TED2013
Jessica Green: We're covered in germs. Let's design for that.
Džesika Grin (Jessica Green): Prekriveni smo bakterijama. Dizajnirajmo s tim na umu.
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Naša tela i domovi su prekriveni mikrobima - neki su dobri za nas, a neki loši. Dok učimo više o bakterijama i mikrobima sa kojima delimo životni prostor, TED Fellow Džesika Grin pita: možemo li dizajnirati zgrade koje podržavaju srećna i zdrava okruženja mikroba?
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientist
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Jessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems
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Sve je pokriveno
nevidljivim ekosistemima
nevidljivim ekosistemima
00:17
made of tiny lifeforms: bacteria, viruses and fungi.
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sačinjenim od sićušnih oblika života:
bakterija, virusa i gljivica.
bakterija, virusa i gljivica.
00:21
Our desks, our computers, our pencils, our buildings
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Naši stolovi, kompjuteri,
olovke, zgrade
olovke, zgrade
00:25
all harbor resident microbial landscapes.
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svi imaju lokalne
mikrobijalne pejzaže.
mikrobijalne pejzaže.
00:29
As we design these things, we could be thinking
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Dok dizajniramo ove stvari,
možemo razmišljati
možemo razmišljati
00:31
about designing these invisible worlds,
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o dizajniranju ovih
nevidljivih svetova
nevidljivih svetova
00:34
and also thinking about how they interact
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i o tome kako
uzajamno deluju
uzajamno deluju
00:36
with our personal ecosystems.
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sa našim
ličnim ekosistemima.
ličnim ekosistemima.
00:39
Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes,
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Naša tela su dom
bilionima mikroba
bilionima mikroba
00:43
and these creatures define who we are.
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i ova stvorenja određuju
ko smo.
ko smo.
00:45
The microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods.
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Mikrobi u vašim crevima mogu da utiču
na vašu težinu i raspoloženje.
na vašu težinu i raspoloženje.
00:49
The microbes on your skin can help boost your immune system.
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Mikrobi na vašoj koži mogu da pomognu
u poboljšanju vašeg imunog sistema.
u poboljšanju vašeg imunog sistema.
00:53
The microbes in your mouth can freshen your breath,
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Mikrobi u vašim ustima mogu
da vam osveže dah,
da vam osveže dah,
00:56
or not,
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ili ne,
00:57
and the key thing is that our personal ecosystems
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i ključno je to da
naši lični ekosistemi
naši lični ekosistemi
01:00
interact with ecosystems on everything we touch.
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međusobno deluju sa ekosistemima
svega što dodirnemo.
svega što dodirnemo.
01:03
So, for example, when you touch a pencil,
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Tako kada na primer
dodirnete olovku,
dodirnete olovku,
01:05
microbial exchange happens.
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desi se
razmena mikroba.
razmena mikroba.
01:08
If we can design the invisible ecosystems in our surroundings,
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Ako možemo da dizajniramo
nevidljive ekosisteme naše okoline
nevidljive ekosisteme naše okoline
01:12
this opens a path to influencing
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ovo otvara put uticaju
01:15
our health in unprecedented ways.
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na naše zdravlje
na jedinstven način.
na jedinstven način.
01:18
I get asked all of the time from people,
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Ljudi me stalno pitaju:
01:21
"Is it possible to really design microbial ecosystems?"
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"Da li je zaista moguće
dizajnirati mikrobne ekosisteme?"
dizajnirati mikrobne ekosisteme?"
01:25
And I believe the answer is yes.
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Verujem da jeste.
01:28
I think we're doing it right now,
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Mislim da to radimo sada,
01:29
but we're doing it unconsciously.
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ali da je to nesvesno.
01:33
I'm going to share data with you
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Podeliću s vama podatke
01:35
from one aspect of my research focused on architecture
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iz jednog aspekta mog istraživanja
koje je usmereno na arhitekturu
koje je usmereno na arhitekturu
01:38
that demonstrates how, through both conscious
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i koji pokazuju
kako kroz svestan
kako kroz svestan
01:41
and unconscious design,
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i nesvestan dizajn,
01:44
we're impacting these invisible worlds.
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utičemo na ove
nevidljive svetove.
nevidljive svetove.
01:47
This is the Lillis Business Complex at the University of Oregon,
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Ovo je poslovni kompleks Lilis
na Univerzitetu Oregona
na Univerzitetu Oregona
01:51
and I worked with a team of architects and biologists
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i radila sam s timom
arhitekata i biologa
arhitekata i biologa
01:53
to sample over 300 rooms in this building.
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kako bi uzeli uzorke
iz 300 prostorija u ovoj zgradi.
iz 300 prostorija u ovoj zgradi.
01:58
We wanted to get something like a fossil record of the building,
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Hteli smo da dobijemo nešto
poput fosilnog zapisa zgrade
poput fosilnog zapisa zgrade
02:02
and to do this, we sampled dust.
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i kako bismo ovo dobili,
uzimali smo uzorke prašine.
uzimali smo uzorke prašine.
02:05
From the dust, we pulled out bacterial cells,
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Iz prašine smo uzeli
ćelije bakterija,
ćelije bakterija,
02:09
broke them open, and compared their gene sequences.
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rasporili ih
i uporedili sekvence gena.
i uporedili sekvence gena.
02:12
This means that people in my group
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Ovo znači da su ljudi
iz moje grupe
iz moje grupe
02:14
were doing a lot of vacuuming during this project.
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tokom ovog projekta
puno usisavali.
puno usisavali.
02:17
This is a picture of Tim, who,
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Ovo na slici je Tim,
02:20
right when I snapped this picture, reminded me,
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koji me je pre ove slike
podsetio i rekao:
podsetio i rekao:
02:22
he said, "Jessica, the last lab group I worked in
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"Džesika, u poslednjoj laboratorijskoj grupi
u kojoj sam radio
u kojoj sam radio
02:25
I was doing fieldwork in the Costa Rican rainforest,
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bio sam na terenskom radu
u kišnim šumama Kostarike
u kišnim šumama Kostarike
02:28
and things have changed dramatically for me."
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i stvari su se za mene
ozbiljno promenile."
ozbiljno promenile."
02:32
So I'm going to show you now first what we found in the offices,
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Prvo ću vam pokazati
šta smo našli u kancelarijama
šta smo našli u kancelarijama
02:35
and we're going to look at the data through a visualization tool
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i pogledaćemo podatke
kroz alat za vizualizaciju
kroz alat za vizualizaciju
02:38
that I've been working on in partnership with Autodesk.
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na kojem radim
u saradnji sa Autodeskom.
u saradnji sa Autodeskom.
02:42
The way that you look at this data is,
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Na ove podatke
gledate ovako -
gledate ovako -
02:44
first, look around the outside of the circle.
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prvo gledate
spoljašnjost kruga.
spoljašnjost kruga.
02:48
You'll see broad bacterial groups,
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Vidite široke
grupe bakterija
grupe bakterija
02:51
and if you look at the shape of this pink lobe,
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i ako pogledate oblik
ove roze školjke,
ove roze školjke,
02:54
it tells you something about the relative abundance of each group.
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on vam govori nešto
o relativnom izobilju svake grupe.
o relativnom izobilju svake grupe.
02:57
So at 12 o'clock, you'll see that offices have a lot of
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Na 12 sati vidite
da kancelarije imaju dosta
da kancelarije imaju dosta
02:59
alphaproteobacteria, and at one o'clock
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alfa-proteobakterija,
a na 1 sat
a na 1 sat
03:02
you'll see that bacilli are relatively rare.
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vidite da ima
relativno malo bacila.
relativno malo bacila.
03:06
Let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building.
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Hajde da pogledamo šta se dešava
u različitim tipovima prostora u ovoj zgradi.
u različitim tipovima prostora u ovoj zgradi.
03:11
If you look inside the restrooms,
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Ako pogledate u toalete,
03:13
they all have really similar ecosystems,
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svi imaju
slične ekosisteme,
slične ekosisteme,
03:16
and if you were to look inside the classrooms,
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a ako pogledate
unutar učionica
unutar učionica
03:18
those also have similar ecosystems.
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i one imaju
lične ekosisteme.
lične ekosisteme.
03:21
But if you look across these space types,
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Ali ako pogledate
kroz te tipove prostora,
kroz te tipove prostora,
03:23
you can see that they're fundamentally different
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videćete
da se bitno razlikuju
da se bitno razlikuju
03:26
from one another.
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jedan od drugog.
03:28
I like to think of bathrooms like a tropical rainforest.
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O kupatilima razmišljam
kao o tropskim kišnim šumama.
kao o tropskim kišnim šumama.
03:31
I told Tim, "If you could just see the microbes,
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Rekla sam Timu:
"Ako gledaš samo mikrobe,
"Ako gledaš samo mikrobe,
03:33
it's kind of like being in Costa Rica. Kind of."
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to je otprilike kao
da si u Kostariki. Kao."
da si u Kostariki. Kao."
03:37
And I also like to think of offices as being a temperate grassland.
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O kancelarijama razmišljam
kao o mirnim pašnjacima.
kao o mirnim pašnjacima.
03:42
This perspective is a really powerful one for designers,
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Ovo je za dizajnere
moćna perspektiva
moćna perspektiva
03:46
because you can bring on principles of ecology,
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jer možete primeniti
principe ekologije,
principe ekologije,
03:50
and a really important principle of ecology is dispersal,
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a veoma važan princip ekologije
je osipanje,
je osipanje,
03:52
the way organisms move around.
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način na koji se
organizmi kreću.
organizmi kreću.
03:55
We know that microbes are dispersed around by people
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Znamo da mikrobe
rasejavaju ljudi
rasejavaju ljudi
03:59
and by air.
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i vazduh.
04:00
So the very first thing we wanted to do in this building
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Prva stvar koju smo hteli
da uradimo u ovoj zgradi
da uradimo u ovoj zgradi
04:03
was look at the air system.
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je da pogledamo
ventilaciju.
ventilaciju.
04:05
Mechanical engineers design air handling units
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Mašinski inženjeri smišljaju
jedinice za vazduh
jedinice za vazduh
04:08
to make sure that people are comfortable,
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kako bi ljudima
bilo prijatno,
bilo prijatno,
04:11
that the air flow and temperature is just right.
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kako bi vazduh cirkulisao
i temperatura bila savršena.
i temperatura bila savršena.
04:13
They do this using principles of physics and chemistry,
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Ovo rade pomoću principa
fizike i hemije,
fizike i hemije,
04:17
but they could also be using biology.
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ali takođe mogu
koristiti biologiju.
koristiti biologiju.
04:21
If you look at the microbes
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Ako pogledate mikrobe
04:23
in one of the air handling units in this building,
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u jednoj od jedinica za vazduh
u ovoj zgradi,
u ovoj zgradi,
04:26
you'll see that they're all very similar to one another.
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videćete da su svi slični
jedni drugima.
jedni drugima.
04:30
And if you compare this to the microbes
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Ako ovo uporedite
sa mikrobima
sa mikrobima
04:34
in a different air handling unit,
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iz druge jedinice
za vazduh,
za vazduh,
04:36
you'll see that they're fundamentally different.
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videćete da su
potpuno različiti.
potpuno različiti.
04:39
The rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago,
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Prostorije u ovoj zgradi
su poput ostrva u arhipelagu,
su poput ostrva u arhipelagu,
04:42
and what that means is that mechanical engineers
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a to znači da su
mehanički inženjeri
mehanički inženjeri
04:45
are like eco-engineers, and they have the ability
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poput eko-inženjera
i imaju mogućnost
i imaju mogućnost
04:48
to structure biomes in this building the way that they want to.
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da po želji prave strukture bioma
u ovoj zgradi.
u ovoj zgradi.
04:53
Another facet of how microbes get around is by people,
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Drugi način na koji se mikrobi kreću
je preko ljudi
je preko ljudi
04:57
and designers often cluster rooms together
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i dizajneri često
zbiju prostorije
zbiju prostorije
05:00
to facilitate interactions among people,
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kako bi olašali kontakt
među ljudima
među ljudima
05:03
or the sharing of ideas, like in labs and in offices.
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ili deljenje ideja,
kao u laboratorijama i kancelarijama.
kao u laboratorijama i kancelarijama.
05:06
Given that microbes travel around with people,
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S obzirom da mikrobi
putuju okolo s ljudima,
putuju okolo s ljudima,
05:09
you might expect to see rooms that are close together
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možete očekivati
da susedne prostorije
da susedne prostorije
05:11
have really similar biomes.
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imaju jako slične biome.
05:14
And that is exactly what we found.
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Upravo to
smo i pronašli.
smo i pronašli.
05:16
If you look at classrooms right adjacent to one another,
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Ako pogledate
susedne učionice,
susedne učionice,
05:19
they have very similar ecosystems,
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imaju veoma slične
ekosisteme,
ekosisteme,
05:21
but if you go to an office
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ali ako odete
u kancelariju
u kancelariju
05:25
that is a farther walking distance away,
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do koje se mora
duže hodati,
duže hodati,
05:28
the ecosystem is fundamentally different.
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ekosistem je
potpuno drugačiji.
potpuno drugačiji.
05:30
And when I see the power that dispersal has
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Kada vidim moć osipanja
05:35
on these biogeographic patterns,
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na ove biogeografske šablone,
05:37
it makes me think that it's possible
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pomislim da je moguće
05:40
to tackle really challenging problems,
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uhvatiti se u koštac
sa stvarno izazovnim problemima,
sa stvarno izazovnim problemima,
05:44
like hospital-acquired infections.
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poput infekcija
koje se dobijaju u bolnici.
koje se dobijaju u bolnici.
05:46
I believe this has got to be, in part,
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Mislim da ovo mora da bude,
delimično
delimično
05:49
a building ecology problem.
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problem ekologije zgrade.
05:52
All right, I'm going to tell you one more story about this building.
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Ispričaću vam još nešto
u vezi s ovom zgradom.
u vezi s ovom zgradom.
05:56
I am collaborating with Charlie Brown.
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Sarađujem s
Čarlijem Braunom.
Čarlijem Braunom.
05:59
He's an architect,
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On je arhitekta,
06:01
and Charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change.
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i Čarli je veoma zabrinut
zbog globalne promene klime.
zbog globalne promene klime.
06:06
He's dedicated his life to sustainable design.
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Posvetio je život
održivom dizajnu.
održivom dizajnu.
06:09
When he met me and realized that it was possible for him
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Kada me je upoznao
i shvatio da je moguće
i shvatio da je moguće
06:12
to study in a quantitative way
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da na kvantitativan način
proučava
proučava
06:15
how his design choices impacted
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kako njegove
odluke u dizajnu utiču
odluke u dizajnu utiču
06:17
the ecology and biology of this building,
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na ekologiju
i biologiju ove zgrade,
i biologiju ove zgrade,
06:20
he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did.
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veoma se uzbudio jer je to dodalo
novu dimenziju njegovom poslu.
novu dimenziju njegovom poslu.
06:25
He went from thinking just about energy
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Od razmišljanja
isključivo o energiji
isključivo o energiji
06:26
to also starting to think about human health.
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prešao je na razmišljanje
o zdravlju ljudi.
o zdravlju ljudi.
06:30
He helped design some of the air handling systems
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Pomogao je sa dizajnom
sistema za vazduh
sistema za vazduh
06:34
in this building and the way it was ventilated.
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u ovoj zgradi
i sa načinom ventilacije.
i sa načinom ventilacije.
06:36
So what I'm first going to show you is
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Prvo ću vam pokazati
06:39
air that we sampled outside of the building.
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uzorke vazduha
izvan zgrade.
izvan zgrade.
06:42
What you're looking at is a signature of bacterial communities
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Trenutno gledate
u potpis bakterijskih zajednica
u potpis bakterijskih zajednica
06:46
in the outdoor air, and how they vary over time.
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u spoljašnjem vazduhu
i kako se vremenom menjaju.
i kako se vremenom menjaju.
06:50
Next I'm going to show you what happened
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Onda ću vam pokazati
šta se desilo
šta se desilo
06:53
when we experimentally manipulated classrooms.
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kada smo u eksperimentu
manipulisali učionicama.
manipulisali učionicama.
06:57
We blocked them off at night
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Noću smo ih blokirali
06:59
so that they got no ventilation.
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kako ne bi bilo
ventilacije.
ventilacije.
07:01
A lot of buildings are operated this way,
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Puno zgrada funkcioniše
na ovaj način,
na ovaj način,
07:03
probably where you work,
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verovatno na vašem poslu,
07:05
and companies do this to save money on their energy bill.
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i kompanije ovako
štede na računima.
štede na računima.
07:08
What we found is that these rooms remained relatively stagnant
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Otkrili smo da su prostorije
bile u relativnoj stagnaciji,
bile u relativnoj stagnaciji,
07:12
until Saturday, when we opened the vents up again.
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do subote, kada smo ponovo
uključili ventilaciju.
uključili ventilaciju.
07:15
When you walked into those rooms,
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Kada biste ušli
u ove prostorije,
u ove prostorije,
07:16
they smelled really bad,
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jako su zaudarale
07:18
and our data suggests that it had something to do with
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i podaci sugerišu
da to ima veze
da to ima veze
07:21
leaving behind the airborne bacterial soup
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sa ostavljanjem vazdušne
bakterijske supe
bakterijske supe
07:25
from people the day before.
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ljudi od prethodnog dana.
07:27
Contrast this to rooms
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Ovo uporedite
sa prostorijama
sa prostorijama
07:29
that were designed using a sustainable passive design strategy
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koje su dizajnirane
održivom strategijom pasivnog dizajna
održivom strategijom pasivnog dizajna
07:34
where air came in from the outside through louvers.
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gde vazduh dolazi
spolja kroz otvore.
spolja kroz otvore.
07:37
In these rooms, the air tracked the outdoor air relatively well,
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U ovim prostorijama, vazduh je
relativno dobro pratio spoljašnji,
relativno dobro pratio spoljašnji,
07:42
and when Charlie saw this, he got really excited.
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i kada je Čarli ovo video,
zaista se uzbudio.
zaista se uzbudio.
07:44
He felt like he had made a good choice
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Imao je osećaj
da je dobro odabrao
da je dobro odabrao
07:47
with the design process
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u procesu dizajna
07:48
because it was both energy efficient
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jer je bio
energetski efikasan
energetski efikasan
07:51
and it washed away the building's resident microbial landscape.
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i sprao je lokalni
mikrobski pejzaž.
mikrobski pejzaž.
07:56
The examples that I just gave you are about architecture,
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Primeri koje sam vam dala
vezani su za arhitekturu,
vezani su za arhitekturu,
07:59
but they're relevant to the design of anything.
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ali bitni su
za bilo koju vrstu dizajna.
za bilo koju vrstu dizajna.
08:01
Imagine designing with the kinds of microbes that we want
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Zamislite dizajn sa mikrobima
koje mi želimo
koje mi želimo
08:06
in a plane
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u avionu
08:07
or on a phone.
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ili na telefonu.
08:10
There's a new microbe, I just discovered it.
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Postoji novi mikrob
koji sam tek otkrila.
koji sam tek otkrila.
08:12
It's called BLIS, and it's been shown
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Zove se BLIS,
i dokazano je
i dokazano je
08:15
to both ward off pathogens
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da odbija patogene
08:18
and give you good breath.
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i pruža svež dah.
08:20
Wouldn't it be awesome if we all had BLIS on our phones?
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Zar ne bi bilo sjajno
da svi imamo BLIS na telefonu?
da svi imamo BLIS na telefonu?
08:26
A conscious approach to design,
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Svestan pristup dizajnu,
08:28
I'm calling it bioinformed design,
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koji ja nazivam
bioinformisanim dizajnom,
bioinformisanim dizajnom,
08:31
and I think it's possible.
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i mislim da je to moguće.
08:32
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:34
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jessica Green - Engineer and biodiversity scientistJessica Green wants people to understand the important role microbes play in every facet of our lives: climate change, building ecosystems, human health, even roller derby -- using nontraditional tools like art, animation and film to help people visualize the invisible world.
Why you should listen
Jessica Green, a TED2010 Fellow and TED2011 Senior Fellow, is an engineer and ecologist who specializes in biodiversity theory and microbial systems. As a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute, she is the founding director of the innovative Biology and the Built Environment (BioBE) Center that bridges biology and architecture.
Green envisions a future with genomic-driven approaches to architectural design that promote sustainability, human health and well-being. She is spearheading efforts to model buildings as complex ecosystems that house trillions of diverse microorganisms interacting with each other, with humans, and with their environment. This framework uses next-generation sequencing technology to characterize the “built environment microbiome” and will offer site-specific design solutions to minimize the spread of infectious disease and maximize building energy efficiency.
Jessica Green | Speaker | TED.com