TEDxCaltech
Michael Dickinson: How a fly flies
Majkl Dikinson (Michael Dickinson): Kako mušica leti
Filmed:
Readability: 4.2
1,787,704 views
Sposobnost insekta da leti možda je jedno od najvećih evolutivnih dostignuća. Majkl Dikinson se osvrće na to kako najobičnija mušica leti s tako delikatnim krilima zahvaljujući inteligentnom pokretanju krila i mišićima za let koji su istovremeno i jaki i okretni. Ali tajni sastojak je: neverovatan mozak mušice. (Snimljeno na TEDxCaltech).
Michael Dickinson - Biologist
Most people are irritated by the buzzing of a fly's wings. But biologist Michael Dickinson views the sound with a deep sense of wonder. Full bio
Most people are irritated by the buzzing of a fly's wings. But biologist Michael Dickinson views the sound with a deep sense of wonder. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I grew up watching Star Trek. I love Star Trek.
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Odrastao sam gledajući Zvezdane staze.
Obožavam Zvezdane staze.
Obožavam Zvezdane staze.
00:19
Star Trek made me want to see alien creatures,
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Zbog Zvezdanih staza sam poželeo da vidim
vanzemaljska stvorenja,
vanzemaljska stvorenja,
00:24
creatures from a far-distant world.
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stvorenja iz jednog dalekog sveta.
00:26
But basically, I figured out that I could find
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Ali sam, u suštini, otkrio
da ta vanzemaljska bića
da ta vanzemaljska bića
00:29
those alien creatures right on Earth.
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mogu da nađem i ovde na Zemlji.
00:32
And what I do is I study insects.
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I ono što radim jeste
da proučavam insekte.
da proučavam insekte.
00:35
I'm obsessed with insects, particularly insect flight.
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Opsednut sam insektima,
posebno letom insekata.
posebno letom insekata.
00:38
I think the evolution of insect flight is perhaps
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Mislim da je evolucija letenja insekata možda
00:41
one of the most important events in the history of life.
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jedan od najvažnijih događaja
u istoriji života.
u istoriji života.
00:44
Without insects, there'd be no flowering plants.
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Bez insekata, biljke ne bi cvetale.
00:46
Without flowering plants, there would be no
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Bez cvetova, ne bi bilo
00:48
clever, fruit-eating primates giving TED Talks.
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inteligentnih primata koji jedu voće
i drže TED govore.
i drže TED govore.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:53
Now,
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Sada,
00:55
David and Hidehiko and Ketaki
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Dejvid i Hidehiko i Ketaki
00:58
gave a very compelling story about
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su ispričali jednu veoma ubedljivu priču
01:02
the similarities between fruit flies and humans,
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o sličnostima između
vinskih mušica i ljudi,
vinskih mušica i ljudi,
01:05
and there are many similarities,
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a postoji mnogo sličnosti,
01:06
and so you might think that if humans are similar to fruit flies,
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pa biste vi mogli da pomislite da je,
ako su ljudi slični vinskim mušicama,
ako su ljudi slični vinskim mušicama,
01:09
the favorite behavior of a fruit fly might be this, for example --
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primer omiljene aktivnosti vinske mušice,
na primer, ovo -
na primer, ovo -
01:13
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:15
but in my talk, I don't want to emphasize on the similarities
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ali tokom mog govora
ne želim da naglašavam sličnosti
ne želim da naglašavam sličnosti
01:18
between humans and fruit flies, but rather the differences,
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među ljudima i vinskim mušicama,
već razlike
već razlike
01:21
and focus on the behaviors that I think fruit flies excel at doing.
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i želim da se fokusiram na ponašanja u kojima su vinske mušice nenadmašive, koliko mislim.
01:27
And so I want to show you a high-speed video sequence
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Želim da vam pokažem ubrzani snimak
01:30
of a fly shot at 7,000 frames per second in infrared lighting,
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mušice, snimljen sa 7.000 kadrova u sekundi,
u infracrvenom osvetljenju.
u infracrvenom osvetljenju.
01:34
and to the right, off-screen, is an electronic looming predator
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Sa desne strane, van ekrana, je
skriveni elekronski grabljivac
skriveni elekronski grabljivac
01:38
that is going to go at the fly.
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koji planira da napadne mušicu.
01:39
The fly is going to sense this predator.
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Mušica će da oseti ovog grabljivca.
01:41
It is going to extend its legs out.
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Ispružiće noge.
01:44
It's going to sashay away
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Odleteće na drugu stranu
01:45
to live to fly another day.
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kako bi preživela da leti još jedan dan.
01:48
Now I have carefully cropped this sequence
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Ja sam pažljivo isekao ovu sekvencu
01:50
to be exactly the duration of a human eye blink,
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da bude tačno dužine trajanja
treptaja ljudskog oka,
treptaja ljudskog oka,
01:53
so in the time that it would take you to blink your eye,
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tako da će za vreme koje bi
vam bilo potrebno da trepnete,
vam bilo potrebno da trepnete,
01:56
the fly has seen this looming predator,
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mušica primetiti preteću grabljivicu,
01:59
estimated its position, initiated a motor pattern to fly it away,
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proceniti njenu poziciju,
pokrenuti motorički obrazac kako bi odletela,
pokrenuti motorički obrazac kako bi odletela,
02:05
beating its wings at 220 times a second as it does so.
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mašući krilima 220 puta u sekundi.
02:10
I think this is a fascinating behavior
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Mislim da je ovo fascinantno ponašanje
02:12
that shows how fast the fly's brain can process information.
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koje pokazuje brzinu kojom je mozak mušice
sposoban da obradi informacije.
sposoban da obradi informacije.
02:16
Now, flight -- what does it take to fly?
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Sada, let -
šta je potrebno da bismo leteli?
šta je potrebno da bismo leteli?
02:19
Well, in order to fly, just as in a human aircraft,
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Za let, baš kao i na ljudskim letelicama,
02:22
you need wings that can generate sufficient aerodynamic forces,
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potrebna su krila koja stvaraju
dovoljno aerodinamičke sile,
dovoljno aerodinamičke sile,
02:24
you need an engine sufficient to generate the power required for flight,
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potreban je motor dovoljne jačine
da stvori snagu potrebnu za let
da stvori snagu potrebnu za let
02:28
and you need a controller,
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i potreban je upravljač,
02:30
and in the first human aircraft, the controller was basically
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koji je u prvoj ljudskoj letelici u suštini bio
02:32
the brain of Orville and Wilbur sitting in the cockpit.
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mozak Orvila i Vilbura
koji su sedeli u kokpitu.
koji su sedeli u kokpitu.
02:36
Now, how does this compare to a fly?
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Kako ovo možemo porediti sa mušicom?
02:39
Well, I spent a lot of my early career trying to figure out
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Na početku svoje karijere, proveo sam dosta vremena pokušavajući da oktrijem
02:42
how insect wings generate enough force to keep the flies in the air.
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kako krila insekta stvaraju dovoljno sile
da održe mušice u vazduhu.
da održe mušice u vazduhu.
02:47
And you might have heard how engineers proved
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Možda ste čuli kako su inženjeri dokazali
02:48
that bumblebees couldn't fly.
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da bumbari ne mogu da lete.
02:51
Well, the problem was in thinking that the insect wings
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Problem je bio u tome što su mislili
da krila insekta
da krila insekta
02:54
function in the way that aircraft wings work. But they don't.
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fukcionišu kao i krila aviona.
Ali to nije tako.
Ali to nije tako.
02:57
And we tackle this problem by building giant,
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Prišli smo problemu tako što
smo izgradili džinovski,
smo izgradili džinovski,
03:00
dynamically scaled model robot insects
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srazmerni model robota insekta
03:03
that would flap in giant pools of mineral oil
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koji bi mahao krilima u velikim rezervoarima
punim mineralnog ulja
punim mineralnog ulja
03:06
where we could study the aerodynamic forces.
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gde smo mogli da proučavamo
aerodinamičke sile.
aerodinamičke sile.
03:09
And it turns out that the insects flap their wings
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Ispostavilo se da insekti mašu krilima
03:11
in a very clever way, at a very high angle of attack
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na veoma domišljat način,
pod velikim uglom
pod velikim uglom
03:13
that creates a structure at the leading edge of the wing,
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koji stvara jednu strukturu na vodećoj ivici krila,
03:17
a little tornado-like structure called a leading edge vortex,
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malu strukturu nalik tornadu,
koja se zove vir vodeće ivice,
koja se zove vir vodeće ivice,
03:20
and it's that vortex that actually enables the wings
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i upravo taj vir omogućava krilima
03:23
to make enough force for the animal to stay in the air.
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da stvore dovoljno sile
kako bi životinja ostala u vazduhu.
kako bi životinja ostala u vazduhu.
03:26
But the thing that's actually most -- so, what's fascinating
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Ali stvar koja je najfascinantija
03:28
is not so much that the wing has some interesting morphology.
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nije to što krila imaju
neku zanimljivu strukturu.
neku zanimljivu strukturu.
03:31
What's clever is the way the fly flaps it,
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Ono što je domišljato
jeste način na koji mušica njima maše,
jeste način na koji mušica njima maše,
03:35
which of course ultimately is controlled by the nervous system,
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što je, naravno, pod kontrolom njihovog
nervnog sistema
nervnog sistema
03:38
and this is what enables flies to perform
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i to je ono što omogućava mušicama
da izvedu
da izvedu
03:41
these remarkable aerial maneuvers.
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ove neverovatne vazdušne manevre.
03:44
Now, what about the engine?
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A šta je sa motorom?
03:46
The engine of the fly is absolutely fascinating.
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Motor mušice je apsolutno fascinantan.
03:48
They have two types of flight muscle:
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One imaju dve vrste mišića za letenje:
03:50
so-called power muscle, which is stretch-activated,
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takozvane mišiće snage,
koji se aktiviraju zatezanjem,
koji se aktiviraju zatezanjem,
03:53
which means that it activates itself and does not need to be controlled
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što znači da se oni sami aktiviraju
i nervni sistem ih ne mora kontrolisati
i nervni sistem ih ne mora kontrolisati
03:57
on a contraction-by-contraction basis by the nervous system.
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od kontrakcije do kontrakcije.
04:00
It's specialized to generate the enormous power required for flight,
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Ovaj mišić se usavršio za stvaranje
ogromne snage potrebne za letenje
ogromne snage potrebne za letenje
04:05
and it fills the middle portion of the fly,
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i on se proteže središnjim delom mušice,
04:07
so when a fly hits your windshield,
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tako da je u trenutku
kada vam ona udari u vetrobran,
kada vam ona udari u vetrobran,
04:08
it's basically the power muscle that you're looking at.
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ono što vidite
u stvari snaga tog mišića.
u stvari snaga tog mišića.
04:11
But attached to the base of the wing
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Ali pri korenu krila
04:13
is a set of little, tiny control muscles
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postoji skup malih,
sitnih mišića za kontrolu
sitnih mišića za kontrolu
04:16
that are not very powerful at all, but they're very fast,
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koji uopšte nisu snažni,
ali su veoma brzi
ali su veoma brzi
04:19
and they're able to reconfigure the hinge of the wing
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i oni su sposobni da izmene položaj krila
04:22
on a stroke-by-stroke basis,
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prilikom svakog zamaha
04:24
and this is what enables the fly to change its wing
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i to omogućava mušici
da pomera krila
da pomera krila
04:27
and generate the changes in aerodynamic forces
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i stvara promene
u aerodinamičkim silama
u aerodinamičkim silama
04:30
which change its flight trajectory.
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koje menjaju putanju leta.
04:33
And of course, the role of the nervous system is to control all this.
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I naravno, uloga nervnog sistema je
kontrola svega ovoga.
kontrola svega ovoga.
04:36
So let's look at the controller.
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Hajde da pogledamo kontroler.
04:38
Now flies excel in the sorts of sensors
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Mušice imaju razne vrste
izvanrednih senzora
izvanrednih senzora
04:40
that they carry to this problem.
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kojima rešavaju ovaj problem.
04:43
They have antennae that sense odors and detect wind detection.
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Imaju antene kojima osećaju
mirise i kretanje vetra.
mirise i kretanje vetra.
04:47
They have a sophisticated eye which is
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Imaju istančano oko koje je
04:48
the fastest visual system on the planet.
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najbrži vizuelni sistem na planeti.
04:51
They have another set of eyes on the top of their head.
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Imaju još jedan par očiju na vrhu glave.
04:53
We have no idea what they do.
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Nemamo pojma za šta ona služe.
04:55
They have sensors on their wing.
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Imaju senzore na krilima.
04:58
Their wing is covered with sensors, including sensors
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Krila su im pokrivena senzorima,
uključujući i senzore
uključujući i senzore
05:02
that sense deformation of the wing.
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za promene na krilima.
05:04
They can even taste with their wings.
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Oni čak mogu i da osete ukuse sa krilima.
05:06
One of the most sophisticated sensors a fly has
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Jedan od najistančanijih senzora na mušici
05:08
is a structure called the halteres.
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je struktura po imenu "mutilice".
05:10
The halteres are actually gyroscopes.
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Ove mutilice su u stvari žiroskopi.
05:12
These devices beat back and forth about 200 hertz during flight,
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Ovi mehanizmi se kreću napred i nazad
brzinom oko 200 herca tokom leta
brzinom oko 200 herca tokom leta
05:17
and the animal can use them to sense its body rotation
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i životinja može da ih upotrebi
da oseti rotaciju tela
da oseti rotaciju tela
05:19
and initiate very, very fast corrective maneuvers.
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i započne veoma, veoma brze
manevre za korekciju.
manevre za korekciju.
05:23
But all of this sensory information has to be processed
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Ali sve ove čulne informacije mora da obradi
05:26
by a brain, and yes, indeed, flies have a brain,
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mozak, i da, zaista, mušice imaju mozak,
05:29
a brain of about 100,000 neurons.
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mozak od oko 100.000 neurona.
05:32
Now several people at this conference
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Nekoliko ljudi na ovoj konferenciji
05:35
have already suggested that fruit flies could serve neuroscience
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je već izjavilo kako vinske mušice mogu da
doprinesu neurologiji
doprinesu neurologiji
05:39
because they're a simple model of brain function.
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zbog jednostavnosti funkcija njihovog mozga.
05:43
And the basic punchline of my talk is,
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I glavna tačka mog govora jeste,
05:45
I'd like to turn that over on its head.
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da želim da opovrgnem ovu tvrdnju.
05:47
I don't think they're a simple model of anything.
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Ja ne smatram da su one
jednostavan model bilo čega.
jednostavan model bilo čega.
05:50
And I think that flies are a great model.
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Mislim da su one izvanredan model.
05:52
They're a great model for flies.
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One su izvandredan model za mušice.
05:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:57
And let's explore this notion of simplicity.
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Hajde da ispitamo ovaj pojam jednostavnosti.
06:00
So I think, unfortunately, a lot of neuroscientists,
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Mislim da su mnogi neurolozi, nažalost,
06:03
we're all somewhat narcissistic.
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pomalo narcisoidni.
06:05
When we think of brain, we of course imagine our own brain.
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Kada razmišljamo o mozgu, mi, naravno,
zamišljamo sopstveni mozak.
zamišljamo sopstveni mozak.
06:08
But remember that this kind of brain,
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Ali setite se da je ovo samo jedna vrsta mozga
06:10
which is much, much smaller
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koji je mnogo, mnogo manji
06:12
— instead of 100 billion neurons, it has 100,000 neurons —
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- umesto 100 milijardi neurona, on ima
100.000 neurona -
100.000 neurona -
06:15
but this is the most common form of brain on the planet
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ali je ovo najuobičajeniji oblik mozga
na planeti
na planeti
06:17
and has been for 400 million years.
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i bio je najuobičajeniji 400 miliona godina.
06:20
And is it fair to say that it's simple?
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Da li je fer onda reći da je jednostavan?
06:23
Well, it's simple in the sense that it has fewer neurons,
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Pa, jednostavan je u smislu
da ima manje neurona,
da ima manje neurona,
06:25
but is that a fair metric?
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ali da li je to objektivna mera?
06:26
And I would propose it's not a fair metric.
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Ja bih rekao da nije objektivna.
06:29
So let's sort of think about this. I think we have to compare --
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Hajde da porazmislimo o sledećem.
Mislim da treba da uporedimo -
Mislim da treba da uporedimo -
06:32
(Laughter) —
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(Smeh) -
06:33
we have to compare the size of the brain
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da uporedimo veličinu mozga
06:39
with what the brain can do.
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s onim šta mozak može da uradi.
06:41
So I propose we have a Trump number,
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Pretpostavimo da postoji
određeni broj za Donalda Trampa
određeni broj za Donalda Trampa
06:43
and the Trump number is the ratio of this man's
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i da on označava srazmeru
obrazaca ponašanja
obrazaca ponašanja
06:46
behavioral repertoire to the number of neurons in his brain.
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ovog čoveka i broja neurona
u njegovom mozgu.
u njegovom mozgu.
06:50
We'll calculate the Trump number for the fruit fly.
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Hajde da izračunamo tu brojku
i za vinsku mušicu.
i za vinsku mušicu.
06:53
Now, how many people here think the Trump number
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Koliko vas misli da je ovaj broj
06:55
is higher for the fruit fly?
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veći kod vinske mušice?
06:58
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
07:00
It's a very smart, smart audience.
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Vi ste veoma pametna publika.
07:04
Yes, the inequality goes in this direction, or I would posit it.
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Da, znak nejednakosti stoji ovako
ili bih ja pretpostavio da tako stoji.
ili bih ja pretpostavio da tako stoji.
07:07
Now I realize that it is a little bit absurd
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Shvatam da je pomalo apsurdno
07:09
to compare the behavioral repertoire of a human to a fly.
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upoređivati obrasce ponašanja
čoveka i mušice.
čoveka i mušice.
07:13
But let's take another animal just as an example. Here's a mouse.
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Ali hajde da uzmemo jednu drugu
životinju za primer. Recimo miša.
životinju za primer. Recimo miša.
07:17
A mouse has about 1,000 times as many neurons as a fly.
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Miš ima 1000 puta više neurona nego
vinska mušica.
vinska mušica.
07:21
I used to study mice. When I studied mice,
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Ja sam ranije proučavao miševe.
I kada sam ih proučavao,
I kada sam ih proučavao,
07:23
I used to talk really slowly.
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imao sam običaj da pričam zaista sporo.
07:26
And then something happened when I started to work on flies.
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I onda se nešto promenilo kada sam počeo
da se bavim mušicama.
da se bavim mušicama.
07:29
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:31
And I think if you compare the natural history of flies and mice,
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Smatram da ako uporedimo prirodnu istoriju
mušica i miševa,
mušica i miševa,
07:35
it's really comparable. They have to forage for food.
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postoji sličnost.
Oboje moraju da tragaju za hranom.
Oboje moraju da tragaju za hranom.
07:38
They have to engage in courtship.
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Imaju rituale parenja.
07:40
They have sex. They hide from predators.
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Pare se.
Skrivaju se od grabljivica.
Skrivaju se od grabljivica.
07:44
They do a lot of the similar things.
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Rade puno sličnih stvari.
07:46
But I would argue that flies do more.
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Ali bih ja rekao da mušice rade više.
07:48
So for example, I'm going to show you a sequence,
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Pokazaću vam jednu sekvencu za primer,
07:51
and I have to say, some of my funding comes from the military,
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i moram vam napomenuti
da deo finansija dobijam od vojske,
da deo finansija dobijam od vojske,
07:55
so I'm showing this classified sequence
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stoga vam pokazujem
ovu poverljivu sekvencu
ovu poverljivu sekvencu
07:57
and you cannot discuss it outside of this room. Okay?
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o kojoj ne smete raspravljati
van ove prostorije. U redu?
van ove prostorije. U redu?
08:01
So I want you to look at the payload
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Želim da pogledate kolika je nosivost
08:03
at the tail of the fruit fly.
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repa vinske mušice.
08:06
Watch it very closely,
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Obratite pažnju
08:08
and you'll see why my six-year-old son
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i videćete zašto moj šestogodišnji sin
08:13
now wants to be a neuroscientist.
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odjednom želi da postane neurolog.
08:17
Wait for it.
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Čekajte.
08:19
Pshhew.
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Fijuu.
08:20
So at least you'll admit that if fruit flies are not as clever as mice,
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Priznaćete da iako vinske mušice
nisu pametnije od miševa,
nisu pametnije od miševa,
08:23
they're at least as clever as pigeons. (Laughter)
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barem su onoliko pametne
koliko i golubovi. (Smeh)
koliko i golubovi. (Smeh)
08:28
Now, I want to get across that it's not just a matter of numbers
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Hteo sam da vam pokažem
da nisu u pitanju samo brojevi,
da nisu u pitanju samo brojevi,
08:32
but also the challenge for a fly to compute
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nego i izazov za mušicu
koja treba da proračuna
koja treba da proračuna
08:35
everything its brain has to compute with such tiny neurons.
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sve to sa mozgom koji ima
tako mali broj neurona.
tako mali broj neurona.
08:38
So this is a beautiful image of a visual interneuron from a mouse
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Ovo je jedna lepa slika
vizuelnog međuneurona miša
vizuelnog međuneurona miša
08:41
that came from Jeff Lichtman's lab,
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koja je potekla iz laboratorije
Džefa Lihtmana
Džefa Lihtmana
08:43
and you can see the wonderful images of brains
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i na kojoj možete da vidite
predivne slike mozga
predivne slike mozga
08:47
that he showed in his talk.
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koje je on pokazivao
tokom svog govora.
tokom svog govora.
08:50
But up in the corner, in the right corner, you'll see,
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Ali gore u uglu, s desne strane,
videćete
videćete
08:52
at the same scale, a visual interneuron from a fly.
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u jednakoj razmeri,
međuneuron mušice.
međuneuron mušice.
08:56
And I'll expand this up.
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Uvećaću vam ovo.
08:58
And it's a beautifully complex neuron.
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To je jedan lep, složen neuron.
09:00
It's just very, very tiny, and there's lots of biophysical challenges
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Samo što je veoma, veoma sitan
pa postoji mnogo biofizičkih izazova
pa postoji mnogo biofizičkih izazova
09:04
with trying to compute information with tiny, tiny neurons.
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kada treba sa tako malim, malim neuronima
proračunavati informacije.
proračunavati informacije.
09:07
How small can neurons get? Well, look at this interesting insect.
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Koliko sitni neuroni mogu da budu?
Pogledajte ovog interesantnog insekta.
Pogledajte ovog interesantnog insekta.
09:11
It looks sort of like a fly. It has wings, it has eyes,
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Pomalo liči na mušicu.
Ima krila, oči,
Ima krila, oči,
09:13
it has antennae, its legs, complicated life history,
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antene, noge, komplikovanu
životnu istoriju,
životnu istoriju,
09:16
it's a parasite, it has to fly around and find caterpillars
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parazit je, mora da leti naokolo
i pronalazi gusenice
i pronalazi gusenice
09:19
to parasatize,
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na kojima se hrani,
09:20
but not only is its brain the size of a salt grain,
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i ne samo da je njegov mozak
veličine mrvice soli,
veličine mrvice soli,
09:25
which is comparable for a fruit fly,
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što je uporedivo sa vinskom mušicom,
09:27
it is the size of a salt grain.
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nego je i sam veličine mrvice soli.
09:29
So here's some other organisms at the similar scale.
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Evo još nekih organizama iste veličine.
09:33
This animal is the size of a paramecium and an amoeba,
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Ova životinja je veličine
paramecijuma i amebe
paramecijuma i amebe
09:37
and it has a brain of 7,000 neurons that's so small --
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i ima mozak sastavljen od 7000 neurona
koji je toliko sitan -
koji je toliko sitan -
09:41
you know these things called cell bodies you've been hearing about,
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znate one stvari o kojima ste več čuli,
a koje se zovu tela ćelije
a koje se zovu tela ćelije
09:44
where the nucleus of the neuron is?
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i u kojima se nalazi nukleus neurona?
09:45
This animal gets rid of them because they take up too much space.
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Ova životinja ih nema,
jer zauzimaju previše mesta.
jer zauzimaju previše mesta.
09:49
So this is a session on frontiers in neuroscience.
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Dakle, ovo je sesija o granicama neurologije.
09:51
I would posit that one frontier in neuroscience is to figure out how the brain of that thing works.
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Jedna od njih je, po mom mišljenju, otkrivanje toga
kako mozak ove životinje radi.
kako mozak ove životinje radi.
09:57
But let's think about this. How can you make a small number of neurons do a lot?
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Ali porazmslimo o ovome. Kako možemo
mali broj neurona naterati da rade mnogo toga?
mali broj neurona naterati da rade mnogo toga?
10:02
And I think, from an engineering perspective,
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Sa stanovišta inženjera, smatram
10:05
you think of multiplexing.
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da ćete pomisliti na kompleksne procese.
10:06
You can take a hardware and have that hardware
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Uzmete jedan hardver i naterate ga
10:09
do different things at different times,
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da radi različite stvari u različito vreme
10:11
or have different parts of the hardware doing different things.
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ili njegove delove da rade različite stvari.
10:14
And these are the two concepts I'd like to explore.
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Ovo su dva koncepta
koja bih želeo da istražim.
koja bih želeo da istražim.
10:17
And they're not concepts that I've come up with,
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Ovo nisu koncepti koje sam ja smislio,
10:19
but concepts that have been proposed by others in the past.
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nego koncepti koje su drugi predložili
u prošlosti.
u prošlosti.
10:23
And one idea comes from lessons from chewing crabs.
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Jedna od ideja potiče od žvakanja kraba.
10:26
And I don't mean chewing the crabs.
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I ne mislim na to da ja žvaćem krabe.
10:28
I grew up in Baltimore, and I chew crabs very, very well.
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Odrastao sam u Baltimoru i veoma,
veoma dobro znam da žvaćem krabe.
veoma dobro znam da žvaćem krabe.
10:32
But I'm talking about the crabs actually doing the chewing.
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Govorim o krabama koje žvaću.
10:35
Crab chewing is actually really fascinating.
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Žvakanje kraba je u stvari
veoma fascinantno.
veoma fascinantno.
10:37
Crabs have this complicated structure under their carapace
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Krabe imaju jednu komplikovanu strukturu
ispod svog oklopa
ispod svog oklopa
10:40
called the gastric mill
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koja se zove želudačni mlin
10:41
that grinds their food in a variety of different ways.
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koji melje hranu na različite načine.
10:44
And here's an endoscopic movie of this structure.
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Evo endoskopskog snimka ove strukture.
10:49
The amazing thing about this is that it's controlled
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Neverovatna stvar u vezi sa ovim jeste
što je ovo pod kontrolom
što je ovo pod kontrolom
10:51
by a really tiny set of neurons, about two dozen neurons
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veoma malog skupa neurona,
oko dvadesetak njih,
oko dvadesetak njih,
10:55
that can produce a vast variety of different motor patterns,
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koji proizvode veliki broj
različitih motornih obrazaca,
različitih motornih obrazaca,
11:00
and the reason it can do this is that this little tiny ganglion
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a razlog zašto je ovo moguće jeste to,
što je ovaj mali ganglion u krabi
što je ovaj mali ganglion u krabi
11:04
in the crab is actually inundated by many, many neuromodulators.
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u stvari ispunjen mnogim,
mnogim neuromodulatorima.
mnogim neuromodulatorima.
11:08
You heard about neuromodulators earlier.
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Čuli ste već o neuromodulatorima.
11:10
There are more neuromodulators
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Postoji više neuromodulatora
11:13
that alter, that innervate this structure than actually neurons in the structure,
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koji menjaju, oživljavaju ovu strukturu,
nego što ima neurona u strukturi
nego što ima neurona u strukturi
11:18
and they're able to generate a complicated set of patterns.
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i oni su sposobni da stvore
složene skupove šablona.
složene skupove šablona.
11:22
And this is the work by Eve Marder and her many colleagues
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Ovo je rad Iv Marder i njenih kolega
11:26
who've been studying this fascinating system
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koji su proučavali ovaj fascinantan sistem
11:28
that show how a smaller cluster of neurons
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i koji je pokazao kako su
mali skupovi neurona
mali skupovi neurona
11:30
can do many, many, many things
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sposobni za mnogo, mnogo stvari
11:32
because of neuromodulation that can take place on a moment-by-moment basis.
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zbog neuromodulacija koje se mogu
desiti svake sekunde.
desiti svake sekunde.
11:37
So this is basically multiplexing in time.
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Ovo su u suštini kompleksni procesi
u vremenu.
u vremenu.
11:39
Imagine a network of neurons with one neuromodulator.
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Zamislite mrežu neurona
s jednim neuromodulatorom.
s jednim neuromodulatorom.
11:42
You select one set of cells to perform one sort of behavior,
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Odaberete jedan skup ćelija
zaduženih za jednu vrstu ponašanja,
zaduženih za jednu vrstu ponašanja,
11:46
another neuromodulator, another set of cells,
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jedan drugi modulator,
jedan drugi skup ćelija,
jedan drugi skup ćelija,
11:48
a different pattern, and you can imagine
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različiti šablon i
kao što možete da pretpostavite,
kao što možete da pretpostavite,
11:50
you could extrapolate to a very, very complicated system.
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ovako možete stvoriti jedan veoma,
veoma složen sistem.
veoma složen sistem.
11:54
Is there any evidence that flies do this?
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Da li postoji neki dokaz da su
mušice sposobne da urade ovo?
mušice sposobne da urade ovo?
11:56
Well, for many years in my laboratory and other laboratories around the world,
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Dugi niz godina smo u mojoj i drugim
laboratorijama širom sveta
laboratorijama širom sveta
11:59
we've been studying fly behaviors in little flight simulators.
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proučavali ponašanja mušica u
malim simulatorima leta.
malim simulatorima leta.
12:02
You can tether a fly to a little stick.
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Mušicu je moguće privezati na jedan štapić.
12:04
You can measure the aerodynamic forces it's creating.
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I moguće je meriti aerodinamičke sile
koje ona stvara.
koje ona stvara.
12:06
You can let the fly play a little video game
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Možete joj dozvoliti da igra video igrice
12:09
by letting it fly around in a visual display.
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dopuštajući joj da leti naokolo
na jednom vizuelnom displeju.
na jednom vizuelnom displeju.
12:13
So let me show you a little tiny sequence of this.
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Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem
jedan deo snimka.
jedan deo snimka.
12:15
Here's a fly
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Evo mušice
12:16
and a large infrared view of the fly in the flight simulator,
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i uvećani, infracrveni snimak
leta mušice u simulatoru
leta mušice u simulatoru
12:20
and this is a game the flies love to play.
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i ovo je igra koju mušica voli da igra.
12:22
You allow them to steer towards the little stripe,
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Dozvolili smo im da prate jednu malu prugu
12:24
and they'll just steer towards that stripe forever.
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i one se kreću ka njoj zauvek.
12:27
It's part of their visual guidance system.
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To je deo njihovog sistema za vizuelno upravljanje.
12:30
But very, very recently, it's been possible
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Ali od nedavno, moguće je
12:33
to modify these sorts of behavioral arenas for physiologies.
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modifikovati ovakve prostore za
ispitivanje fiziologije ponašanja.
ispitivanje fiziologije ponašanja.
12:38
So this is the preparation that one of my former post-docs,
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Ovo je projekat jednog od mojih bivših doktoranata,
12:40
Gaby Maimon, who's now at Rockefeller, developed,
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Gebija Mejmona, koji sada radi u Rokfeleru,
12:43
and it's basically a flight simulator
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i to je u suštini simulator leta,
12:44
but under conditions where you actually can stick an electrode
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ali on omogućava postavljanje
jedne elektrode
jedne elektrode
12:47
in the brain of the fly and record
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u mozak mušice i snimanje
12:50
from a genetically identified neuron in the fly's brain.
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iz perspektive neurona u mušicinom mozgu.
12:53
And this is what one of these experiments looks like.
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Ovako izgleda jedan od ovih eksperimenata.
12:56
It was a sequence taken from another post-doc in the lab,
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Ovo je snimak jedne druge bivše
doktorantkinje u laboratoriji,
doktorantkinje u laboratoriji,
12:59
Bettina Schnell.
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Betine Šnel.
13:00
The green trace at the bottom is the membrane potential
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Zelena linija na dnu je membranski potencijal
13:03
of a neuron in the fly's brain,
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neurona u mozgu mušice
13:05
and you'll see the fly start to fly, and the fly is actually
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i videćete, kada mušica krene da leti
13:08
controlling the rotation of that visual pattern itself
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i kontroliše promenu vizuelnog šablona
13:11
by its own wing motion,
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pomeranjem sopstvenih krila,
13:13
and you can see this visual interneuron
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možete da vidite reakciju ovog
vizuelnog međuneurona
vizuelnog međuneurona
13:15
respond to the pattern of wing motion as the fly flies.
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na šablon pomeranja krila dok
mušica leti.
mušica leti.
13:19
So for the first time we've actually been able to record
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Ovo je bio prvi put kada smo u stvari
uspeli da snimamo
uspeli da snimamo
13:21
from neurons in the fly's brain while the fly
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iz unutrašnjosti u mušicinom mozgu
dok je mušica
dok je mušica
13:24
is performing sophisticated behaviors such as flight.
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izvršavala sofisticirane kretnje kao što je let.
13:29
And one of the lessons we've been learning
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I jedna od lekcija koju smo naučili
13:31
is that the physiology of cells that we've been studying
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jeste da je fiziologija ćelija
koje smo proučavali
koje smo proučavali
13:33
for many years in quiescent flies
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dugi niz godina
kod mušica u stanju mirovanja,
kod mušica u stanju mirovanja,
13:35
is not the same as the physiology of those cells
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nije ista kao fiziologija tih ćelija
13:38
when the flies actually engage in active behaviors
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kada mušica u stvari vrši određenu akciju
13:41
like flying and walking and so forth.
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kao što je letenje, šetnja i slično.
13:43
And why is the physiology different?
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Zašto se fiziologija razlikuje?
13:46
Well it turns out it's these neuromodulators,
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Ispostavilo se da su u pitanju neuromodulatori,
13:48
just like the neuromodulators in that little tiny ganglion in the crabs.
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baš kao i neuromodulatori u onom malom
ganglionu kod kraba.
ganglionu kod kraba.
13:52
So here's a picture of the octopamine system.
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Evo slike oktopaminskog sistema.
13:55
Octopamine is a neuromodulator
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Oktopamin je neuromodulator
13:57
that seems to play an important role in flight and other behaviors.
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koji igra važnu ulogu pri letu
i drugim aktivnostima.
i drugim aktivnostima.
14:01
But this is just one of many neuromodulators
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Ali ovo je samo jedan od mnogih
neuromodulatora
neuromodulatora
14:03
that's in the fly's brain.
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koji se nalaze u mozgu mušice.
14:04
So I really think that, as we learn more,
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Zaista verujem, da će se,
kako budemo napredovali sa saznanjima,
kako budemo napredovali sa saznanjima,
14:07
it's going to turn out that the whole fly brain
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ispostaviti da je ceo mozak mušice
14:10
is just like a large version of this stomatogastric ganglion,
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u stvari jedna veća verzija ovog
stomačno-želudačnog gangliona
stomačno-želudačnog gangliona
14:13
and that's one of the reasons why it can do so much with so few neurons.
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i da je to uzrok tome što sa samo nekoliko neurona
možemo da uradimo toliko toga.
možemo da uradimo toliko toga.
14:17
Now, another idea, another way of multiplexing
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Jedna druga ideja, jedan drugi način
vršenja kompleksnih procesa,
vršenja kompleksnih procesa,
14:20
is multiplexing in space,
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jeste njihova prostorna raspodela,
14:22
having different parts of a neuron
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zaduživanje različitih vrsta neurona
14:23
do different things at the same time.
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za različite stvari, istovremeno.
14:25
So here's two sort of canonical neurons
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Evo dve vrste kanonskih neurona
14:27
from a vertebrate and an invertebrate,
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kod kičmenjaka i beskičmenjaka.
14:29
a human pyramidal neuron from Ramon y Cajal,
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Ljudski piramidalni neuron Ramona i Kahala,
14:33
and another cell to the right, a non-spiking interneuron,
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i još jedna ćelija sa desne strane
međuneurona bez akcionog potencijala.
međuneurona bez akcionog potencijala.
14:37
and this is the work of Alan Watson and Malcolm Burrows many years ago,
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uzetog iz jednog starijeg rada
Alena Votsona i Malkolma Burouza.
Alena Votsona i Malkolma Burouza.
14:41
and Malcolm Burrows came up with a pretty interesting idea
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Malkolm Burouz imao je jednu
veoma interesantnu ideju
veoma interesantnu ideju
14:44
based on the fact that this neuron from a locust
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zasnovanu na činjenici da ovaj neuron
koji potiče iz skakavca
koji potiče iz skakavca
14:47
does not fire action potentials.
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ne ispaljuje akcioni potencijal.
14:49
It's a non-spiking cell.
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To je ćelija bez akcionog potencijala.
14:51
So a typical cell, like the neurons in our brain,
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Dakle, obična ćelija, kao što su
neuroni u našem mozgu
neuroni u našem mozgu
14:53
has a region called the dendrites that receives input,
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ima oblast nazvanu dendriti,
koja prima nadražaje
koja prima nadražaje
14:56
and that input sums together
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i ti nadražaji se sabiraju
14:59
and will produce action potentials
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i stvaraju akcioni potencijal
15:01
that run down the axon and then activate
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koji prolazi kroz akson i aktivira
15:03
all the output regions of the neuron.
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izlazne regije neurona.
15:06
But non-spiking neurons are actually quite complicated
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Ali neuroni bez akcionog potencijala
su u stvari poprilično složeni,
su u stvari poprilično složeni,
15:08
because they can have input synapses and output synapses
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jer su u njima
ulazni i izlazni nadražaji povezani
ulazni i izlazni nadražaji povezani
15:12
all interdigitated, and there's no single action potential
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i ne postoji jedan jedinstveni akcioni potencijal
15:15
that drives all the outputs at the same time.
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koji pokreće sve izlazne informacije
istovremeno.
istovremeno.
15:18
So there's a possibility that you have computational compartments
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Zato je moguće da postoje različiti
odeljci za obradu informacija,
odeljci za obradu informacija,
15:22
that allow the different parts of the neuron
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koji dopuštaju različitim delovima neurona
15:26
to do different things at the same time.
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da rade različite stvari istovremeno.
15:29
So these basic concepts of multitasking in time
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Dakle, ovi osnovni principi vršenja
kompleksnih radnji
kompleksnih radnji
15:33
and multitasking in space,
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u vremenu i prostoru se,
15:36
I think these are things that are true in our brains as well,
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mislim, odnose i na naš mozak,
15:39
but I think the insects are the true masters of this.
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ali smatram da su insekti pravi gospodari
ove veštine.
ove veštine.
15:41
So I hope you think of insects a little bit differently next time,
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Nadam se da ćete od sada
misliti malo drugačije o insektima
misliti malo drugačije o insektima
15:44
and as I say up here, please think before you swat.
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i kao što iza mene piše, molim vas,
razmislite pre nego što ih spljeskate.
razmislite pre nego što ih spljeskate.
15:47
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Dickinson - BiologistMost people are irritated by the buzzing of a fly's wings. But biologist Michael Dickinson views the sound with a deep sense of wonder.
Why you should listen
Some things are so commonplace that they barely register our attention. Michael Dickinson has dedicated much of his research to one such thing -- the flight of the fly. Dickinson aims to understand how a fly's nervous system allows it to accomplish such incredible aerodynamic feats. Affectionately dubbed the "Fly Guy" by The Scientist, Dickinson's research brings together zoology, neuroscience and fluid mechanics.
Dickinson was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2001. He is now a professor of biology at the University of Washington, where he heads The Dickinson Lab. The lab conducts research into insect flight control, animal brain recordings, animal/robot interactions and animal visual navigation and welcomes students with an interest in studying insect flight, behavior and evolution from an interdisciplinary approach perspective.
Michael Dickinson | Speaker | TED.com