TED2005
Robert Full: The sticky wonder of gecko feet
羅伯特•福爾: 動物的移動
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生物學家羅伯特•福爾分享了一些有趣小動物的慢速移動的錄像。近距離觀察蟑螂多刺的腿，這些帶有很多剛毛的腿可以幫助他們穿過網狀表面。還可以觀察到幫助壁虎垂直爬牆那由納米剛毛包裹的腳。
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want you to imagine that you're a student in my lab.
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我想讓你想像一下，你是我實驗室裡的一個學生。
00:17
What I want you to do is to create a biologically inspired design.
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我想讓你做的是提出一個由生物激發的設計。
00:21
And so here's the challenge:
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挑戰是這樣的：
00:23
I want you to help me create a fully 3D, dynamic, parameterized contact model.
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我想讓你幫我製造出一個全部是三維，動態，參數化的接觸模型。
00:29
The translation of that is, could you help me build a foot?
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解釋一下，就是能不能幫我造一隻腳？
00:33
And it is a true challenge, and I do want you to help me.
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這件事真的頗具挑戰性，我確實需要你來幫我。
00:35
Of course, in the challenge there is a prize.
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當然，這一挑戰是有獎勵的。
00:37
It's not quite the TED Prize, but it is an exclusive t-shirt from our lab.
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不能算是TED的獎品，而是我們實驗室提供的特別版T卹。
00:44
So please send me your ideas about how to design a foot.
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因此，請將你們就如何設計一隻腳的想法發給我。
00:50
Now if we want to design a foot, what do we have to do?
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如果我們想設計一隻腳，我們必須要做哪些呢？
00:54
We have to first know what a foot is.
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首先我們要知道腳是什麼。
00:57
If we go to the dictionary, it says, "It's the lower extremity of a leg
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如果去查看字典，字典上解釋說：“腳是腿的最末端
01:00
that is in direct contact with the ground in standing or walking"
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在站立或行走時直接接觸地面的部位。”
01:02
That's the traditional definition.
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這是傳統的定義。
01:03
But if you wanted to really do research, what do you have to do?
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但如果你真的想要做研究，要做哪些呢？
01:06
You have to go to the literature and look up what's known about feet.
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你要去查閱文獻，看關於腳人們都知道了些哪些。
01:09
So you go to the literature. (Laughter)
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所以你去查閱文獻。（大笑）
01:12
Maybe you're familiar with this literature.
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也許你很熟悉這些文獻。
01:14
The problem is, there are many, many feet.
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問題是，這裡有很多很多只腳。
01:17
How do you do this?
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該怎麼辦呢？
01:18
You need to survey all feet and extract the principles of how they work.
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你需要研究所有的腳，並提煉出這些腳是如何工作的原理。
01:23
And I want you to help me do that in this next clip.
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在下一張圖上，我想讓你來幫我做這件事。
01:25
As you see this clip, look for principles,
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當你看這張圖時，注意尋找原理。
01:28
and also think about experiments that you might design
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並且想一下你可能會設計的實驗
01:31
in order to understand how a foot works.
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為了弄明白腳是如何工作的。
01:44
See any common themes? Principles?
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看到有什麼共同點了嗎？共同的原理？
01:46
What would you do?
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你要怎麼做？
01:59
What experiments would you run?
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要進行什麼樣的實驗？
03:31
Wow. (Applause)
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哇。（鼓掌）
03:37
Our research on the biomechanics of animal locomotion
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我們關於動物運動的生物力學研究
03:40
has allowed us to make a blueprint for a foot.
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讓我們繪製一隻腳的藍圖。
03:42
It's a design inspired by nature, but it's not a copy of any specific foot you just looked at,
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這是一個由自然啟發的設計，但不是複製你剛才看到的某只特定的腳，
03:48
but it's a synthesis of the secrets of many, many feet.
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而是綜合了許多許多只腳的秘密。
03:52
Now it turns out that animals can go anywhere.
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事實是動物哪兒都能去。
03:55
They can locomote on substrates that vary as you saw --
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它們能在各種不同的表面上移動——
03:57
in the probability of contact, the movement of that surface
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這些變化因素包括接觸形勢，表面的運動
04:01
and the type of footholds that are present.
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以及它們所呈現的不同的立足點。
04:04
If you want to study how a foot works,
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如果你想要研究腳是如何工作的
04:06
we're going to have to simulate those surfaces, or simulate that debris.
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我們就需要模擬這些表面，或那些碎片。
04:10
When we did that, here's a new experiment that we did:
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當我們進行模擬時，這裡是我們做的一個新實驗：
04:15
we put an animal and had it run -- this grass spider --
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我們將一隻動物放上去然後讓它跑——這是一隻草蛛——
04:17
on a surface with 99 percent of the contact area removed.
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被放在一個99％的接觸區域都已經被移走的表面上。
04:20
But it didn't even slow down the animal.
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但它甚至沒有减慢動物的移動。
04:22
It's still running at the human equivalent of 300 miles per hour.
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草蛛仍以相當於人類300英里/小時的速度移動著。
04:25
Now how could it do that? Well, look more carefully.
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它是怎麼辦到的？好的，仔細看。
04:28
When we slow it down 50 times we see how the leg is hitting that simulated debris.
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當我們將其速度减少50倍，就可以看到腿是如何接觸那些模擬碎片的。
04:34
The leg is acting as a foot.
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腿發揮了腳的功能。
04:36
And in fact, the animal contacts other parts of its leg
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事實上，動物用腿的其他部位接觸表面
04:39
more frequently than the traditionally defined foot.
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比用傳統定義界定的足頻繁得多。
04:42
The foot is distributed along the whole leg.
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沿著整條腿分佈的都是腳。
04:46
You can do another experiment where you can take a cockroach with a foot,
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你可以做另一個實驗，用一隻腳的蟑螂，
04:50
and you can remove its foot.
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然後把它所有的腳都去掉。
04:52
I'm passing some cockroaches around. Take a look at their feet.
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我在分發一些蟑螂。來看看他們的腳是什麼樣子的。
04:56
Without a foot, here's what it does. It doesn't even slow down.
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沒有了腳，看他們怎麼走。它甚至都沒有慢下來。
05:00
It can run the same speed without even that segment.
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沒有腳它們仍可以以同樣的速度移動。
05:03
No problem for the cockroach -- they can grow them back, if you care.
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蟑螂不會出現任何問題——它們還能把腳長回來，如果你在意。
05:06
How do they do it?
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它們是怎麼做到的？
05:08
Look carefully: this is slowed down 100 times,
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仔細看：這是放慢100倍後，
05:11
and watch what it's doing with the rest of its leg.
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觀察他們在用腿的其餘部分做什麼。
05:14
It's acting, again, as a distributed foot --
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又一次，腿作為被廣泛分佈的足了。
05:17
very effective.
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非常有效。
05:19
Now, the question we had is, how general is a distributed foot?
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現在問題是，到底有多少動物有類似的分佈足？
05:24
And the next behavior I'll show you of this animal just stunned us the first time that we saw it.
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下面將要為你們展示的這個動物，我們第一次看時就感到很震驚。
05:33
Journalists, this is off the record; it's embargoed.
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記者們，這可是沒人報導過的，被禁止的——
05:38
Take a look at what that is!
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看那是什麼！
05:40
That's a bipedal octopus that's disguised as a rolling coconut.
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這個兩足的章魚佯裝成一個可以滾動的椰子。
05:47
It was discovered by Christina Huffard
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是克里斯蒂娜•胡法德發現了它
05:51
and filmed by Sea Studios, right here from Monterey.
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這影片由海洋工作室（海工作室），就在蒙特瑞拍攝的。
05:56
We've also described another species of bipedal octopus.
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我們也描述了另一種雙足章魚。
06:01
This one disguises itself as floating algae.
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這一只將自己偽裝成浮動的海藻。
06:04
It walks on two legs and it holds the other arms up in the air so that it can't be seen.
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它用兩條腿走路然後將兩隻胳膊高舉在空中，以保證不讓其他生物看見。
06:09
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
06:10
And look what it does with its foot to get over challenging terrain.
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注意看，當他們要通過崎嶇不平的地面時是如何使用腳的。
06:18
It uses that beautiful distributed foot to make it as if those obstacles are not even there --
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它用它們那美麗均勻分佈的足，使得這些障礙好似不存在一般。
06:29
truly extraordinary.
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真的很特別。
06:33
In 1951, Escher made this drawing. He thought he created an animal fantasy.
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在1951年，埃舍爾畫了這幅畫。他覺得自己創造出了一個動物神話。
06:38
But we know that art imitates life,
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但是我們知道藝術模仿生命，
06:40
and it turns out nature, three million years ago, evolved the next animal.
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事實就是300萬年前，自然進化出下一個動物。
06:43
It's a shrimp-like animal called the stomatopod,
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這個像小蝦的動物被稱為口腳類動物，
06:45
and here's how it moves on the beaches of Panama:
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這裡是它如何在巴拿馬的海灘上移動的：
06:49
it actually rolls, and it can even roll uphill.
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它其實在滾動，而且它甚至還能向上滾。
06:53
It's the ultimate distributed foot: its whole body in this case is acting like its foot.
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這最終是因為均勻分佈的足，在這種情況下，它的整個身子都扮演著腳的角色。
07:03
So, if we want to then, to our blueprint, add the first important feature,
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因此我們為我們的藍圖上加上第一個重要的特徵，
07:08
we want to add distributed foot contact.
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我們想加上均勻分佈的足的接觸面。
07:10
Not just with the traditional foot, but also the leg,
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不僅是加在傳統的足部部位，也加在腿上。
07:13
and even of the body.
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而且甚至是在身上。
07:14
Can this help us inspire the design of novel robots?
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這能有助於我們設計出新的機器人嗎？
07:18
We biologically inspired this robot, named RHex,
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我們受到生物的啟示所創造的機器人，叫做RHex,
07:21
built by these extraordinary engineers over the last few years.
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它是由這些卓越的工程師在過去幾年間製造出來的。
07:25
RHex's foot started off to be quite simple,
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RHex的腳一開始時非常簡單，
07:28
then it got tuned over time, and ultimately resulted in this half circle.
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但是它總是隨時間而改變，最後變成了這樣的半圓形。
07:33
Why is that? The video will show you.
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為什麼呢？接下來的錄像將告訴你答案。
07:35
Watch where the robot, now, contacts its leg in order to deal with this very difficult terrain.
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看這個機器人，現在，看它用腿的什麼部位接觸這些有障礙的地表，試圖翻越過去。
07:42
What you'll see, in fact, is that it's using that half circle leg as a distributed foot.
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你會看到，事實上，它用這半圓形的腳當做均勻分佈的足了。
07:48
Watch it go over this.
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看它翻越這裡。
07:50
You can see it here well on this debris.
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你可以從這裡看它穿過這些碎片。
07:53
Extraordinary. No sensing, all the control is built right into the tuned legs.
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非常棒。沒有傳感裝置，所有的控制組件都裝在這個諧調的腿中了。
07:59
Really simple, but beautiful.
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很簡單，但非常棒。
08:01
Now, you might have noticed something else about the animals
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現在，你可能已經注意到了這些動物的其他方面
08:04
when they were running over the rough terrain.
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當它們跑過崎嶇不平的地表面時。
08:06
And my assistant's going to help me here.
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我的助手在這要幫我一下。
08:08
When you touched the cockroach leg -- can you get the microphone for him?
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當你摸蟑螂的腿時——你能幫我把話筒遞給他嗎？
08:12
When you touched the cockroach leg, what did it feel like?
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當你摸蟑螂的腿時，有什麼感覺？
08:15
Did you notice something?
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感覺到什麼不同了嗎？
08:17
Boy: Spiny.
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男孩：很多刺。
08:18
Robert Full: It's spiny, right? It's really spiny, isn't it? It sort of hurts.
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羅伯特•福爾：很多刺，是嗎？感覺很扎，對不對？有點傷手。
08:22
Maybe we could give it to our curator and see if he'd be brave enough to touch the cockroach.
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也許我們應該把蟑螂給監護人，看他有沒有勇氣也摸一摸。
08:28
(Laughter)
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（笑）
08:29
Chris Anderson: Did you touch it?
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克里斯•安德森：你摸過嗎？
08:30
RF: So if you look carefully at this, what you see is that they have spines
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羅伯特•福爾：所以當你很仔細的觀察，會發現上面真的有很多剛毛。
08:33
and until a few weeks ago, no one knew what they did.
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直到幾週前，一直也沒人知道這些刺是用來做什麼的。
08:36
They assumed that they were for protection and for sensory structures.
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他們推測那些刺起到保護以及用來感知周圍結構用的。
08:39
We found that they're for something else -- here's a segment of that spine.
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後來我們發現它們有別的功效——這裡是剛毛的一部分
08:43
They're tuned such that they easily collapse in one direction
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它們的構造使得它們都很容易向一個方向傾斜
08:46
to pull the leg out from debris,
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把一條腿從碎片中拔出，
08:48
but they're stiff in the other direction so they capture disparities in the surface.
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這些毛很硬，不會彎向另一個方向，因此可以對付不同的表面。
08:54
Now crabs don't miss footholds, because they normally move on sand --
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螃蟹不需要尋找立足點，因為他們通常在沙子上行走——
08:57
until they come to our lab.
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直到他們來到我們的實驗室。
08:59
And where they have a problem with this kind of mesh,
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然後他們在這些網子上移動會遇到問題，
09:02
because they don't have spines.
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因為他們沒有剛毛。
09:05
The crabs are missing spines, so they have a problem in this kind of rough terrain.
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螃蟹由於沒有剛毛，所以在這些不平整的表面上移動會有問題。
09:08
But of course, we can deal with that
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但當然，我們能幫助它們，
09:11
because we can produce artificial spines.
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因為我們可以製造人工剛毛。
09:15
We can make spines that catch on simulated debris
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我們可以製造人工剛毛，他們能夠吸附在模擬碎片上
09:18
and collapse on removal to easily pull them out.
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而且在我們不需要它們時還能很容易的拔出。
09:21
We did that by putting these artificial spines on crabs,
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我們把這些人造剛毛裝在螃蟹腿上，
09:24
as you see here, and then we tested them.
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你看，我們測試一下。
09:26
Do we really understand that principle of tuning? The answer is, yes!
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我們真正明白調諧的原理了嗎？答案是：對！
09:30
This is slowed down 20-fold, and the crab just zooms across that simulated debris.
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這是放慢20倍後的，螃蟹飛速的橫穿過這個模擬碎片。
09:35
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑聲）（掌聲）
09:37
A little better than nature.
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比自然形成的稍微好一點。
09:40
So to our blueprint, we need to add tuned spines.
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所以在我們的藍圖上，要加上具有調諧作用的剛毛 。
09:43
Now will this help us think about the design of more effective climbing robots?
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這些可以幫助我們設計出更會爬牆的機器人嗎？
09:48
Well, here's RHex: RHex has trouble on rails -- on smooth rails, as you see here.
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這是RHex——RHex穿過軌道時遇到了麻煩——在平滑的軌道上，你看。
09:53
So why not add a spine? My colleagues did this at U. Penn.
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為什麼不加一根剛毛呢？我的同事幫他加上了。
09:57
Dan Koditschek put some steel nails -- very simple version -- on the robot,
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丹•柯蒂斯將一些鋼釘——非常簡單的型號-裝在機器人上——
10:01
and here's RHex, now, going over those steel -- those rails. No problem!
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於是現在的RHex，越過那些鋼製的——軌道。沒有問題！
10:07
How does it do it?
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它是怎麼做到的？
10:08
Let's slow it down and you can see the spines in action.
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我們放慢速度，你就能看到那些剛毛是如何發揮作用的了。
10:10
Watch the leg come around, and you'll see it grab on right there.
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看腿移動過來了，你看它剛好能抓穩。
10:13
It couldn't do that before; it would just slip and get stuck and tip over.
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以前它是辦不到的，只會打滑，卡住然後翻倒。
10:16
And watch again, right there -- successful.
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現在再看一遍，就這樣——成功。
10:20
Now just because we have a distributed foot and spines
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現在只因為裝上均勻分佈的足以及剛毛
10:23
doesn't mean you can climb vertical surfaces.
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並不代表可以爬上垂直的表面。
10:26
This is really, really difficult.
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這個真的非常，非常難。
10:28
But look at this animal do it!
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但看動物們，它們能辦到！
10:30
One of the ones I'm passing around is climbing up this vertical surface that's a smooth metal plate.
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其中有這樣一個動物，它是在光滑的金屬盤子表面垂直向上爬。
10:36
It's extraordinary how fast it can do it --
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它們的爬行速度快得驚人——
10:38
but if you slow it down, you see something that's quite extraordinary.
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看如果放慢速度，你會發現一些很神奇的事。
10:42
It's a secret. The animal effectively climbs by slipping and look --
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這是個秘密。動物很有效的利用滑動，看-
10:46
and doing, actually, terribly, with respect to grabbing on the surface.
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事實上，糟糕的是，它們在抓取表面。
10:50
It looks, in fact, like it's swimming up the surface.
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事實上，看上去像從表面上游了上去。
10:53
We can actually model that behavior better as a fluid, if you look at it.
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我們其實可以將這一行為模仿為流動體的，如果你仔細觀察。
10:57
The distributed foot, actually, is working more like a paddle.
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這些分佈式足事實上工作原理更像是槳。
11:01
The same is true when we looked at this lizard running on fluidized sand.
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當我觀察蜥蜴在流態化的沙子上移動時，結果相同。
11:05
Watch its feet.
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看它的腳。
11:07
It's actually functioning as a paddle
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事實上它起到了槳的作用。
11:09
even though it's interacting with a surface that we normally think of as a solid.
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即使它接觸的表面通常被我們認為是固體。
11:15
This is not different from what my former undergraduate discovered
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這與我以前的一個大學部學生所發現的沒有什麼不同
11:20
when she figured out how lizards can run on water itself.
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當她發現蜥蜴是如何在水面上行走的。
11:25
Can you use this to make a better robot?
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可以利用這個製造更好的機器人嗎？
11:30
Martin Buehler did -- who's now at Boston Dynamics --
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馬丁•比埃勒進行了嘗試——他現在在波士頓動力公司——
11:33
he took this idea and made RHex to be Aqua RHex.
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他採用了這個點子並將 RHex改造為水族RHex。
11:38
So here's RHex with paddles,
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所以RHex有了趟水的槳，
11:40
now converted into an incredibly maneuverable swimming robot.
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現在被改造為不可思議且操縱靈活的游泳機器人了。
11:46
For rough surfaces, though, animals add claws.
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然而對於粗糙的表面，動物為自己添加了爪子。
11:49
And you probably feel them if you grabbed it.
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當你抓住它們時應該能感覺到這些爪子。
11:50
Did you touch it?
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你有沒有碰碰它？
11:51
CA: I did.
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CA：我碰了。
11:52
RF: And they do really well at grabbing onto surfaces with these claws.
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RF：它們可以很有效的利用這些爪子鉗住表面。
11:54
Mark Cutkosky at Stanford University, one of my collaborators, is an extraordinary engineer
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斯坦福大學的馬克•庫特科斯基，我的一位同事，是一位傑出的工程師
12:00
who developed this technique called Shape Deposition Manufacturing,
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他發明了一種技術叫做“形狀沉積製造",
12:03
where he can imbed claws right into an artificial foot.
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利用這種技術，他可以將爪子嵌入人工足中。
12:06
And here's the simple version of a foot for a new robot that I'll show you in a bit.
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這裡有一個新機器人腳的簡易版本，我給你們看看。
12:11
So to our blueprint, let's attach claws.
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在我們的藍圖上加上爪子。
12:14
Now if we look at animals, though, to be really maneuverable in all surfaces,
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現在讓我們看看那些真正能在任何表面上移動的動物，
12:17
the animals use hybrid mechanisms
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它們都要用到混合動力機制
12:19
that include claws, and spines, and hairs, and pads, and glue, and capillary adhesion
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包括爪子，刺，毛髮，肉趾，膠，毛細管粘附
12:23
and a whole bunch of other things.
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還有很多其他的東西。
12:24
These are all from different insects.
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這些都是來自不同的昆蟲。
12:26
There's an ant crawling up a vertical surface.
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這裡有一隻螞蟻在垂直的表面上往上爬。
12:28
Let's look at that ant.
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讓我們來看一下這隻螞蟻。
12:30
This is the foot of an ant. You see the hairs and the claws and this thing here.
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這是螞蟻的一隻腳。你看這裡有毛髮以及爪子。
12:35
This is when its foot's in the air.
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這是螞蟻自然狀態下的腳。
12:37
Watch what happens when the foot goes onto your sandwich.
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觀察這腳放在你的三明治上會發生些什麼。
12:41
You see what happens?
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看到發生了些什麼了嗎？
12:43
That pad comes out. And that's where the glue is.
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這些墊伸展出來。這就是膠所在的地方。
12:48
Here from underneath is an ant foot,
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這下面是一隻螞蟻腳。
12:51
and when the claws don't dig in, that pad automatically comes out without the ant doing anything.
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當爪子不深入抓取時，墊會自動出來不需要螞蟻做任何事情。
12:57
It just extrudes.
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它就自己出來。
12:58
And this was a hard shot to get -- I think this is the shot of the ant foot on the superstrings.
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很難拍攝到這種狀態——這大概是在超弦狀態下拍攝的螞蟻腳。
13:03
So it's pretty tough to do.
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真的很難辦到。
13:04
This is what it looks like close up --
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這就是近看的效果——
13:07
here's the ant foot, and there's the glue.
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這是一隻螞蟻腳，然後這裡是膠狀物。
13:09
And we discovered this glue may be an interesting two-phase mixture.
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而且我們發現這些膠狀物可能是兩相混合物。
13:13
It certainly helps it to hold on.
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這顯然可以幫助它們抓住牆壁。
13:15
So to our blueprint, we stick on some sticky pads.
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所以要在我們的藍圖上添加黏膠墊。
13:19
Now you might think for smooth surfaces we get inspiration here.
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現在你可以考慮光滑表面了，因為我們已經有了相應的靈感。
13:23
Now we have something better here.
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在這裡我們有些更好的。
13:26
The gecko's a really great example of nanotechnology in nature.
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壁虎絕對是自然界中最好的納米技術例子。
13:29
These are its feet.
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這些是他的腳。
13:31
They're -- almost look alien. And the secret, which they stick on with,
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他們看起來——甚至像外星人的腳。而且秘密在於
13:35
involves their hairy toes.
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他們有毛茸茸的腳趾頭。
13:37
They can run up a surface at a meter per second,
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它們可以以1公尺/秒的速度在表面上移動。
13:41
take 30 steps in that one second -- you can hardly see them.
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一秒鐘內走30步——你幾乎都看不到它們。
13:44
If we slow it down, they attach their feet at eight milliseconds,
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但如果我們將這一過程放慢，會發現它們的腳與表面接觸時間僅為8毫秒，
13:47
and detach them in 16 milliseconds.
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而腳離開表面的時間僅為16毫秒。
13:50
And when you watch how they detach it, it is bizarre.
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當你觀察它們是如何將腳與表面分開時，會感覺很奇怪。
13:57
They peel away from the surface like you'd peel away a piece of tape.
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他們把腳從表面撕開，就像你把膠帶撕開一樣。
14:02
Very strange. How do they stick?
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很奇怪。他們是怎麼黏上的？
14:05
If you look at their feet, they have leaf-like structures called linalae
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觀察他們的腳，你會發現這種葉狀結構叫做linalae，
14:08
with millions of hairs.
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並且有成千上萬的毛髮。
14:09
And each hair has the worst case of split ends possible.
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而且每根毛都分岔極為嚴重。
14:12
It has a hundred to a thousand split ends,
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又分了成百上千個岔。
14:15
and that's the secret, because it allows intimate contact.
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這就是秘密，因為這樣可以更為親密的接觸表面。
14:18
The gecko has a billion of these 200-nanometer-sized split ends.
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壁虎擁有10億個這樣200奈米大小的分岔。
14:22
And they don't stick by glue, or they don't work like Velcro, or they don't work with suction.
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它們不利用膠狀物，不用尼龍搭扣(魔術帶)，也不用吸附力。
14:27
We discovered they work by intermolecular forces alone.
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我們發現它們只用分子間引力作用。
14:31
So to our blueprint, we split some hairs.
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所以在我們的藍圖上，我們將一些毛髮分岔。
14:35
This has inspired the design of the first self-cleaning dry adhesive --
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這也為第一個具有自我清潔能力的膠提供了設計靈感——
14:38
the patent issued, we're happy to say.
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我們很開心的說我們也獲得了專利。
14:40
And here's the simplest version in nature,
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這裡是自然界中最簡單的版本。
14:43
and here's my collaborator Ron Fearing's attempt
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這是我的同事羅恩•菲爾凌的嘗試
14:46
at an artificial version of this dry adhesive made from polyurethane.
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利用聚氨酯製造這種人工乾膠。
14:51
And here's the first attempt to have it work on some load.
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這是第一次試驗將其黏在同樣的表面上。
14:54
There's enormous interest in this in a variety of different fields.
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在很多領域裡，人們都對其非常感興趣。
14:57
You could think of a thousand possible uses, I'm sure.
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我敢保證你能想出上千種用途。
15:00
Lots of people have, and we're excited about realizing this as a product.
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很多人發現了這是一種產品，我們對此也很激動。
15:05
We have imagined products; for example, this one:
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我們曾經想像過要製造這樣的產品，比如這個：
15:08
we imagined a bio-inspired Band-Aid, where we took the glue off the Band-Aid.
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我們想像由生物啟發的護創貼布(ok蹦)，可以不用黏膠。
15:13
We took some hairs from a molting gecko;
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我們在蛻皮的壁虎身上取得一些毛髮;
15:15
put three rolls of them on here, and then made this Band-Aid.
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將三卷毛髮用在此處，製造出新的護創貼布(ok蹦)。
15:19
This is an undergraduate volunteer --
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這是一位大學生志願者——
15:21
we have 30,000 undergraduates so we can choose among them --
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我們有三萬個大學生，所以可以從他們之中挑選——
15:24
that's actually just a red pen mark.
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這僅僅是個紅色筆印。
15:26
But it makes an incredible Band-Aid.
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但這方法真的製造出了不可思議的護創貼布(ok蹦)。
15:28
It's aerated, it can be peeled off easily, it doesn't cause any irritation, it works underwater.
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充氣後，可以被輕易地揭掉，不會帶來小困擾，而且還具有防水功能。
15:36
I think this is an extraordinary example of how curiosity-based research --
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我認為這是一個非常好的例子，來說明基於好奇的研究-——
15:41
we just wondered how they climbed up something --
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我們只是好奇它們如何爬上一些表面的——
15:43
can lead to things that you could never imagine.
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可以引領你發現一些想不到的事情。
15:46
It's just an example of why we need to support curiosity-based research.
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這是一個例子來說明為什麼我們需要支持那些由好奇心啟發的研究。
15:50
Here you are, pulling off the Band-Aid.
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現在你撕掉創可貼。
15:53
So we've redefined, now, what a foot is.
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所以現在我們對腳重新進行了定義。
15:57
The question is, can we use these secrets, then,
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問題是，我們可否用這些秘密
15:59
to inspire the design of a better foot, better than one that we see in nature?
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來啟發我們設計出比自然形成的更好的腳嗎？
16:02
Here's the new project:
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這是一個新的項目：
16:04
we're trying to create the first climbing search-and-rescue robot -- no suction or magnets --
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我們試圖製造第一個可爬牆的搜索救援機器人——不用吸盤以及磁鐵——
16:10
that can only move on limited kinds of surfaces.
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可以在特定的表面上移動。
16:13
I call the new robot RiSE, for "Robot in Scansorial Environment" -- that's a climbing environment --
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我稱這個新機器人為高層，是“攀登環境機器人“的簡稱——它可以爬牆。
16:18
and we have an extraordinary team of biologists and engineers creating this robot.
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我們共同製造這個機器人的小組中有傑出的生物學家以及工程師。
16:22
And here is RiSE.
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這就是RiSE。
16:26
It's six-legged and has a tail. Here it is on a fence and a tree.
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它有6條腿和一條尾巴。這是它在一個籬笆上，還有在一顆樹上。
16:29
And here are RiSE's first steps on an incline.
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這是RiSE在傾斜的表面走出的第一步。
16:33
You have the audio? You can hear it go up.
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你們有耳機吧？可以聽到它往上走。
16:36
And here it is coming up at you, in its first steps up a wall.
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它在向你走來，第一次爬牆。
16:42
Now it's only using its simplest feet here, so this is very new.
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這裡它僅僅用最簡單的腳，所以很新。
16:47
But we think we got the dynamics right of the robot.
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但是我想我們已經理解了這個機器人的動力裝置。
16:51
Mark Cutkosky, though, is taking it a step further.
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馬克•庫特科斯基將這個實驗更進一步。
16:53
He's the one able to build this shape-deposition manufactured feet and toes.
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他可以利用形狀沉積製造的技術來製造這些腳以及趾頭。
16:58
The next step is to make compliant toes,
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下一步是要製造順從聽話的腳趾頭。
17:02
and try to add spines and claws and set it for dry adhesives.
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然後加上刺和爪子，再加上乾膠。
17:04
So the idea is to first get the toes and a foot right,
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我們計劃首先將腳趾和腳做好，
17:07
attempt to make that climb, and ultimately put it on the robot.
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然後試圖讓腳能在牆上爬行，最後在其上面安裝機器人。
17:10
And that's exactly what he's done.
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他就是這麼做的。
17:12
He's built, in fact, a climbing foot-bot inspired by nature.
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事實上，他製造出一個受自然啟發的腳踏式爬牆機器人。
17:17
And here's Cutkosky's and his amazing students' design.
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這就是特科斯基以及他令人佩服的學生的設計作品。
17:21
So these are tuned toes -- there are six of them,
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這些就是調諧的腳趾——有6個，
17:27
and they use the principles that I just talked about collectively for the blueprint.
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它們就將我剛才在藍圖上用到的原理綜合起來。
17:36
So this is not using any suction, any glue,
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沒有用到吸盤，或任何膠狀物，
17:38
and it will ultimately, when it's attached to the robot --
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最終，當它被裝到機器人身上後——
17:41
it's as biologically inspired as the animal --
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由動物啟發而來——
17:44
hopefully be able to climb any kind of a surface.
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希望能在任何表面上爬行。
17:49
Here you see it, next, going up the side of a building at Stanford.
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現在你看，接下來，它爬上斯坦福大學建築的一面牆。
17:54
It's sped up -- again, it's a foot climbing.
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它加速了——它一直是用腳爬行。
17:57
It's not the whole robot yet, we're working on it --
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這還不是全部的機器人，我們仍在繼續努力——
17:59
now you can see how it's attaching.
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現在你可以看到它是怎麼爬上去的。
18:00
These tuned structures allow the spines, friction pads and ultimately the adhesive hairs
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這些調諧的結構使得所有刺、摩擦墊以及最終用來附著的毛髮
18:06
to grab onto very challenging, difficult surfaces.
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可以抓附住這些非常具有挑戰性的表面
18:09
And so they were able to get this thing -- this is now sped up 20 times --
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所以它們現在可以爬牆了——這個影片加速了20倍——
18:13
can you imagine it trying to go up and rescue somebody at that upper floor? OK?
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你能想像它爬上去救在上層的人嗎？
18:17
You can visualize this now; it's not impossible.
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你完全可以這麼設想了，不是不可能。
18:19
It's a very challenging task. But more to come later.
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這是一項非常具有挑戰性的工作。但我們還有很多要做。
18:23
To finish: we've gotten design secrets from nature by looking at how feet are built.
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結束之際，當我們觀察腳是的構造時，我們汲取了自然界中設計的奧秘。
18:27
We've learned we should distribute control to smart parts.
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我們學到應該把控制力巧妙的分部。
18:30
Don't put it all in the brain,
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不是全部放在腦子裡，
18:31
but put some of the control in tuned feet, legs and even body.
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而是去琢磨琢磨調諧的足、腿甚至身體。
18:35
That nature uses hybrid solutions, not a single solution, to these problems,
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自然界為解決這類問題都使用多種途徑，絕不是單一途徑，
18:38
and they're integrated and beautifully robust.
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這些途徑都完美的結合在一起，而且十分有效。
18:41
And third, we believe strongly that we do not want to mimic nature but instead be inspired by biology,
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第三，我們堅定的相信我們不要單純模仿自然，而是要從生物中汲取靈感，
18:49
and use these novel principles with the best engineering solutions that are out there
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然後利用這些新的原理以及最好的工程解決方案
18:53
to make -- potentially -- something better than nature.
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來製造——有可能——比自然更好的東西。
18:57
So there's a clear message:
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所以信息明確：
18:59
whether you care about a fundamental, basic research
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不論你在意的是基礎研究
19:02
of really interesting, bizarre, wonderful animals,
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關於那些有趣、奇怪而奇妙的動物，
19:05
or you want to build a search-and-rescue robot
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或者你想製造一個可以用來搜尋及營救的機器人
19:06
that can help you in an earthquake, or to save someone in a fire,
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來幫助你在地震或火災中救人
19:09
or you care about medicine, we must preserve nature's designs.
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再或你對醫藥感興趣，總之我們必須保留大自然的設計。
19:14
Otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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否則這些秘密就將永遠丟失了。
19:17
Thank you.
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謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - BiologistRobert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.
Why you should listen
UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).
His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com