Gabriela González: How LIGO discovered gravitational waves -- and what might be next
گابریلا گونزالز: چطور LIGO امواج گرانشی را کشف کرد -- و بعد از آن چه خواهد بود
Gabriela González is part of the collaboration of more than 1,000 scientists who measured for the first time the gravitational waves that Einstein predicted over 100 years ago. Full bio
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his theory of general relativity,
the planets -- attracts mass,
همه اجرام، سیارهها -- جرم را جذب میکند،
as Newton claimed,
آن طور که نیوتن ادعا کرد،
all of us, all the planets --
همه ما، همه سیارهها --
of space-time.
فضا-زمان چروک میاندازند.
and that connects us all.
و همه ما را به هم وصل میکند.
and distort its contour.
و یکنواختی آن را به هم میزنیم.
not according to Newton's laws,
بار دیگر نه به خاطر قانون نیوتن،
this space-time curvature
nestles up to us
به خاطر انحنای تشک
when masses move,
این امواج به وجود میآیند،
revolve around one another
which carry energy from the system,
که انرژی را از سیستم بیرون میبرد،
to measure them.
اندازهگیری آنها ممکن نباشد.
برایتان بگویم که چطور
working in many countries
waves for the first time.
آن امواج گرانشی را کشف کردیم.
around one another --
گرانشی منتشر میکردند،
accelerating in speed,
و سرعتشان شتاب پیدا کرد،
at almost the speed of light,
با سرعت نور میچرخیدند،
into the space of 360 kilometers.
produced gravitational waves
to the rest of the universe.
در سراسر کائنات پخش کرد.
the effects of these gravitational waves,
تا اثر این امواج گرانشی را بفهمیم،
is by looking for effects in distances.
آنها را اندازه میگیریم.
passed by Earth,
از زمین عبور میکنند،
the distances between you and me,
stretched and shrank a tiny bit.
is proportional to the distance.
که اثر با فاصله تناسب دارد.
than my slight height,
بزرگتر از قد کوتاه من هم
between the Earth and the Sun
at Caltech and MIT --
measure distances
distances between mirrors
کیلومترها دور از هم را اندازه میگرفتند
and many scientists
and develop the ideas.
wave detectors, two interferometers,
through four kilometers in-vacuum,
در خلاء حرکت میکند،
and then they return.
و سپس بازمیگردد.
و این بازو اندازه میگیریم.
very, very sensitive;
instruments in the world.
that we want to measure come from space,
اندازه بگیریم از فضا میآیند،
the gravitational wave effects --
and should show up on the two detectors --
و در دو آشکارساز ظاهر میشوند --
from the local effects,
either on one or the other.
از این دو ظاهر میشوند، تشخیص دهیم.
the second-generation technology
در آشکارسازها را
sensitivity that we wanted --
مد نظرمان نرسیده بودیم --
two years later --
collecting a few months' worth of data.
که اطلاعات چند ماه را جمعآوری کنیم.
in amplitude and frequency
و بسامد را افزایش میداد
in decoding this type of wave,
در رمزگشایی این گونه امواج،
that they came from black holes
که از بیش از یک میلیارد سال پیش
this would happen until much later;
ourselves that it was true,
قانع کنیم که حقیقت دارد،
any room for error.
برای خطا باقی بگذاریم.
و برای اینکه هیچ شکی باقی نماند
really could measure these things,
این چیزها را اندازه بگیرند،
produced a difference in the distance
by our standards.
خیلی متقاعد کننده بود.
waves and not sound waves,
امواج فضا-زمان هستند نه امواج صوتی،
and listen to them.
تا صدایشان را بشنویم.
to the first two notes of that music.
was the last fraction of a second
آخرین کسری از ثانیه
emitted vast amounts of energy --
مقادیر زیادی انرژی آزاد میکنند --
converting into energy,
سه خورشید به انرژی تبدیل شوند،
we actually dance to it.
واقعاً با آن میرقصیم.
be used for?
در چه کاری میتوان استفاده کرد؟
what else is there left to do?"
دیگر چه کاری باقی مانده است؟"
be used for?
"What is the purpose of poetry?"
of the smell of coffee?"
it's for emotion, it's for living."
برای احساس است، برای زندگیست."
how everything works,
برای دانستن طرز کار همه چیز،
all of us, everyone, as kids --
همه ما، همه، از بچگی --
for the first time and see the stars,
و ستارهها را میبینیم،
که ما را انسان ساخته است.
now have a purpose,
که حالا امواج گرانشی هدفی دارند،
a new way to explore the universe.
برای کاوش کائنات باز شده است.
the light of the stars
to the sound of the universe,
like gravitational waves.
مثل امواج گرانشی.
from gravitational waves?
فناوری استخراج کنیم؟
the technology to detect them,
that they are useful.
که به دردی میخورند.
to derive technology from science,
که دانش به فناوری منجر شود،
more and more sensitive --
بیشتر و بیشتر بالا ببریم --
زیادی باقی مانده است --
more black holes
how many there are, where they are
اجسام دیگر هم خواهیم بود.
and turn into black holes.
و تبدیل آنها به سیاهچاله را خواهیم دید.
rotating stars in our galaxy
تولید میکنند را خواهیم دید.
explosions of supernovas in our galaxy.
در کهکشانمان خواهیم دید.
a whole spectrum of new sources.
مشاهده خواهیم کرد.
to the human body:
to silent movies.
به فیلمهای صامت اضافه کردند.
very fun, but very long --
خیلی سرگرم کننده، اما بسیار طولانی است --
international community of scientists,
به عنوان یک گروه با هم کار میکنیم،
together as a team,
sometimes encountering detours --
گاهی با پیچیدگی روبرو میشویم --
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gabriela González - AstrophysicistGabriela González is part of the collaboration of more than 1,000 scientists who measured for the first time the gravitational waves that Einstein predicted over 100 years ago.
Why you should listen
Gabriela González is a physicist working on the discovery of gravitational waves with the LIGO team. She was born in Córdoba, Argentina, studied physics at the University of Córdoba, and pursued her PhD at Syracuse University, which obtained in 1995. She worked as a staff scientist in the LIGO group at MIT until 1997, when she joined the faculty at Penn State. In 2001 she joined the faculty at LSU, where she is a professor of physics and astronomy. She has received awards from the American Physical Society, the American Astronomical Society and the National Academy of Sciences, and she is a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences.
González has been a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration since it was funded in 1997, served as the elected LSC spokesperson in 2011-2017, and is known for participating in the announcement of the discovery of gravitational waves in 2016. Her work has focused on LIGO instrument development (especially reducing noise sources and tuning alignment systems) and LIGO data calibration and diagnostics, critical to increasing the astrophysical reach of data analysis methods.
Gabriela González | Speaker | TED.com