet, ikke? Det er virkeligt tornet, ikke? Det gør næsten ondt.
08:22
Maybe we could give it to our curator and see if he'd be brave enough to touch the cockroach.
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Måske er vores kurator modig nok til at røre kakkelarkens?
08:28
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
08:29
Chris Anderson: Did you touch it?
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Chris Anderson: Rørte du ved den?
08:30
RF: So if you look carefully at this, what you see is that they have spines
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Robert Full: Hvis du ser nøje efter, kan du se den har pigge
08:33
and until a few weeks ago, no one knew what they did.
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og indtil et par uger siden, vidste ingen hvad de gjorde.
08:36
They assumed that they were for protection and for sensory structures.
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De antog de var til beskyttelse og sansning.
08:39
We found that they're for something else -- here's a segment of that spine.
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Vi fandt ud af de er til noget andet -- her er en del af den pig.
08:43
They're tuned such that they easily collapse in one direction
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De er lavet sådan, så de nemt kollapser i én retning
08:46
to pull the leg out from debris,
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for at trække benet fri,
08:48
but they're stiff in the other direction so they capture disparities in the surface.
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men de er stive i den anden retning, for at holde fast i ulige overflader.
08:54
Now crabs don't miss footholds, because they normally move on sand --
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Krabber mister ikke fodfæstet, for de går normalt på sand --
08:57
until they come to our lab.
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indtil de kommer ind i vores laboratorie.
08:59
And where they have a problem with this kind of mesh,
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Her har de et problem med denne slags net,
09:02
because they don't have spines.
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fordi de ikke har pigge.
09:05
The crabs are missing spines, so they have a problem in this kind of rough terrain.
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Krabber mangler piggene, så de har et problem i svært terræn.
09:08
But of course, we can deal with that
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Men det kan vi selvfølgelig klare,
09:11
because we can produce artificial spines.
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fordi vi kan lave kunstige pigge.
09:15
We can make spines that catch on simulated debris
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Vi kan lave pigge der griber simulerede hindringer
09:18
and collapse on removal to easily pull them out.
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og kollapser den anden vej så de nemt hives fri.
09:21
We did that by putting these artificial spines on crabs,
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Dette gjorde vi ved at sætte kunstige pigge på krabben
09:24
as you see here, and then we tested them.
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som du ser her, og så afprøvede vi det.
09:26
Do we really understand that principle of tuning? The answer is, yes!
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Forstår vi virkelig princippet bag forbedringer? Svaret er, ja!
09:30
This is slowed down 20-fold, and the crab just zooms across that simulated debris.
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Her er den sænket 20 gange, og krabben suser over de simulerede hindringer.
09:35
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Latter og Bifald)
09:37
A little better than nature.
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Lidt bedre end naturen.
09:40
So to our blueprint, we need to add tuned spines.
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Så til vores byggeplan skal vi tilføje sådanne pigge.
09:43
Now will this help us think about the design of more effective climbing robots?
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Vil dette hjælpe os med at lave mere effektive klatrene robotter?
09:48
Well, here's RHex: RHex has trouble on rails -- on smooth rails, as you see here.
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Her er RHex -- RHex har problemer på skinner -- glatte skinner som du kan se her.
09:53
So why not add a spine? My colleagues did this at U. Penn.
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Hvorfor ikke tilføje en pig? Mine kolleger ved U Penn gjorde dette.
09:57
Dan Koditschek put some steel nails -- very simple version -- on the robot,
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Dan Koditschek satte nogle stål søm på -- meget simpel version -- på robotten --
10:01
and here's RHex, now, going over those steel -- those rails. No problem!
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og her er RHex, gående over de stål skinner. Uden problemer!
10:07
How does it do it?
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Hvordan gør den det?
10:08
Let's slow it down and you can see the spines in action.
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Hvis vi sænker farten kan du piggene i aktion.
10:10
Watch the leg come around, and you'll see it grab on right there.
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Benet drejer rundt, og du kan se den tage fat lige der.
10:13
It couldn't do that before; it would just slip and get stuck and tip over.
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Det kunne den ikke før, den ville bare glide og side fast og vælte.
10:16
And watch again, right there -- successful.
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Og se det igen, lige der -- succes.
10:20
Now just because we have a distributed foot and spines
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Bare fordi vi har en fordelt fod og pigge
10:23
doesn't mean you can climb vertical surfaces.
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betyder det ikke man kan klatre lodrette flader.
10:26
This is really, really difficult.
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Det er svært, rigtigt svært.
10:28
But look at this animal do it!
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Men se det her dyr gøre det!
10:30
One of the ones I'm passing around is climbing up this vertical surface that's a smooth metal plate.
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En af dem jeg sender rundt klatrer op ad en lodret overflade - en glat metal plade.
10:36
It's extraordinary how fast it can do it --
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Det er helt vildt så hurtigt den gør det --
10:38
but if you slow it down, you see something that's quite extraordinary.
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men hvis man sænker farten, vil du se noget der er meget ekstraordinært.
10:42
It's a secret. The animal effectively climbs by slipping and look --
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Det er en hemmelighed. Dyret klatrer ved at glide, og se --
10:46
and doing, actually, terribly, with respect to grabbing on the surface.
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den er faktisk forfærdeligt dårligt til at gribe overfladen.
10:50
It looks, in fact, like it's swimming up the surface.
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Det ser ud som om den svømmer op ad fladen.
10:53
We can actually model that behavior better as a fluid, if you look at it.
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Vi kan faktisk modellere den adfærd bedre som en væske.
10:57
The distributed foot, actually, is working more like a paddle.
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Den fordelte fod, virker mere som padle.
11:01
The same is true when we looked at this lizard running on fluidized sand.
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Det samme gælder hvis vi kigger på firbenet løbende på meget fint sand.
11:05
Watch its feet.
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Se dens fødder.
11:07
It's actually functioning as a paddle
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De virker som en padle
11:09
even though it's interacting with a surface that we normally think of as a solid.
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selvom den løber på en flade vi normalt tænker på som fast.
11:15
This is not different from what my former undergraduate discovered
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Dette minder meget om hvad min tidligere bachelorstuderende opdagede
11:20
when she figured out how lizards can run on water itself.
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da hun fandt ud af hvordan firben kan løbe på vand.
11:25
Can you use this to make a better robot?
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Kan vi bruge det til at lave en bedre robot?
11:30
Martin Buehler did -- who's now at Boston Dynamics --
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Martin Buehler gjorde det -- han er nu hos Boston Dynamics --
11:33
he took this idea and made RHex to be Aqua RHex.
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han tog denne idé og lavede RHex til Aqua RHex.
11:38
So here's RHex with paddles,
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Her er RHex med padler,
11:40
now converted into an incredibly maneuverable swimming robot.
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nu konverteret til en utroligt manøvredygtig svømmende robot.
11:46
For rough surfaces, though, animals add claws.
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Til ru overflader tilføjer dyr kløer.
11:49
And you probably feel them if you grabbed it.
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Du kunne sikkert mærke dem hvis du tog fat i den.
11:50
Did you touch it?
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Rørte du ved den?
11:51
CA: I did.
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CA: Ja.
11:52
RF: And they do really well at grabbing onto surfaces with these claws.
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RF: Og de er gode til at gribe overfalder med disse kløer.
11:54
Mark Cutkosky at Stanford University, one of my collaborators, is an extraordinary engineer
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Mark Cutkosky ved Stanford Universitet, en af mine samarbejdspartnere, en fantastisk ingeniør
12:00
who developed this technique called Shape Deposition Manufacturing,
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der udviklede teknikken kaldet Shape Deposition Manufacturing,
12:03
where he can imbed claws right into an artificial foot.
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hvor han kan indstøbe kløer i den kunstige fod.
12:06
And here's the simple version of a foot for a new robot that I'll show you in a bit.
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Her er en simpel version af en fod til en ny robot jeg vil vise jer om lidt.
12:11
So to our blueprint, let's attach claws.
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Så til vores byggeplan tilføjer vi kløer.
12:14
Now if we look at animals, though, to be really maneuverable in all surfaces,
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Hvis man ser på dyrene, for at kunne manøvrere på alle overflader,
12:17
the animals use hybrid mechanisms
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bruger dyrene hybrid mekanismer
12:19
that include claws, and spines, and hairs, and pads, and glue, and capillary adhesion
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der indbefatter kløer, pigge, hår, puder, lim og kapillarrørs klæbemiddel
12:23
and a whole bunch of other things.
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og en hel masse andre ting.
12:24
These are all from different insects.
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Disse er alle fra forskellige insekter.
12:26
There's an ant crawling up a vertical surface.
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Der er en myre kravlende på af en lodret overflade.
12:28
Let's look at that ant.
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Lad os se på den myre.
12:30
This is the foot of an ant. You see the hairs and the claws and this thing here.
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Det er en myrefod. Du kan se hårene, kløerne og den her ting.
12:35
This is when its foot's in the air.
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Her er foden i luften.
12:37
Watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwich.
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Se hvad der sker når foden går på din sandwich.
12:41
You see what happens?
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Ser du hvad der sker?
12:43
That pad comes out. And that's where the glue is.
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Den pude kommer ud. Det er der limen er.
12:48
Here from underneath is an ant foot,
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Her er en myrefod nedefra,
12:51
and when the claws don't dig in, that pad automatically comes out without the ant doing anything.
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og når kløerne ikke graver sig ned, kommer puden automatisk ud, uden myren gør noget.
12:57
It just extrudes.
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Det presses bare ud.
12:58
And this was a hard shot to get -- I think this is the shot of the ant foot on the superstrings.
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Det her var svært at filme -- jeg tror det er hvor myrefoden er på snor.
13:03
So it's pretty tough to do.
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Det er svært at gøre.
13:04
This is what it looks like close up --
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Sådan ser det ud tæt på --
13:07
here's the ant foot, and there's the glue.
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Her er myrefoden og her er limen.
13:09
And we discovered this glue may be an interesting two-phase mixture.
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Vi opdagede at denne lim måske er en spændende tofaset blanding.
13:13
It certainly helps it to hold on.
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Det hjælper ihvertfald med at holde fast.
13:15
So to our blueprint, we stick on some sticky pads.
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Til byggeplanden tilføjer vi klistrede puder.
13:19
Now you might think for smooth surfaces we get inspiration here.
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Nu tror du måske dette er vores inspiration til glatte overflader.
13:23
Now we have something better here.
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Vi har noget bedre.
13:26
The gecko's a really great example of nanotechnology in nature.
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Gekkoen er et godt eksempel på nanoteknologi i naturen.
13:29
These are its feet.
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Det er dens fødder.
13:31
They're -- almost look alien. And the secret, which they stick on with,
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De ligner næsten alienfødder. Hemmeligheden de holder fast med,
13:35
involves their hairy toes.
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er behårede tæer.
13:37
They can run up a surface at a meter per second,
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De kan løbe op af overflader med en meter per sekund,
13:41
take 30 steps in that one second -- you can hardly see them.
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30 skridt på de ene sekund -- du kan knap se det.
13:44
If we slow it down, they attach their feet at eight milliseconds,
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Sænker vi farten, placerer de deres fødder på otte millisekunder,
13:47
and detach them in 16 milliseconds.
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og fjerner dem på 16 millisekunder.
13:50
And when you watch how they detach it, it is bizarre.
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Hvis du ser hvordan de fjerner dem, det er bizart.
13:57
They peel away from the surface like you'd peel away a piece of tape.
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De skræller dem af overfladen som du fjerner et stykke tape.
14:02
Very strange. How do they stick?
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Meget mærkeligt. Hvordan sidder de fast?
14:05
If you look at their feet, they have leaf-like structures called linalae
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Hvis man ser på deres fødder, har de blad-lignende strukturer kaldet linalae
14:08
with millions of hairs.
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med millioner af hår.
14:09
And each hair has the worst case of split ends possible.
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Hvert hår har den værst tænkelige tilfælde af splittede ender.
14:12
It has a hundred to a thousand split ends,
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Den har 100 til 1000 splittede ender,
14:15
and that's the secret, because it allows intimate contact.
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og det er sandheden, fordi de tillader intim kontakt.
14:18
The gecko has a billion of these 200-nanometer-sized split ends.
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Gekkoen har en millard af disse 200-nanometer brede splittede ender.
14:22
And they don't stick by glue, or they don't work like Velcro, or they don't work with suction.
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De sidder ikke fast med lim, og de virker ikke som velcro og det virker ikke som en sugekop.
14:27
We discovered they work by intermolecular forces alone.
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Vi opdagede de virker med intermolekylære kræfter.
14:31
So to our blueprint, we split some hairs.
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Så til byggeplanen splitter vi nogle hår.
14:35
This has inspired the design of the first self-cleaning dry adhesive --
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Det har inspireret designet af det første selvrensende tøre klæbemiddel --
14:38
the patent issued, we're happy to say.
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nu med patent, det er vi glade for.
14:40
And here's the simplest version in nature,
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Her er den simpleste version fra naturen,
14:43
and here's my collaborator Ron Fearing's attempt
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og her er min samarbejdspartner Ron Fearings forsøg
14:46
at an artificial version of this dry adhesive made from polyurethane.
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på en kunstig version af det tøre klæbemiddel lavet af polyurethan.
14:51
And here's the first attempt to have it work on some load.
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Her er det første forsøg med vægt på.
14:54
There's enormous interest in this in a variety of different fields.
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Dette har en kæmpe stor interesse i mange områder.
14:57
You could think of a thousand possible uses, I'm sure.
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Du kan sikkert finde på tusinder af anvendelser.
15:00
Lots of people have, and we're excited about realizing this as a product.
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Mange mennesker har netop det, og vi er spændte på at lave det som produkt.
15:05
We have imagined products; for example, this one:
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Vi har forestillet os produkter som denne her:
15:08
we imagined a bio-inspired Band-Aid, where we took the glue off the Band-Aid.
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Vi forestillede os et bio-inspireret plaster, hvor vi fjernede limen.
15:13
We took some hairs from a molting gecko;
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Vi tog nogle hår fra en gekko,
15:15
put three rolls of them on here, and then made this Band-Aid.
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satte hårene på plastret og lavede dette plaster.
15:19
This is an undergraduate volunteer --
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Det er en frivillig bachelor --
15:21
we have 30,000 undergraduates so we can choose among them --
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vi har 30.000 bachelorstuderende vi kan vælge blandt --
15:24
that's actually just a red pen mark.
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det er faktisk bare en rød tusch.
15:26
But it makes an incredible Band-Aid.
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Men det laver et fantastisk plaster.
15:28
It's aerated, it can be peeled off easily, it doesn't cause any irritation, it works underwater.
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Det er åndbart, kan nemt tages af, der er ingen irritation og det virker under vand.
15:36
I think this is an extraordinary example of how curiosity-based research --
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Jeg synes det er et ekstraordinært eksempel på forskning drevet af nysgerrighed --
15:41
we just wondered how they climbed up something --
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vi undrede os bare om hvordan de klatrede --
15:43
can lead to things that you could never imagine.
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kan føre til ting vi ikke kunne forestille os.
15:46
It's just an example of why we need to support curiosity-based research.
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Det er bare et eksempel på hvorfor vi skal støtte nysgerrigheds-drevet forskning.
15:50
Here you are, pulling off the Band-Aid.
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Her bliver plastret taget af.
15:53
So we've redefined, now, what a foot is.
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Vi har omdefineret hvad en fod er.
15:57
The question is, can we use these secrets, then,
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Nu er spørgsmålet; kan vi bruge de her hemmeligheder,
15:59
to inspire the design of a better foot, better than one that we see in nature?
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til at inspirere et design af en fod, bedre end naturens?
16:02
Here's the new project:
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Her er det nye projekt:
16:04
we're trying to create the first climbing search-and-rescue robot -- no suction or magnets --
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Vi prøver at skabe den første klatrende eftersøgnings- og redningsrobot -- ingen sugekopper eller magneter --
16:10
that can only move on limited kinds of surfaces.
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der kun kan bruge bestemte overflader.
16:13
I call the new robot RiSE, for "Robot in Scansorial Environment" -- that's a climbing environment --
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Jeg kalder den nye robot RiSE, for "Robot in Scansorial Enviroment" -- det er klatrende omgivelser --
16:18
and we have an extraordinary team of biologists and engineers creating this robot.
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og vi har et ekstraordinært hold af biologer og ingeniører der laver robotten.
16:22
And here is RiSE.
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Her er RiSE.
16:26
It's six-legged and has a tail. Here it is on a fence and a tree.
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Det er seksbenet og har en hale. Her er den på et hegn og et træ.
16:29
And here are RiSE's first steps on an incline.
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Her er RiSE's første skridt på en hældning.
16:33
You have the audio? You can hear it go up.
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Kan du høre lyden? Du kan høre den gå op.
16:36
And here it is coming up at you, in its first steps up a wall.
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Her kommer den mod dig, dens første skridt op ad en væg.
16:42
Now it's only using its simplest feet here, so this is very new.
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Den bruger kun sine simple fødder, så det er meget nyt.
16:47
But we think we got the dynamics right of the robot.
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Men vi tror vi har dynamikken af robotten rigtig.
16:51
Mark Cutkosky, though, is taking it a step further.
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Mark Cutkosky har dog taget den videre.
16:53
He's the one able to build this shape-deposition manufactured feet and toes.
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Det er ham der kan lave de her form-depositions fødder og tæer.
16:58
The next step is to make compliant toes,
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Næste skridt er at lave kompatible tæer,
17:02
and try to add spines and claws and set it for dry adhesives.
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og prøve at tilføje pigge og kløet og det tøre klæbemiddel.
17:04
So the idea is to first get the toes and a foot right,
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Idéen er at få styr på tæer og foden først,
17:07
attempt to make that climb, and ultimately put it on the robot.
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prøve at klatre med dem, og til sidst sætte dem på robotten.
17:10
And that's exactly what he's done.
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Det er præcist det han har gjort.
17:12
He's built, in fact, a climbing foot-bot inspired by nature.
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Han har bygget and klatrende "fod-bot" inspireret af naturen.
17:17
And here's Cutkosky's and his amazing students' design.
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Her er Cutkosky og hans fantastiske studerendes design.
17:21
So these are tuned toes -- there are six of them,
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De her er tunede tæer -- der er seks af dem,
17:27
and they use the principles that I just talked about collectively for the blueprint.
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og de bruger den byggeplan jeg snakkede om.
17:36
So this is not using any suction, any glue,
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Der er altså ingen sugekopper eller lim,
17:38
and it will ultimately, when it's attached to the robot --
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og den vil til sidst når den sidder på en robot --
17:41
it's as biologically inspired as the animal --
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den er lige så biologisk inspireret som dyret --
17:44
hopefully be able to climb any kind of a surface.
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forhåbentligt klatre alle slags overflader.
17:49
Here you see it, next, going up the side of a building at Stanford.
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Her ser du den klatre op af en bygning på Stanford.
17:54
It's sped up -- again, it's a foot climbing.
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Farten er sat op -- igen er det en klatrende fod.
17:57
It's not the whole robot yet, we're working on it --
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Det er ikke hele robotten, vi arbejder på den --
17:59
now you can see how it's attaching.
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her kan du se hvordan den fastgører sig.
18:00
These tuned structures allow the spines, friction pads and ultimately the adhesive hairs
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Disse strukturer tillader pigge, friktionspuder og til sidst klæbende hår
18:06
to grab onto very challenging, difficult surfaces.
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til at gribe svære overflader.
18:09
And so they were able to get this thing -- this is now sped up 20 times --
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Sådan fik de denne her ting -- hastigheden sat 20 gange op --
18:13
can you imagine it trying to go up and rescue somebody at that upper floor? OK?
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kan du forestille dig den forsøge at redde nogen oppe den øvre etage? OK?
18:17
You can visualize this now; it's not impossible.
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Du kan se det for dig, det er ikke umuligt.
18:19
It's a very challenging task. But more to come later.
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Det er en meget udfordrende opgave. Der kommer mere senere.
18:23
To finish: we've gotten design secrets from nature by looking at how feet are built.
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Til slut: Vi har fået designhemmeligheder fra naturen ved at se på hvordan fødder er lavet.
18:27
We've learned we should distribute control to smart parts.
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Vi har lært at fordele kontrollen over smarte dele.
18:30
Don't put it all in the brain,
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Sæt ikke alt i hjernen,
18:31
but put some of the control in tuned feet, legs and even body.
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men giv noget af kontrollen til fødderne, benene, selv kroppen.
18:35
That nature uses hybrid solutions, not a single solution, to these problems,
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At naturen bruger hybride løsninger, ikke én løsning, til disse problemer,
18:38
and they're integrated and beautifully robust.
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og de er integreret og fantastisk robuste.
18:41
And third, we believe strongly that we do not want to mimic nature but instead be inspired by biology,
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Og til sidst, tror vi stærkt at vi ikke skal efterligne naturen men i stedet blive inspireret af biologien,
18:49
and use these novel principles with the best engineering solutions that are out there
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og bruge de her nye principper
18:53
to make -- potentially -- something better than nature.
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til at -- potentielt -- at lave noget bedre end naturen.
18:57
So there's a clear message:
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Der er en klar besked:
18:59
whether you care about a fundamental, basic research
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Uanset om du vil forske fundementalt
19:02
of really interesting, bizarre, wonderful animals,
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i virkeligt spændende, bizarre, dejlige dyr,
19:05
or you want to build a search-and-rescue robot
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eller du vil bygge en Eftersøgnings- og redningsrobot
19:06
that can help you in an earthquake, or to save someone in a fire,
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der kan hjælpe dig i et jordskælv, eller redde en fra en ildebrand,
19:09
or you care about medicine, we must preserve nature's designs.
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eller du tænker på medicin, bliver vi nødt til at bevare naturens løsninger.
19:14
Otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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Ellers vil disse hemmeligheder blive tabt for altid.
19:17
Thank you.
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Tak.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com