Sam Rodriques: What we'll learn about the brain in the next century
Sam Rodriques: Lo que aprenderemos sobre el cerebro en el próximo siglo
Sam Rodriques invents new technologies to help neuroscientists understand how the brain works. Full bio
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something about neuroscience.
sobre la neurociencia.
how the brain works.
cómo funciona el cerebro.
that we really want to understand.
queremos comprender.
con agua hasta la mitad.
about halfway, with water.
and you put the mouse in the jar, OK?
y colocamos el ratón en el frasco.
for a little while
the mouse gets tired
that's depression.
very sophisticated mathematical models
modelos matemáticos muy sofisticados
los fenómenos físicos.
es el modelo de la depresión,
is the model for depression,
we have a lot of work to do."
mucho trabajo por delante".
problem in neuroscience.
general en la neurociencia.
comprender las emociones.
in mice or monkeys
las emociones en ratones o monos.
cómo se sienten o qué sienten.
or what they're experiencing.
comprender las emociones
to understand emotion,
what's called motivated behavior,
el comportamiento motivado,
when it really, really wants cheese."
cuando se desespera por el queso?"
spends about 5.5 billion dollars a year
gasta unos USD 5500 millones al año
no significant improvements in outcomes
significativo en los resultados
in the past 40 years.
cerebrales en los últimos 40 años.
is basically due to the fact
for cancer or diabetes,
para el cáncer o la diabetes,
is just not sophisticated enough
no es suficientemente sofisticado
or human brain disease.
o la enfermedad cerebral humana.
why are we still using them?
¿por qué los seguimos usando?
electrical signals to each other.
señales eléctricas entre sí.
cómo funciona el cerebro,
how the brain works,
the electrical activity of these neurons.
eléctrica de estas neuronas.
really close to the neurons
muy cerca de las neuronas
recording device or a microscope.
eléctrico o con un microscopio.
and you can do it in monkeys,
y podemos hacerlo en monos,
put things into their brain
can't do that in humans, OK?
en personas, ¿sí?
all these proxies.
pretty pictures like this,
del cerebro que se iluminan
of your brain light up
in different activities.
neural activity here.
la actividad de las neuronas.
is you're measuring, essentially,
but you get the idea, OK?
más oxígeno, pero está claro, ¿no?
is you can do this --
estos electrodos en la cabeza.
these electrodes on your head, OK?
electrical activity.
la actividad eléctrica,
the activity of neurons.
la actividad de las neuronas.
these electrical currents,
estas corrientes eléctricas,
that these technologies that we have
that we want to understand --
que queremos comprender,
kind of neuron deep in your brain
de neurona en lo profundo del cerebro,
the resolution that you need
la resolución necesaria
we're still stuck with the animals.
nos aferramos a los animales.
to be studying depression
sense that it's not possible
generalizada de que no es posible
in healthy humans.
en personas sanas.
I think it could potentially be possible.
en que esto podría ser factible.
I don't have all the details.
que no tengo todos los detalles.
with a kind of outline.
is a bit warmer that what you're used to.
es un poco más cálido que antes.
that you know and love
que conocemos y adoramos
were not always so good.
most things are surprisingly recognizable.
son sorprendentemente reconocibles.
es completamente distinto.
of Alzheimer's.
genetic therapies or drugs
terapias genéticas o drogas dirigidas
before it begins.
antes de que comience.
that we had to figure out
connections through the skull
eléctricas a través del cráneo
the electrical activity of neurons.
eléctrica de las neuronas.
it had to be easy and risk-free.
would be OK with,
hacerse, como un "piercing".
to get through the skull
de atravesar el cráneo
the size of quarters.
del tamaño de una moneda.
someone do that to you.
rather than drilling these gigantic holes,
de esas grandes perforaciones,
no thicker than a piece of hair.
del tamaño de un cabello.
was really for diagnosis --
of brain disorders
de enfermedades cerebrales,
at the neural activity beneath the skull
neuronal que hay debajo del cráneo
these microscopic holes
estos agujeros microscópicos,
for the patient.
like getting a shot.
that comes down on your head,
it was fast and extremely reliable,
y extremadamente fiable.
the holes were there,
that one of your hairs was missing.
la falta de un cabello.
using lasers to drill holes in your skull,
usar láseres para perforar el cráneo,
shooting lasers into their eyes
usaran láser en los ojos
it's not that big of a step.
ese paso no es tan grande.
that happened in the 2030s,
en la década de 2030,
getting through the skull.
con atravesar el cráneo.
into the brain tissue itself.
en el tejido cerebral,
you put something into the brain tissue,
a blood vessel and burst it,
we had invented these flexible probes
inventamos estas sondas flexibles
around blood vessels,
huge batteries of these probes
baterías de estas sondas
without any risk to them.
sin ponerlas en riesgo.
sort of to our surprise,
to things like ideas or emotion,
to things like Jennifer Aniston
como la de Jennifer Aniston
habernos sorprendido.
have been that surprised.
spend most of their time thinking about?
la mayor parte del tiempo?
studying neuroscience in individuals.
la neurociencia en personas.
at the single cell level,
de la genética a nivel de la célula,
at the single human level.
a nivel de la persona.
to medical applications,
a las aplicaciones médicas,
sick brains, not healthy brains.
cerebros enfermos y no sanos.
your technology is,
que sea la tecnología,
into someone's brain
en el cerebro de una persona
an electrical connection to the brain,
una conexión eléctrica al cerebro,
the brain up to a computer.
el cerebro a una computadora.
was very skeptical at first.
their brain up to their computers?
su cerebro a la computadora?
to send an email with a thought.
un "email" con el pensamiento.
a picture with your eyes, OK?
una fotografía con los ojos.
that you choose to remember
on a hard drive somewhere,
en algún lugar en un disco duro,
between crazy and visionary
these laser-drilling systems, in 2043,
estas perforaciones en 2043,
popped up left and right,
in neural interfacing technology.
tecnologías de interfaz neuronal.
if you were a neuroscientist,
un neurocientífico
essentially from off the street.
al laboratorio desde la calle.
in some emotional task
en cualquier tarea emotiva
o razonamiento abstracto,
estudiar en ratones.
the activity of their neurons
la actividad de sus neuronas,
that they already had.
about what they were experiencing.
qué estaba a punto de sentir.
psicología y neurociencia
psychology and neuroscience
in the animals, was suddenly there.
en animales, estaba allí.
of the neural basis for insight.
neuronal para la percepción.
it all comes together, it clicks.
en el que todo encaja, que hace el clic.
by two scientists in 2055,
prefrontal cortex,
en la corteza dorsal prefrontal
trying to understand an idea,
que intenta comprender una idea
would reorganize themselves --
poblaciones de neuronas
activity here in orange --
la actividad neuronal--
para dar una respuesta positiva.
in a way that leads to positive feedback.
at the things that make us human.
lo que nos hace humanos.
to major insights from medicine.
planteos de la medicina.
the neural activity
with these different mental diseases,
con diversas enfermedades mentales,
on the basis of their symptoms,
con base en sus síntomas,
that we observed at the neural level.
que veíamos a nivel de las neuronas.
dozens of different diseases,
de enfermedades diferentes,
at the start of the century,
eran conocidas como TDAH,
to do with each other,
que ver unas con otras,
in different ways.
in retrospect,
que, a principios de siglo,
enfermedades diferentes
all those different diseases
básicamente lo que se hacía.
basically is what we were doing.
y la depresión pasaba lo mismo.
are the same way.
essentially at random,
de forma aleatoria,
which drugs would be most effective
serían más eficaces, en qué pacientes,
improvement in outcomes.
en los resultados.
to the year 2017.
or even far fetched.
parecer satíricas o rebuscadas.
see into the future.
or thousands of microscopic holes
de perforaciones microscópicas
to make any progress
or human diseases
o las enfermedades humanas
at the electrical activity of neurons
la actividad eléctrica de las neuronas
on figuring out how to do that today.
casi ningún estudio al respecto.
to put down the mouse brain
dejen de lado el cerebro del ratón
and investment necessary
y a invertir lo necesario
and human disease.
y las enfermedades humanas.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sam Rodriques - NeuroengineerSam Rodriques invents new technologies to help neuroscientists understand how the brain works.
Why you should listen
Sam Rodriques has designed a new nanofabrication method and a new approach to sensing neural activity with probes in the bloodstream, and his forthcoming technologies are aimed at understanding the spatial organization of cells in the brain and the transcriptional activity of neurons over time. He is a graduate student in Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with affiliations at the MIT Media Lab, the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT. He graduated summa cum laude with highest honors in Physics from Haverford College, where he worked on new methods for calculating quantum entanglement in multipartite quantum systems. He has received numerous national awards and fellowships to support his research, including the Hertz Foundation Graduate Fellowship, an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship and a Churchill Scholarship.
Sam Rodriques | Speaker | TED.com