TEDxExeter
Chetan Bhatt: Dare to refuse the origin myths that claim who you are
Chetan Bhatt: Usuditi se odbaciti mitove o podrijetlu koji govore tko ste
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Svi mi imamo priče o podrijetlu i mitove o identitetu, plemenske priče koje nam daju osjećaj sigurnosti i pripadnosti, ali ponekad nas naši identiteti uvjetovani malim skupinama mogu sprječavati u tome da se povežemo s čovječanstvom kao cjelinom - pa čak nas i sprječavati u tome da na druge gledamo kao na ljude. U ovom moćnom govoru o tome kako razumijevamo tko smo, Chetan Bhatt izaziva nas da kreativno razmišljamo jedni o drugima i o našoj budućnosti. Kako bi on rekao: vrijeme je da promijenimo pitanje iz "odakle si?" u "gdje ideš?".
Chetan Bhatt - Sociologist, human rights activist
Chetan Bhatt teaches and writes about the numerous dangers human rights face today from resurgent Far Right movements. Full bio
Chetan Bhatt teaches and writes about the numerous dangers human rights face today from resurgent Far Right movements. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm Chetan Bhatt
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Ja sam Chetan Bhatt
00:14
and when I give my name,
I'm often asked, "Where are you from?"
I'm often asked, "Where are you from?"
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i kada kažem svoje ime,
ljudi me često pitaju odakle sam.
ljudi me često pitaju odakle sam.
00:18
And I normally say London.
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Inače kažem - iz Londona.
00:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:22
But of course, I know
what they're really asking,
what they're really asking,
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Ali, naravno, znam
što zaista žele znati,
što zaista žele znati,
00:25
so I say something like,
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pa kažem nešto kao,
00:27
"Well, my grandparents and my mum
were born in India,
were born in India,
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"Moji djed i baka i majka
rođeni su u Indiji,
rođeni su u Indiji,
00:31
my dad and I were born in Kenya,
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ja i moj otac u Keniji,
00:33
and I was brought up in London.
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a odrastao sam u Londonu.
00:35
And then they've got me mapped.
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Tada sam im jasniji.
00:37
"Ah, you're a Kenyan Asian.
I've worked with one of those."
I've worked with one of those."
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"Ah, pa ti si kenijski azijat.
Radio sam s jednim takvim."
Radio sam s jednim takvim."
00:39
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:41
And from my name they probably
assume that I'm a Hindu.
assume that I'm a Hindu.
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I iz mog imena vjerojatno
pretpostavljaju da sam hinduist.
pretpostavljaju da sam hinduist.
00:44
And this sort of fixes me for them.
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To me u njihovim
očima nekako učini boljim.
očima nekako učini boljim.
00:48
But what about the Christians
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Ali što je s kršćanima
00:50
and the Muslims and the atheists
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i muslimanima i ateistima
00:53
that I grew up with?
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s kojima sam odrastao?
00:55
Or the socialists and the liberals,
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Ili socijalistima i liberalistima,
00:57
even the occasional Tory?
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pa čak i ponekim torijevcima?
01:00
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:01
Indeed, all kinds of women and men --
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Svakakve vrste muškaraca i žena -
01:03
vegetable sellers, factory workers,
cooks, car mechanics --
cooks, car mechanics --
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prodavači povrća, tvorničari,
kuhari, automehaničari -
kuhari, automehaničari -
01:06
living in my working class area,
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koji žive u području moje radničke klase,
01:08
in some profoundly important way,
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na neki iznimno važan način,
01:11
they are also a part of me
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također su dio mene
01:13
and are here with me.
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i tu su sa mnom.
01:15
Maybe that's why I find it hard
to respond to questions about identity
to respond to questions about identity
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Možda mi je zato teško
odgovarati na pitanja o identitetu
odgovarati na pitanja o identitetu
01:20
and about origin.
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i podrijetlu.
01:21
And it's not just a sort of
teenage refusal to be labeled.
teenage refusal to be labeled.
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Nije to samo
tinejdžerski bunt protiv etiketa.
tinejdžerski bunt protiv etiketa.
01:25
It's about our own most identities,
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Tu se radi o našim identitetima,
01:28
the ones that we put our hands up to,
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o onima kojima se predamo,
01:31
the ones that we cheer for,
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o onima za koje navijamo,
01:32
the ones that we fight for,
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o onima za koje se borimo,
01:34
the ones that we love or hate.
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o onima koje volimo ili mrzimo.
01:37
And it's about how we apprehend ourselves
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I tako razumijemo i sebe
01:40
as well as others.
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i ostale.
01:42
And it's about identities
we just assume that we have
we just assume that we have
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Tu se radi o identitetima
koje pretpostavljamo da imamo,
koje pretpostavljamo da imamo,
01:44
without thinking too much about them.
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a da i ne razmišljamo o njima
01:48
But our responses
to questions of identity and origin
to questions of identity and origin
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Ali naši odgovori na pitanja
o identitetu i podrijetlu
o identitetu i podrijetlu
01:52
have substantial
social and political importance.
social and political importance.
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imaju značajnu društvenu
i političku važnost.
i političku važnost.
01:57
We see the wars, the rages of identity
going on all around us.
going on all around us.
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Gledamo ratove,
divljanja identiteta oko nas.
divljanja identiteta oko nas.
02:01
We see violent religious,
national and ethnic disputes.
national and ethnic disputes.
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Gledamo nasilne religijske,
nacionalne i etničke sporove.
nacionalne i etničke sporove.
02:06
And often the conflict is based
on old stories of identity
on old stories of identity
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Konflikt se često temelji
na starim pričama o identitetu
na starim pričama o identitetu
02:11
and belonging
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i pripadnosti
02:13
and origins.
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i podrijetlu.
02:14
And these identities are based on myths,
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I ti su identiteti utemeljeni na mitovima,
02:17
typically about ancient,
primordial origins.
primordial origins.
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najčešće o drevnom,
iskonskom podrijetlu.
iskonskom podrijetlu.
02:21
And these could be about Adam and Eve
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Možda o Adamu i Evi
02:23
or about the supremacy
of a caste or gender
of a caste or gender
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ili nadmoći jedne
društvene klase ili spola
društvene klase ili spola
02:26
or about the vitality of a supposed race
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ili o vitalnosti superiorne rase
02:29
or about the past glories
of an empire or civilization
of an empire or civilization
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ili o prijašnjoj slavi
carstva ili civilizacije
carstva ili civilizacije
02:32
or about a piece of land
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ili o komadu zemlje
02:34
that some imagined deity has gifted.
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koji je darovalo neko
zamišljeno božanstvo.
zamišljeno božanstvo.
02:38
Now, people say
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Ljudi kažu
02:40
that origin stories and identity myths
make us feel secure.
make us feel secure.
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da se zbog priča o podrijetlu i
mitova o identitetu osjećamo sigurno.
mitova o identitetu osjećamo sigurno.
02:44
What's wrong with that?
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Što je u tome loše?
02:45
They give us a sense of belonging.
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Daju nam osjećaj pripadnosti.
02:47
Identity is your cultural clothing,
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Identitet je naša
kulturalna odjeća,
kulturalna odjeća,
02:49
and it can make you feel
warm and fuzzy inside.
warm and fuzzy inside.
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zahvaljujući kojemu se osjećamo sigurno.
02:52
But does it really?
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Ali je li to stvarno tako?
02:54
Do we really need
identity myths to feel safe?
identity myths to feel safe?
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Jesu li nam ti mitovi zaista
potrebni da se osjećamo sigurno?
potrebni da se osjećamo sigurno?
02:57
Because I see religious,
national, ethnic disputes
national, ethnic disputes
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Po meni religijski
nacionalni i etički sporovi
nacionalni i etički sporovi
03:01
as adding to human misery.
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samo doprinose ljudskoj bijedi.
03:05
Can I dare you
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Izazivam vas
03:07
to refuse every origin myth
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da ne prihvatite svaki mit o podrijetlu
03:11
that claims you?
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koji vas određuje.
03:13
What if we reject
every single primordial origin myth
every single primordial origin myth
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Što ako odbijemo baš svaki
mit o iskonskom podrijetlu
mit o iskonskom podrijetlu
03:17
and develop a deeper sense of personhood,
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i razvijemo dublji smisao o osobnosti
03:20
one responsible to humanity as a whole
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koji je odgovoran
za čovječanstvo u cjelini,
za čovječanstvo u cjelini,
03:22
rather than to a particular tribe,
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umjesto o određenom plemenu,
03:25
a radically different idea of humanity
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radikalno drugačija ideja u čovječanstvu
03:27
that exposes how origin myths mystify,
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koja otkriva kako mitovi
o podrijetlu mistificiraju,
o podrijetlu mistificiraju,
03:32
disguise global power,
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skrivaju globalnu moć,
03:35
rapacious exploitation,
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gramzivo iskorištavanje,
03:37
poverty, the worldwide oppression
of women and girls,
of women and girls,
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siromaštvo, globalno
ugnjetavanje žena i djevojaka
ugnjetavanje žena i djevojaka
03:41
and of course massive,
accelerating inequalities?
accelerating inequalities?
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te, naravno, masivne
nejednakosti koje su sve veće?
nejednakosti koje su sve veće?
03:46
Now, origin myths
are closely linked to tradition,
are closely linked to tradition,
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Mitovi o podrijetlu
usko su vezani uz tradiciju,
usko su vezani uz tradiciju,
03:49
and the word tradition
points to something old
points to something old
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a svjetska tradicija
ukazuje na nešto staro
ukazuje na nešto staro
03:51
and permanent, almost natural,
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i trajno, gotovo prirodno,
03:53
and people assume tradition
is just history,
is just history,
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a ljudi pretpostavljaju
da je tradicija samo povijest,
da je tradicija samo povijest,
03:56
simply the past
condensed into a nice story.
condensed into a nice story.
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jednostavno prošlost
sažeta u lijepu priču.
sažeta u lijepu priču.
04:00
But let's not confuse
tradition with history.
tradition with history.
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No, nemojmo miješati
tradiciju i povijest.
tradiciju i povijest.
04:02
The two are often in severe conflict.
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Ta su dva pojma
u teškom konfliktu.
u teškom konfliktu.
04:07
Origin stories are usually recently
created fictions of ancient belonging,
created fictions of ancient belonging,
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Priče o podrijetlu inače su svježe
izmišljene priče o pradavnoj pripadnosti
izmišljene priče o pradavnoj pripadnosti
04:11
and they're absurd
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i apsurdne su,
04:12
given the complexity of humanity
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s obzirom
na složenost čovječanstva
na složenost čovječanstva
04:13
and our vastly interconnected,
even if very unequal world.
even if very unequal world.
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i našu iznimnu međusobnu povezanost,
čak i u iznimno nejednakom svijetu.
čak i u iznimno nejednakom svijetu.
04:18
And today we see claims to tradition
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Danas svjedočimo kako se tradicija
04:22
that claim to be ancient
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koja tvrdi da je pradavna
04:23
changing rapidly in front of our eyes.
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ubrzano mijenja pred našim očima.
04:29
I was brought up in the 1970s near Wembley
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Odgojen sam '70-ih u blizini Wembleya
04:31
with Asian, English, Caribbean,
Irish families living in our street,
Irish families living in our street,
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s azijskim, engleskim, karipskim,
irskim obiteljima u susjedstvu,
irskim obiteljima u susjedstvu,
04:36
and the neo-Nazi National Front
was massive then
was massive then
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a neonacistička nacionalna fronta
tada je bila u punom jeku
tada je bila u punom jeku
04:39
with regular marches and attacks on us
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s redovnim marševima
i napadima na nas
i napadima na nas
04:41
and a permanent threat
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i trajnom prijetnjom
04:43
and often a frequent reality
of violence against us
of violence against us
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i čestom stvarnosti
nasilja nad nama
nasilja nad nama
04:46
on the streets, in our homes,
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na ulicama, u našim domovima,
04:50
typically by neo-Nazis and other racists.
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najčešće od strane
neonacista i drugih rasista.
neonacista i drugih rasista.
04:52
And I remember during a general election
a leaflet came through our letter box
a leaflet came through our letter box
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Sjećam se kako je za vrijeme općih izbora
u poštanski sandučić stigao letak
u poštanski sandučić stigao letak
04:56
with a picture of the National Front
candidate for our area.
candidate for our area.
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sa slikom kandidata
nacionalne fronte za naše područje.
nacionalne fronte za naše područje.
05:01
And the picture
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Na slici je bio
05:02
was of our next-door neighbor.
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naš prvi susjed.
05:05
He threatened to shoot me once
when I played in the garden as a kid,
when I played in the garden as a kid,
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Jednom mi je prijetio da će me upucati
kad sam se kao mali igrao u njegovu vrtu
kad sam se kao mali igrao u njegovu vrtu
05:09
and many weekends, shaven-headed
National Front activists
National Front activists
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i vikendima su aktivisti
nacionalne fronte obrijanih glava
nacionalne fronte obrijanih glava
05:11
arrived at his house
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dolazili su u njegovu kuću
05:13
and emerged with scores of placards
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i izlazili s natpisima
05:15
screaming that they wanted us
to go back home.
to go back home.
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koji su nam govorili
da se vratimo kući.
da se vratimo kući.
05:21
But today he's one of my mum's best mates.
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Ali danas je on jedan
od maminih najboljih prijatelja.
od maminih najboljih prijatelja.
05:25
He's a very lovely, gentle and kind man,
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On je jako ugodan, nježan i drag čovjek
05:29
and at some point in his
political journey out of fascism
political journey out of fascism
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i u određenom trenutku u
njegovom političkom izlasku iz fašizma,
njegovom političkom izlasku iz fašizma,
05:33
he embraced a broader idea of humanity.
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prigrlio je širu ideju čovječnosti.
05:38
There was a Hindu family
that we got to know well --
that we got to know well --
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Hinduistička obitelj
koju smo dobro upoznali --
koju smo dobro upoznali --
05:40
and you have to understand
that life in our street
that life in our street
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i morate razumjeti
da je život u napoj ulici
da je život u napoj ulici
05:43
was a little bit like the setting
for an Asian soap opera.
for an Asian soap opera.
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bio poput scene
za azijsku sapunicu.
za azijsku sapunicu.
05:45
Everyone knew everyone else's business,
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Svi su znali tuđa posla,
05:47
even if they didn't want it
to be known by anyone at all.
to be known by anyone at all.
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čak i ako nisu htjeli
da ih itko zna.
da ih itko zna.
05:50
You really had no choice in this matter.
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Tu zaista niste imali izbora.
05:52
But in this family,
there was a quiet little boy
there was a quiet little boy
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Ali u ovoj obitelji
bio je tihi mali dječak
bio je tihi mali dječak
05:57
who went to the same school as I did,
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koji je išao u moju školu.
05:58
and after I left school,
I didn't hear much more about him,
I didn't hear much more about him,
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Bakon što sam završio školu,
nisam čuo skoro ništa o njemu,
nisam čuo skoro ništa o njemu,
06:01
except that he'd gone off to India.
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osim toga da je otišao u Indiju.
06:06
Now around 2000,
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Oko 2000. godine
06:08
I remember seeing this short book.
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sječam se da sam vidio
ovu kratku knjigu.
ovu kratku knjigu.
06:12
The book was unusual
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Knjiga je bila neobična
06:13
because it was written
by a British supporter of Al Qaeda,
by a British supporter of Al Qaeda,
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jer ju je napisao
britanski pristaša Al-Kaide,
britanski pristaša Al-Kaide,
06:17
and in it the author calls
for attacks in Britain.
for attacks in Britain.
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a u njoj autor poziva
na napade u Britaniji.
na napade u Britaniji.
06:20
This is in 1999,
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Bilo je to 1999.,
06:22
so 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq
was still in the future,
was still in the future,
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pa je 11. rujna
i iračka invazija tek slijedila
i iračka invazija tek slijedila
06:26
and he helped scout
New York bombing targets.
New York bombing targets.
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i on je pomogao izviditi
bombaške mete New Yorka.
bombaške mete New Yorka.
06:29
He taught others how to make a dirty bomb
to use on the London Underground,
to use on the London Underground,
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Druge je naučio kako napraviti bombu
koju će koristiti u londonskom podzemlju
koju će koristiti u londonskom podzemlju
06:34
and he plotted a massive bombing campaign
in London's shopping areas.
in London's shopping areas.
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i razradio je ogromnu bombašku kampanju
u londonskim trgovačkim zonama.
u londonskim trgovačkim zonama.
06:38
He's a very high-risk security
prisoner in the UK
prisoner in the UK
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On je zatvorenik visokog rizika
u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu
u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu
06:41
and one of the most important Al Qaeda
figures to be arrested in Britain.
figures to be arrested in Britain.
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i jedan od najvažnijih Al-Kaidinih
traženih ličnosti u Britaniji.
traženih ličnosti u Britaniji.
06:47
The author of that book
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Autor te knjige
06:49
was the very same quiet little boy
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bio je isti tihi mali dječak
06:52
who went to my school.
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iz moje škole.
06:55
So a Hindu boy from Britain
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Hinduistički dječak iz Britanije
06:57
became an Al Qaeda fighter
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postao je Al-Kaidin borac,
06:59
and a most-wanted international terrorist,
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jedan od najtraženijih
svjetskih terorista
svjetskih terorista
07:01
and he rejected what people would call
his Hindu or Indian or British identity,
his Hindu or Indian or British identity,
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i odbacio je svoj tzv. hinduistički,
indijski ili britanski identitet
indijski ili britanski identitet
07:06
and he became someone else.
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i postao je netko drugi.
07:08
He refused to be who he was.
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Odbio je biti ono što jest.
07:10
He recreated himself,
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Redefinirao se,
07:12
and this kind of journey is very common
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a takva vrsta putovanja uobičajena je
07:14
for young men and women
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za mlade muškarce i žene
07:16
who become involved
in Al Qaeda or Islamic State
in Al Qaeda or Islamic State
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koji se umiješaju
u Al-Kaidu ili Islamsku državu
u Al-Kaidu ili Islamsku državu
07:19
or other transnational armed groups.
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ili druge međunarodne oružane skupine.
07:22
Al Qaeda's media spokesman
is a white American
is a white American
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Medijski glasnogovornik
za Al-Kaidu je bijeli Amerikanac
za Al-Kaidu je bijeli Amerikanac
07:26
from a Jewish and Catholic
mixed background,
mixed background,
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židovskog i katoličkoga
miješanog podrijetla,
miješanog podrijetla,
07:29
and neither he nor the boy from my school
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a ni on ni dječak iz moje škole
07:32
were from Muslim backgrounds.
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nisu muslimanskog podrijetla.
07:34
There's no point in asking them
where are they from.
where are they from.
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Nema ih smisla pitati odakle su.
07:37
A more important question is
where they're going.
where they're going.
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Važnije je pitanje gdje idu.
07:40
And I would also put it to you
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Također bih vam naglasio
07:42
that exactly the same journey
occurs for those young men and women
occurs for those young men and women
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da potpuno isto putovanje
prolaze oni mladi muškarci i žene
prolaze oni mladi muškarci i žene
07:45
who were brought up
in Muslim family backgrounds.
in Muslim family backgrounds.
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odgojeni u obiteljima
muslimanskog podrijetla.
muslimanskog podrijetla.
07:48
Most of those who join Al Qaeda
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Većina osoba koje se pridruže Al-Kaidi
07:51
and other Salafi jihadi groups
from Europe, Asia, North America,
from Europe, Asia, North America,
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i drugim selefijskim džihadskim skupinama
iz Europe, Azije, Sjeverne Amerike,
iz Europe, Azije, Sjeverne Amerike,
07:56
even in many cases the Middle East
158
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1896
čak i srednjeg istoka,
07:58
are those who have comprehensively
rejected their backgrounds
rejected their backgrounds
159
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jesu oni koji su potpuno
odbacili svoja podrijetla
odbacili svoja podrijetla
08:02
to become, in essence, new people.
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kako bi postali, u biti, novi ljudi.
08:06
They spend an enormous amount of time
attacking their parents' backgrounds
attacking their parents' backgrounds
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Provode jako puno vremena
napadajući podrijetla svojih roditelja
napadajući podrijetla svojih roditelja
08:10
as profane, impure, blasphemous,
162
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govoreći da su grešna, nečista, bezbožna,
08:13
the wrong type of Islam,
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pogrešna vrsta islama,
08:15
and their vision instead
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a njihovo je viđenje
08:17
is a fantastical view
of cosmic apocalypse.
of cosmic apocalypse.
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novokonvencionalni pogled
kozmičke apokalipse.
kozmičke apokalipse.
To je stajalište ponovno rođene osobe.
08:21
It's a born again vision.
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08:23
Discard your past,
your society, your family and friends
your society, your family and friends
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Odbacite svoju prošlost,
svoje društvo, svoju obitelj i prijatelje
svoje društvo, svoju obitelj i prijatelje
08:26
since they're all impure.
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jer su svi oni nečisti.
08:29
Instead, become someone else,
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Postanite netko drugi,
08:33
your true self,
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pravi vi,
08:35
your authentic self.
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vaša autentična ličnost.
08:39
Now, this isn't
about a return to the past.
about a return to the past.
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Ovdje se ne radi
o povratku u prošlost.
o povratku u prošlost.
08:43
It's about using a forgery of the past
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Tu se radi o krivotvorenju prošlosti
08:46
to envision an appalling future
which begins today at year zero.
which begins today at year zero.
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kako bi se zamislila strašna budućnost
koja započinje danas, na nultu godinu.
koja započinje danas, na nultu godinu.
08:50
This is why over 80 percent of the victims
of Al Qaeda and Islamic State
of Al Qaeda and Islamic State
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To je razlog zašto je 80% žrtava
Al-Kaide i Islamske države
Al-Kaide i Islamske države
08:54
are people from Muslim backgrounds.
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muslimanskog podrijetla.
08:56
The first act by Salafi jihadi groups
when they take over an area
when they take over an area
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Prvi čin selefijskih džihadskih skupina
kad preuzmu područje
kad preuzmu područje
09:00
is to destroy existing Muslim institutions
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je uništenje muslimanskih institucija
09:03
including mosques,
shrines, preachers, practices.
shrines, preachers, practices.
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3960
uključujući džamije, svetišta,
propovjednike, prakse.
propovjednike, prakse.
09:08
Their main purpose is to control
and punish people internally,
and punish people internally,
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Osnovna svrha je kontrolirati
i kažnjavati ljude iznutra,
i kažnjavati ljude iznutra,
09:11
to dictate the spaces that women may go,
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diktirati područja u koja idu žene,
09:14
their clothing, family relations,
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2136
njihovu odjeću,
obiteljske odnose,
obiteljske odnose,
09:16
beliefs, even the minute detail
of how one prays.
of how one prays.
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uvjerenja i način molitve
do u najsitnije detalje.
do u najsitnije detalje.
09:21
And you get the impression in the news
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U vijestima dobijete dojam
09:23
that they are after us in the West,
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da su krenuli na nas na Zapadu,
09:26
but they are actually mainly after
people from other Muslim backgrounds.
people from other Muslim backgrounds.
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ali zapravo su krenuli na ljude
drugih muslimanskih podrijetla.
drugih muslimanskih podrijetla.
09:32
In their view, no other Muslim
can ever be pure enough,
can ever be pure enough,
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Oni smatraju da nijedan drugi Musliman
ne može biti dovoljno čist,
ne može biti dovoljno čist,
09:37
so ordinary beliefs and practices
that have existed for centuries
that have existed for centuries
188
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pa se obična vjerovanja i prakse
koje postoje stoljećima
koje postoje stoljećima
09:40
are attacked as impure
189
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napadaju kao nečista
09:42
by teenagers from Birmingham or London
190
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od strane tinejdžera
iz Birmingmaha ili Londona
iz Birmingmaha ili Londona
09:45
who know nothing
191
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1720
koji ne znaju ništa
09:48
about the histories
that they so joyously obliterate.
that they so joyously obliterate.
192
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5560
o povijestima
koje tako radosno uništavaju.
koje tako radosno uništavaju.
09:54
Now here, their claim to tradition
is at war with history,
is at war with history,
193
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4856
Njihovo pozivanje na tradiciju
u sukobu je s povijesti,
u sukobu je s povijesti,
09:59
but they're nevertheless
very certain about their purity
very certain about their purity
194
587680
3056
ali svejedno su
uvjereni u njezinu čistoću
uvjereni u njezinu čistoću
10:02
and about the impurity of others.
195
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2320
i u grešnost ostalih.
10:06
Purity,
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1200
Čistoća
10:08
certainty,
197
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1616
sigurnost,
10:10
the return to authentic tradition,
198
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1736
povratak autentičnoj tradiciji,
10:12
the quest for these
can lead to lethal visions
can lead to lethal visions
199
600040
3296
potraga za time
može dovesti do smrtonosnih vizija
može dovesti do smrtonosnih vizija
10:15
of perfect societies and perfected people.
200
603360
4016
savršenih društava
i usavršenih pojedinaca.
i usavršenih pojedinaca.
10:19
This is what the main Hindu
fundamentalist organization in India
fundamentalist organization in India
201
607400
4256
Tako glavna hinduistička
fundamentalistička organizacija u Indiji
fundamentalistička organizacija u Indiji
10:23
looks like today at its mass rally.
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danas izgleda na svom masovnom skupu.
10:26
Maybe it reminds you
of the 1930s in Italy or Germany,
of the 1930s in Italy or Germany,
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3296
Možda vas to podsjeća
na Italiju i Njemačku 30-ih godina,
na Italiju i Njemačku 30-ih godina,
10:30
and the movement's roots
are indeed in fascism.
are indeed in fascism.
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618080
2216
a korijeni pokreta su uistinu fašistički.
10:32
It was a member of the same
Hindu fundamentalist movement
Hindu fundamentalist movement
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3736
Član istog hinduističkog
fundamentalističkog pokreta
fundamentalističkog pokreta
10:36
who shot dead Mahatma Gandhi.
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624080
2840
ubio je Mahatmu Gandhija.
10:40
Hindu fundamentalists today
view this murderer as a national hero,
view this murderer as a national hero,
207
628160
5016
Hinduistički fundamentalisti danas
na njega gledaju kao na nacionalnog junaka
na njega gledaju kao na nacionalnog junaka
10:45
and they want to put up
statues of him throughout India.
statues of him throughout India.
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633200
3816
i žele postaviti
njegove kipove diljem Indije.
njegove kipove diljem Indije.
10:49
They've been involved for decades
209
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Desetljećima su uključeni
10:50
in large-scale mass violence
against minorities.
against minorities.
210
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2536
u masovna nasilja širokih razmjera
prema manjinama.
prema manjinama.
10:53
They ban books, art, films.
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2616
Zabranjuju knjige, umjetnost, filmove.
10:55
They attack romantic couples
on Valentine's Day,
on Valentine's Day,
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Napadaju zaljubljene parove
na Valentinovo,
na Valentinovo,
10:58
Christians on Christmas Day.
213
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2056
a kršćane na Božić.
11:00
They don't like others talking critically
214
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Ne vole kad drugi kritiziraju
11:03
about what they see
as their ancient culture
as their ancient culture
215
651160
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ono što oni smatraju
pradavnom kulturom
pradavnom kulturom
11:05
or using its images
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1496
ili kad koriste slike
11:07
or caricaturing it
217
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1616
ili rade karikature
11:08
or drawing cartoons about it.
218
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ili crtiće o tome.
11:12
But the people making
the strongest possible claims
the strongest possible claims
219
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3496
Ali oni koji
imaju najjače moguće tvrdnje
imaju najjače moguće tvrdnje
11:16
about ancient, timeless Hindu religion
220
664200
2896
o pradavnoj, bezvremenskoj
hinduističkoj religiji
hinduističkoj religiji
11:19
are dressed in brown shorts
and white shirts
and white shirts
221
667120
2616
nose kratke smeđe hlače
i bijele košulje
i bijele košulje
11:21
while claiming, oddly,
222
669760
2656
dok, začudo, tvrde
11:24
to be the original Aryan race,
223
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2856
da su originalna arijska rasa,
11:27
just like the violent Salafi jihadis
224
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2416
kao što nasilni selefijski džihadisti
11:29
who make their claims
about their primordial religion
about their primordial religion
225
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koji govore o svojoj iskonskoj religiji
11:32
while dressed in black military uniforms
226
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2456
obučeni u crne vojne uniforme
11:35
and wearing balaclavas.
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1520
i s fantomkama.
11:37
These people are manufacturing
pure, pristine identities of conviction
pure, pristine identities of conviction
228
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4376
Ti ljudi stvaraju čiste,
izvorne identitete osuda
izvorne identitete osuda
11:42
and of certainty.
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1216
i uvjerenja.
11:43
Fundamentalists see religion and culture
as their sole property, a property.
as their sole property, a property.
230
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4560
Fundamentalisti religiju i kulturu vide
kao samo njihovo vlasništvo, vlasništvo.
kao samo njihovo vlasništvo, vlasništvo.
11:49
But religions and cultures are processes.
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2576
Ali religije i kulture su procesi.
11:51
They're not things. They're impermanent.
They're messy. They're impure.
They're messy. They're impure.
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3376
Nisu stvari. Nepostojani su.
Zamršeni. Nečisti.
Zamršeni. Nečisti.
11:55
Look at any religion
and you'll see disputes and arguments
and you'll see disputes and arguments
233
703000
2736
Uzmite bilo koju religiju
i naići ćete na sporove i svađe
i naići ćete na sporove i svađe
11:57
going all the way down.
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2000
koji sežu do samog dna.
12:01
Any criticism of religion in any form
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709640
2920
Bilo kakva kritika religije
u bilo kojem obliku
u bilo kojem obliku
12:05
has to therefore be
236
713360
1936
time mora biti
12:07
part of the expansive sense of humanity
237
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2576
dijelom šireg smisla čovječnosti
12:09
we should aspire to.
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1200
kojem trebamo težiti.
12:12
I respect your right
to have and to express your religion
to have and to express your religion
239
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4456
Poštujem vaše pravo
da imate i manifestirate svoju religiju
da imate i manifestirate svoju religiju
12:16
or your culture or your opinion,
240
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2616
ili kulturu ili mišljenje,
12:19
but I don't necessarily
have to respect the content.
have to respect the content.
241
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2856
ali ja ne moram nužno
poštovati njihov sadržaj.
poštovati njihov sadržaj.
12:22
I might like some of it.
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730400
1256
Može mi se
sviđati dio nje.
sviđati dio nje.
12:23
I might like how an old church
looks, for example,
looks, for example,
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2816
Može mi se npr. svišati kako
stara crkva izgleda,
stara crkva izgleda,
12:26
but this isn't the same thing.
244
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1520
ali to nije ista stvar.
12:28
Similarly, I have a human right
245
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2616
Slično tome, imam ljudsko pravo
reći nešto što ćete možda
smatrati uvredljivim,
smatrati uvredljivim,
12:31
to say something
that you may find offensive,
that you may find offensive,
246
739600
2136
12:33
but you do not have a human right
not to be offended.
not to be offended.
247
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2480
ali vi nemate ljudsko pravo
ne biti uvrijeđeni.
ne biti uvrijeđeni.
12:37
In a genuine democracy,
we're constantly offended
we're constantly offended
248
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2936
U istinskoj demokraciji,
neprestano smo uvrijeđeni
neprestano smo uvrijeđeni
12:40
since people express
different views all the time.
different views all the time.
249
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2776
jer ljudi konstantno izražavaju
različita stajališta.
različita stajališta.
12:42
They also change their views,
250
750840
1840
Takošer mijenjaju svoja stajališta,
12:45
so their views are impermanent.
251
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1536
pa su ona time nepostojana.
12:46
You cannot fix someone's political views
252
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3296
Ne možete popraviti
nečija politička stjaališta
nečija politička stjaališta
12:50
based on their religious
or national or cultural background.
or national or cultural background.
253
758240
3120
ovisno o njihovom religijskom,
nacionalnom, kulturnom podrijetlu.
nacionalnom, kulturnom podrijetlu.
12:54
Now, these points about religious purity
254
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2816
Te tvrdnje o religijskoj čistoći
12:57
also apply to nationalism and to racism.
255
765680
3400
također se mogu primijeniti
na nacionalizam i rasizam.
na nacionalizam i rasizam.
13:03
I'm always puzzled
256
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1360
Uvijek me čudi
13:05
to have pride in your national
or ethnic identity,
or ethnic identity,
257
773680
4800
ponos u nacionalni
ili etnički identitet,
ili etnički identitet,
13:11
pride in the accident of birth
from a warm and cozy womb,
from a warm and cozy womb,
258
779920
3400
ponos zbog slučajnosti rođenja
iz tople i ugodne utrobe,
iz tople i ugodne utrobe,
13:16
belief in your superiority
because of the accident of birth.
because of the accident of birth.
259
784560
3400
vjerovanje u vlastitu superioronost
zbog slučajnosti rođenja.
zbog slučajnosti rođenja.
13:21
These people have very firm ideas
260
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2256
Ovi ljudi imaju jako čvrste ideje
13:23
about what belongs and what doesn't belong
261
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2000
o tome što pripada i što ne pripada
13:25
inside the cozy national cultures
that they imagine.
that they imagine.
262
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3672
unutar tih udobnih nacionalnih kultura
koje zamišljaju.
koje zamišljaju.
13:29
And I'm going to caricature a bit here,
but only a little bit.
but only a little bit.
263
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3816
Malo ću karikirati ovdje,
ali samo malo.
ali samo malo.
13:33
I want you to imagine
the supporter of some Little Englander
the supporter of some Little Englander
264
801120
3256
želim da zamislite
pristašu nekog Little Englandera
pristašu nekog Little Englandera
13:36
or British nationalist political party,
265
804400
1896
ili nacionalističke
političke stranke
političke stranke
13:38
and he's sitting at home
266
806320
1376
kako sjedi kod kuće
13:39
and he's screaming about foreigners
267
807720
2856
i dere se na neke strance
13:42
invading his country
268
810600
1816
koji napadaju njegovu zemlju
13:44
while watching Fox News,
269
812440
1936
dok gleda vijesti na Foxu,
13:46
an American cable channel
270
814400
2176
američku kabelsku televiziju
13:48
owned by an Australian
271
816600
1456
čiji je vlasnik Australac,
13:50
on his South Korean television set
272
818080
2136
na televizoru iz Sjeverne Koreje
13:52
which was bought
by his Spanish credit card
by his Spanish credit card
273
820240
3576
koji je kupio
španjolskom kreditnom karticom
španjolskom kreditnom karticom
13:55
which is paid off monthly
by his high-street British bank
by his high-street British bank
274
823840
3256
koju otplaćuje na mjesečne rate
u svojoj narodnoj britanskoj banci
u svojoj narodnoj britanskoj banci
13:59
which has its headquarters in Hong Kong.
275
827120
2640
čije je sjedište u Hong Kongu.
14:02
He supports a British football team
owned by a Russian.
owned by a Russian.
276
830360
4056
Podržava britanski nogometni tim
koji je u vlasništvu Rusa.
koji je u vlasništvu Rusa.
14:06
His favorite brand of fish and chips
277
834440
1736
Njegov najdraži brend
ribe i pomfrita
ribe i pomfrita
14:08
is owned by a Swedish
venture capitalist firm.
venture capitalist firm.
278
836200
2656
u vlasništvu je tvrtke švedskog
poduzetničkog kapitala.
poduzetničkog kapitala.
14:10
The church he sometimes goes to
279
838880
1496
O vjerovanju crkve
u koju ponekad ide
u koju ponekad ide
14:12
has its creed decided
in meetings in Ghana.
in meetings in Ghana.
280
840400
3440
odlučuje se
na sastancima u Gani.
na sastancima u Gani.
14:17
His Union Jack underpants
281
845280
2080
Njegove gaće sa zastavom
14:20
were made in India.
282
848320
1216
izrađene su u Indiji.
14:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:23
And --
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I --
14:25
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:31
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:32
And they're laundered regularly
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I redovno ih pere
14:36
by a very nice Polish lady.
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pored drage Poljakinje.
14:39
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:41
There is no pure ethnicity,
national culture,
national culture,
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Nema čiste etničnosti,
nacionalne kulture
nacionalne kulture
14:44
and the ethical choices we have today
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i etički izbori koje danas imamo
14:46
are far wider than being forced to choose
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puno su širi od toga
da nas se sili da biramo
da nas se sili da biramo
14:50
between racist right
and religious right visions,
and religious right visions,
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između rasnog prava
i vizija religijskog prava,
i vizija religijskog prava,
14:53
dismal visions of culture.
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tužnih vizija kulture.
14:56
Now, culture isn't just
about language, food, clothing and music,
about language, food, clothing and music,
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Kultura se ne odnosi samo
na jezik, hranu, odjeću i glazbu,
na jezik, hranu, odjeću i glazbu,
15:00
but gender relations, ancient monuments,
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već i na odnose između spolova,
spomenike iz davnine,
spomenike iz davnine,
15:03
a heritage of sacred texts.
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baštinu svetih tekstova.
15:06
But culture can also be
what has been decided to be culture
what has been decided to be culture
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Ali kultura može biti i
ono za što se odlučilo da je kultura
ono za što se odlučilo da je kultura
15:10
by those who have a political stake
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od strane onih koji imaju
politički interes
politički interes
15:13
in pounding culture
into the shape of a prison.
into the shape of a prison.
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u oblikovanju kulturu
u oblik zatvora.
u oblik zatvora.
Velike tvrdnje o političkom identitetu
elitna su nastojanja za vlast.
elitna su nastojanja za vlast.
15:18
Big political identity claims
are elite bids for power.
are elite bids for power.
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15:21
They're not answers to social
or economic or political injustices.
or economic or political injustices.
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Nisu to samo odgovori na socijalne
ili ekonomske ili političke nepravde.
ili ekonomske ili političke nepravde.
15:25
They often obscure them.
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Često iz zamagle.
15:27
And what about the large number
of people across the globe
of people across the globe
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A što je s velikim brojem
ljudi diljem svijeta
ljudi diljem svijeta
što ne mogu ukazati
na spomenik svoje prošlosti,
na spomenik svoje prošlosti,
15:30
who can't point
to a monument from their past,
to a monument from their past,
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2176
15:32
who don't possess a sacred written text,
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2336
ne posjeduju sveti pisani tekst,
15:34
who can't hark back
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ne mogu se prisjetiti
15:36
to the past glories
of a civilization or empire?
of a civilization or empire?
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prijašnje slave
civilizacije ili carstva?
civilizacije ili carstva?
15:40
Are these people less a part of humanity?
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928680
1960
čini li ih to manje dijelom čovječanstva?
15:46
What about you,
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A što je s vama
15:48
now, listening to this?
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koji upravo ovo slušate?
15:49
What about you and your identity,
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što je s vama i vašim identitetom
15:51
because you stitch your experiences
and your thoughts into a continuous person
and your thoughts into a continuous person
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5376
jer ste spojili svoja iskustva
i svoje misli u neprekinutu ličnost
i svoje misli u neprekinutu ličnost
15:56
moving forward in time.
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koja se kreće prema naprijed.
15:58
And this is what you are when you say,
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To ste kad kažete
16:00
"I," "am," or "me."
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"Ja", "sam" ili "mene".
16:03
But this also includes
all of your hopes and dreams,
all of your hopes and dreams,
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Ali to uključuje
i sva naša nadanja i snove,
i sva naša nadanja i snove,
16:06
all of the you's that could have been,
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svako "vi" koje ste mogli biti
16:09
and it includes all the other people
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i uključuje sve druge ljude
16:11
and the things that are
in the biography of who you are.
in the biography of who you are.
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i stvari koje su
u biografiji vašeg identiteta.
u biografiji vašeg identiteta.
16:14
They, the others,
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2016
Oni, drugi,
16:16
are also a part of you,
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također su dio vas,
16:18
moving forward with you.
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1960
kreću se prema naprijed s vama.
16:22
Your authentic self,
if such a thing exists,
if such a thing exists,
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Vaša autentična ličnost,
ako takvo što uopće postoji,
ako takvo što uopće postoji,
16:25
is a complex, messy and uncertain self,
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kompleksna je,
zamršena i nesigurna suština,
zamršena i nesigurna suština,
16:28
and that is a very good thing.
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a to je jako dobro.
16:34
Why not value those
impurities and uncertainties?
impurities and uncertainties?
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2376
Zašto ne cijeniti
te nečistoće i nesigurnosti?
te nečistoće i nesigurnosti?
16:36
Maybe clinging to pure identities
is a sign of immaturity,
is a sign of immaturity,
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3816
Možda je to što se držimo
čistih identiteta znak nesigurnosti
čistih identiteta znak nesigurnosti
16:40
and ethnic, nationalist
and religious traditions are bad for you.
and religious traditions are bad for you.
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988320
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i etničke, nacionalističke,
religijske tradicije su loše za vas.
religijske tradicije su loše za vas.
16:43
Why not be skeptical
about every primordial origin claim
about every primordial origin claim
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Zašto ne biti skeptičan
prema izjavama o iskonskom podrijetlu
prema izjavama o iskonskom podrijetlu
16:46
made on your behalf?
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izrečenim u vaše ime?
16:47
Why not reject the identity myths
that call on you to belong,
that call on you to belong,
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Zašto ne odbiti mitove o identitetu
koje vas pozivaju na pripadanje,
koje vas pozivaju na pripadanje,
16:53
that politicians and community leaders,
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koje vam političari i vođe zajednice,
16:56
so-called community leaders,
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takozvane vođe zajednice,
16:58
place on you?
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nameću?
16:59
If we don't need origin stories
and fixed identities,
and fixed identities,
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Ako ne trebamo priče
o podrijetlu i utvrđenim identitetima,
o podrijetlu i utvrđenim identitetima,
17:02
we can challenge ourselves
to think creatively
to think creatively
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možemo se izazivati
da kreativno razmišljamo
da kreativno razmišljamo
17:05
about each other and our future.
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jedni o drugima i o našoj budućnosti.
17:08
And here culture
always takes care of itself.
always takes care of itself.
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Tu se kultura
uvijek pobrine sama o sebi.
uvijek pobrine sama o sebi.
17:11
I'm not worried about culture.
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Ne brinem se ja za kulturu.
17:12
Cultures are creative, dynamic processes,
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Kulture su kreativni, dinamički procesi,
17:16
not imposed laws and boundaries.
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koje ne nameću zakoni i granice.
17:19
This is Abu al-Walid Muhammad
ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd,
ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd,
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1027960
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Ovo je Abu al-Walid
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd,
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd,
17:23
a very senior Muslim judge and thinker
in Cordoba in the 12th century,
in Cordoba in the 12th century,
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3936
stari muslimanski sudac i mislilac
u Cordobi u 12. stoljeću,
u Cordobi u 12. stoljeću,
17:27
and his writings were considered
deeply blasphemous, heretical and evil.
deeply blasphemous, heretical and evil.
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1035599
4137
a njegovi su uradci smatrani
bogohulnim, heretičkim i zlim.
bogohulnim, heretičkim i zlim.
17:31
Long after he died,
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1039760
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Dugo nakon njegove smrti,
17:33
followers of his work
were ruthlessly hunted down,
were ruthlessly hunted down,
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sljedbenici njegovog rada
okrutno su proganjani,
okrutno su proganjani,
17:35
banished and killed over several centuries
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prognani i ubijani stoljećima
17:38
by the most powerful religious institution
of the medieval period.
of the medieval period.
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1046319
4441
od strane najmoćnije
srednjovjekovne religijske institucije.
srednjovjekovne religijske institucije.
17:43
That institution was
the Roman Catholic Church.
the Roman Catholic Church.
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Ta je institucija bila
rimokatolička crkva.
rimokatolička crkva.
17:48
Why?
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Zašto?
17:50
Because ibn Rushd said
that something true in religion
that something true in religion
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Zato što je ibn Rushd rekao
da nešto istinito u religiji
da nešto istinito u religiji
17:53
may conflict with something
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može biti u sukobu s nečim
17:54
that your reason
finds to be true on earth,
finds to be true on earth,
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što vaš razum
smatra istinitim na zemlji,
smatra istinitim na zemlji,
17:58
but the latter is still true.
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ali potonje je i dalje istinito.
18:01
There are two distinct worlds of truth,
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Postoje dva različita svijeta istine,
jedan utemeljen na našem razumu
i dokazima, a drugi je božanski,
i dokazima, a drugi je božanski,
18:03
one based on our reason and evidence,
and one that is divine,
and one that is divine,
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18:06
and the state, political power, social law
are in the realm of reason.
are in the realm of reason.
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4896
a država, politička moć, društveni zakon
nalaze se u sferi razuma.
nalaze se u sferi razuma.
18:11
Religious life is a different realm.
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1936
Religijski život je drugačija sfera.
18:13
They should be kept separated.
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Trebali bi biti odvojeni.
18:15
Social and political life
should be governed by our reason,
should be governed by our reason,
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Društvenim i političkim životom
treba upravljati razum,
treba upravljati razum,
18:18
not by religion.
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a ne religija.
18:20
And you can see why the church
was upset by his writings,
was upset by his writings,
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Shvaćate zašto je crkvu
njegovo pisanje uznemirilo ,
njegovo pisanje uznemirilo ,
18:22
as indeed were some Muslims
during his lifetime,
during his lifetime,
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1090920
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kao i neke Muslimane
tijekom njegova života
tijekom njegova života
18:25
because he gives us
a strong statement of secularism
a strong statement of secularism
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- jer nam daje snažnu
sekularističku izjavu
sekularističku izjavu
18:30
of a kind which is normal in Europe today.
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2040
kakva je danas u Europi normalna.
18:32
Now, history plays many tricks on us.
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Povijest se poigrava s nama.
18:34
It undermines our fixed truths
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Potkopava utvrđene istine
18:36
and what we believe
to be our culture and their culture.
to be our culture and their culture.
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i ono što vjerujemo
da je naša i njihova kultura.
da je naša i njihova kultura.
18:39
Ibn Rushd, someone
who happens to be a Muslim,
who happens to be a Muslim,
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Ibn Rushd, netko
tko je Musliman
tko je Musliman
18:41
is considered one of the key influences
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1936
smatra se jednim od ključnih utjecaja
18:43
in the introduction and spread
of secularism in Europe.
of secularism in Europe.
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u uvođenju i širenju
sekularizma u Europi.
sekularizma u Europi.
18:48
So against religious, nationalist
and racial purists of all kinds,
and racial purists of all kinds,
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4216
Na osnovi religijskih, nacionalističkih
i rasnih purista svake vrste
i rasnih purista svake vrste
18:52
can you make his story a part of your own,
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4216
možete njegovu priču učiniti dijelom vaše,
18:56
not because he happened to be a Muslim,
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ne zbog toga što je Musliman,
18:58
not because he happened to be an Arab,
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ne zbog toga što je Arap,
19:00
but because he was a human being
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1720
nego zato što je ljudsko biće
19:02
with some very good ideas
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s iznimno dobrim idejama
19:04
that shook his world
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koje su potresle njegov
19:06
and ours.
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i naš svijet.
19:08
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
19:10
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Chetan Bhatt - Sociologist, human rights activistChetan Bhatt teaches and writes about the numerous dangers human rights face today from resurgent Far Right movements.
Why you should listen
Chetan Bhatt has published widely about the worldwide rise of racist and religious Far Right movements. He is interested in why the authoritarian ideas of these movements appeal to many groups and how understanding the nature of their ideas can help us challenge them effectively. He is currently working on several projects focused on violent Islamist, Hindu Right and white and ethnic supremacist movements, as well and the states and politicians that assist them in South Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the United States.
Bhatt is professor of sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science in the UK, where he directs LSE Human Rights. Previously, he taught at Goldsmiths, University of London and the Universities of Essex and Southampton.
Chetan Bhatt | Speaker | TED.com