TEDxSummit
Wolfgang Kessling: How to air-condition outdoor spaces
Wolfgang Kessling: 如何制冷一个露天体育场
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在很热的夏季,在太阳下看一场室外比赛或音乐会可以变得十分炎热---不过我们不需要去这样. 在多哈的TEDx Summit大会上,物理学家Wolfgang Kessling 解密了可持续的创新设计从而可以从上到下都起到制冷的效果,甚至可以收集太阳能为后面继续使用.
Wolfgang Kessling - Physicist
Wolfgang Kessling and his team at Transsolar designed the solar cooling and comfort concepts that helped Qatar win the bid for the 2022 football World Cup. Full bio
Wolfgang Kessling and his team at Transsolar designed the solar cooling and comfort concepts that helped Qatar win the bid for the 2022 football World Cup. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Good evening.
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晚上好
00:18
We are in this wonderful
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我们现在在这个很棒
00:20
open-air amphitheater
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露天的圆形剧场
00:22
and we are enjoying ourselves
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而且我们在这个舒服的夜晚
00:23
in that mild evening
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非常享受
00:25
temperature tonight,
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今晚的温度
00:26
but when Qatar will host
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不过当卡塔尔在十年后
00:31
the football World Cup
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举办足球世界杯
00:32
10 years from now,
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的时候，
00:34
2022,
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也就是2022年，
00:36
we already heard it will be
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我们已经听说这将会是
00:37
in the hot, very hot and sunny
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在非常晴朗和炎热的
00:40
summer months of June and July.
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在夏季的六月和七月。
00:43
And when Qatar has been assigned
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而且当卡塔尔得到举办
00:45
to the World Cup all, many
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世界杯资格的时候,很多
00:47
people around the world have been
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世界各地的人都在思考
00:49
wondering, how would it be
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这些足球运动员怎么可能
00:50
possible that football players
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展现给我们
00:52
show spectacular football,
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精彩的比赛，
00:54
run around in this desert
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如果说他们在这种沙漠一样热
00:56
climate? How would it be
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的温度中奔跑?观众们又怎么可能
00:57
possible that spectators sit,
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干坐着并且
01:00
enjoy themselves in open-air
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在这么热的露天体育场
01:03
stadia in this hot environment?
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中欣赏比赛呢?
01:06
Together with the architects of
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这些所有问题都在由
01:08
Albert Speer & Partner, our engineers
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Albert Speer & Partner公司，还有
01:10
from Transsolar have been
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从Transsolar的工程师尝试
01:12
supporting, have been developing
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解决,他们正在试图
01:13
open-air stadia based on 100 percent
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制造一个100%
01:17
solar power, on 100 percent solar cooling.
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靠太阳能的冷却系统。
01:22
Let me tell you about that,
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我准备谈谈这个话题，
01:23
but let me start with comfort.
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不过我先从舒适方面来说。
01:25
Let me start with the aspect
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我从舒适方面来说，
01:26
of comfort, because many people
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因为很多人
01:28
are confusing
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把外界环境
01:31
ambient temperature
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和热舒适
01:33
with thermal comfort.
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混淆在一起了。
01:35
We are used to looking at charts like
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我们已经适应读这样的表格,
01:36
that, and you see this red line
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你可以看到这条红线
01:38
showing the air temperature
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表明空气温度
01:39
in June and July, and yes, that's right,
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在六,七月的情况,没错,
01:41
it's picking up to 45 degrees C.
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都快到45摄氏度了。
01:43
It's actually very hot.
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其实是非常热的。
01:46
But air temperature is not
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不过空气温度却不热，
01:49
the full set of climatic
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包括所有这些决定舒适
01:50
parameters which define comfort.
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的气候常数。
01:53
Let me show you analysis
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让我给你看看我的一个同事
01:54
a colleague of mine did looking
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做的分析,这个分析
01:58
on different football, World Cups,
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包含了各种足球,世界杯,
02:01
Olympic Games around the world,
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还有奥运会的比赛
02:02
looking on the comfort
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它关注并且分析
02:04
and analyzing the comfort
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人们在不同的体育项目
02:05
people have perceived at these
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上所能感受到的
02:08
different sport activities,
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舒适的程度，
02:10
and let me start with Mexico.
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让我从墨西哥开始吧。
02:12
Mexico temperature has been, air
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墨西哥的空气温度
02:13
temperature has been something between
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一般都是15-30摄氏度
02:15
15, up to 30 degrees C, and people
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而且人们非常
02:18
enjoyed themselves.
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享受这个温度
02:20
It was a very comfortable game
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这场比赛在墨西哥的比赛非常
02:22
in Mexico City. Have a look.
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舒服.你们看看吧
02:24
Orlando, same kind of stadium,
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在奥兰多呢,一样的露天体育场
02:26
open-air stadium. People have
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人们在强烈的太阳下
02:29
been sitting in the strong sun,
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已经高湿度的环境里
02:32
in the very high humidity
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坐着
02:33
in the afternoon, and they
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在下午时,他们并没有
02:35
did not enjoy. It was not comfortable.
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享受这种比赛.感觉一点儿都不舒服
02:36
The air temperature was not too high, but it was not
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空气温度十分的高,不过在这些比赛
02:38
comfortable during these games.
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就不是非常地舒服
02:41
What about Seoul? Seoul, because
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那么首尔呢?
02:43
of broadcast rights, all the
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由于广播权利要求,所有首尔
02:45
games have been in the late
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的比赛都是在下午
02:47
afternoon. Sun has already been
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举行的.太阳基本都下山了
02:48
set, so the games have been
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因此呢这些比赛都
02:50
perceived as comfortable.
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还是比较舒服的
02:53
What about Athens? Mediterranean
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那么雅典呢?它是地中海气候
02:56
climate, but in the sun it was
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不过在太阳下并不是
02:58
not comfortable. They didn't perceive comfort.
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很舒服.他们没感觉到舒适
03:01
And we know that from Spain,
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而且我们从西班牙的经验就可以得到
03:03
we know that "sol y sombra."
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我们知道"sol y sombra"的酒
03:05
If you have a ticket, and you
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如果你有张票,而且你的座位
03:07
get a ticket for the shade,
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还在阴影底下
03:09
you pay more, because you're
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你就得多交钱,因为你在一个更
03:11
in a more comfortable environment.
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舒服的环境下
03:15
What about Beijing?
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那北京呢?
03:16
It's again, sun in the day
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一样,天空中的太阳
03:19
and high humidity,
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以及高湿度的环境
03:21
and it was not comfortable.
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并不是很舒服
03:22
So if I overlay, and if you
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因此呢如果我们总结下
03:23
overlay all these comfort
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这些舒适度的分析
03:25
envelopes, what we see is,
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我们可以看到所有这些地方的
03:27
in all these places, air temperature has
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空气温度都在25-35度
03:29
been ranging something from 25
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之间
03:33
to 35, and if you go on
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如果你继续看的话
03:35
the line, 30, of 30 degrees C
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那条30度的线就是
03:37
ambient temperatures. If you
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外界温度.你再看
03:39
go along that line you see
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那条线就会发现
03:41
there has been all kind of
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各种各样的舒适度
03:43
comfort, all kinds of perceived
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都有,各种的户外舒适
03:45
outdoor comfort, ranging from
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从非常
03:47
very comfortable
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舒服到非常
03:48
to very uncomfortable.
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不舒服
03:50
So why is that?
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那又是为什么呢?
03:53
This is because there are
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因为影响热量舒适度
03:55
more parameters influencing
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的常数其实有
03:57
our thermal comfort, which is
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很多,比如说太阳
03:59
the sun, the direct sun,
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直接太阳照射
04:01
the diffuse sun, which is wind,
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太阳散射,或者风，
04:04
strong wind, mild wind, which is
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强风,弱风,还有
04:06
air humidity, which is
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空气湿度,最后就是
04:09
the radiant temperature of the
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周围环境的
04:11
surroundings where we are in.
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辐射温度
04:13
And this is air temperature.
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这就是空气温度
04:15
All these parameters go into
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所有这些常数都对
04:16
the comfort feeling of our
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我们人类身体
04:18
human body, and scientists
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的舒适度有影响,科学家
04:19
have developed a parameter,
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探索出来一种常数
04:22
which is the perceived
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从而可以界定
04:23
temperature, where all these
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温度,通过用所有
04:25
parameters go in and help
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常数进行分析最后帮助
04:28
designers to understand
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分析者了解
04:30
which is the driving parameter
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哪一个决定我
04:33
that I feel comfort or that
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舒服还是不舒服
04:34
I don't feel comfort.
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最重要的常数
04:36
Which is the driving parameter
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这样就得到了关键常数
04:37
which gives me a perceived
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从而给我们一个界定
04:39
temperature? And these parameters,
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温度.而这些常数呢,
04:41
these climatic parameters are
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这些气候常数
04:43
related to the human metabolism.
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是跟我们新陈代谢有关的
04:47
Because of our metabolism,
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因为我们的新陈代谢
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we as human beings,
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我们作为人类
04:51
we produce heat.
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我们产生热量
04:53
I'm excited, I'm talking to you,
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现在我跟你说话我就很激动
04:54
I'm probably producing
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我肯定在
04:56
150 watts
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以150瓦功率
04:57
at the moment. You are sitting,
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发热.你们都坐着呢,
04:59
you are relaxed, you're looking
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你们很放松,你们都看着我
05:00
at me. It's probably 100
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所以每个人差不多
05:02
watts each person is producing,
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也就以100瓦的功率发热
05:04
and we need to get rid of that
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不过我们需要摆脱那部分
05:06
energy. I need, with my body,
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能量.我需要我的身体去
05:07
to get rid of the energy, and
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摆脱这样的能量,
05:09
the harder it is for myself,
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这样做越难的话
05:11
for my body, to get rid of the
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我就会觉得
05:13
energy, the less comfort I feel.
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越不舒服
05:15
That's it. And if I don't
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就是这么简单.如果
05:17
get rid of the energy,
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我无法摆脱的话
05:19
I will die.
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我就死掉了
05:20
If we overlay what happens
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如果我们总结下在足球
05:24
during the football World Cup,
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世界杯六,七月
05:27
what will happen in June, July,
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会发生的什么的话,
05:28
we will see, yes, air
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我们就会发现,没错
05:29
temperature will be much higher,
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温度就会变得更高,
05:31
but because the games and
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因为比赛和训练
05:33
the plays will be in the afternoon,
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都会在下午
05:35
it's probably the same comfort
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所以呢舒适度
05:37
rating we've found in other
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就会跟其他那些
05:39
places which has perceived
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被鉴定为不舒服的地方
05:40
as non-comfortable.
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差不多
05:42
So we sat together with a team
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因此我们作为一个团队在一起
05:44
which prepared the Bid Book, or goal,
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这样就为我们的目标做准备
05:47
that we said, let's aim
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我们的目标就是
05:49
for perceived temperature,
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感受温度
05:51
for outdoor comfort in this range,
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对于室外舒适度在32
05:54
which is perceived with a
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摄氏度下的
05:56
temperature of 32 degrees
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联系
05:59
Celsius perceived temperature,
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32摄氏度其实
06:00
which is extremely comfortable.
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是非常舒服的
06:03
People would feel really fine
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人们会在室外的环境
06:05
in an open outdoor environment.
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中感觉很好
06:07
But what does it mean?
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不过这又意味这什么呢？
06:09
If we just look on what happens,
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如果我们看看发生了什么
06:11
we see, temperature's too high.
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我们可以看到温度太高了
06:13
If we apply the best architectural design,
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如果我们用最好的建筑设计
06:16
climate engineering design,
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环境工程设计
06:17
we won't get much better.
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也不会弄得多好
06:20
So we need to do something active.
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因此我们需要做一些有效的事情
06:22
We need, for instance, to bring
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比如说我们需要
06:24
in radiant cooling technology,
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用到外围冷却技术
06:26
and we need to combine this
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我们需要将这个技术
06:28
with so-called soft conditioning.
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与所谓的温和冷却结合起来
06:30
And how does it look like in a stadium?
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不过这在体育馆看起来会是什么样呢?
06:32
So the stadium has a few
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体育场中会有一些
06:34
elements which create that
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能产生室外舒适的
06:36
outdoor comfort. First of all,
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因素.第一呢,
06:37
it's shading. It needs
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就是荫庇处,它可以
06:39
to protect where the people
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保护坐的人
06:42
are sitting against strong
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不受到强和热的风
06:43
and warm wind.
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干扰
06:44
But that's not all what we need
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不过那还不够
06:46
to do. We need to use
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我们还要用
06:49
active systems.
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动力系统
06:51
Instead of blowing a hurricane
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与其在体育场里吹
06:54
of chilled air through the stadium,
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非常冷的飓风
06:56
we can use radiant
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我们可以使用外围
06:58
cooling technologies, like a
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冷却系统,就跟
07:00
floor heating system where water
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一个地面加热系统一样
07:02
pipes are embedded in the floor.
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所有水管都是在地面上嵌进去的
07:04
And just by using cold water
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直接通过使用冷水
07:06
going through the water pipes,
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流过这些管子
07:08
you can release the heat
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你就可以释放出来你当天
07:09
which is absorbed during the day
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吸收的热量
07:11
in the stadium, so you can
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在体育场呢,你就可以
07:13
create that comfort, and then by
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感受到那种舒适度
07:14
adding dry air instead of
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然后通过不加底流的冷空气
07:17
down-chilled air, the spectators
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而加干燥空气,公众和这些
07:19
and the football players can
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橄榄球运动员就可以
07:21
adjust to their individual
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对于他们自己的舒适度
07:23
comfort needs, to their
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进行调整,
07:25
individual energy balance.
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以及他们的能量平衡
07:27
They can adjust and find
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他们可以调整然后
07:29
their comfort they need to find.
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找到他们需要的舒适
07:31
There are 12 stadia probably
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到时候估计一共有12个体育场
07:36
to come, but there are
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不过训练的场地有
07:38
32 training pitches where
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32个,这些都是给
07:40
all the individual countries
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每个参赛国家
07:42
are going to train.
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而准备的
07:43
We applied the same concept:
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我们可以使用一样的主意
07:45
shading of the training pitch,
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训练场的荫庇
07:47
using a shelter against wind,
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使用挡风板
07:50
then using the grass.
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然后铺上草坪
07:52
Natural-watered lawn is a
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自然生长的草坪是一个
07:54
very good cooling source
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很好的冷却资源
07:56
stabilizing temperature,
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可以稳定温度
07:57
and using dehumidified air to
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并且使用干燥空气去
07:59
create comfort.
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创造舒适
08:00
But even the best passive design
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但是最好的被动设计
08:04
wouldn't help.
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却是没有用的
08:05
We need active system.
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我们需要主动的动力系统
08:06
And how do we do that?
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那么我们怎么做呢？
08:07
Our idea for the bid was
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我们的想法是
08:09
100 percent solar cooling,
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100%的太阳能冷却
08:11
based on the idea that we use
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这是通过体育馆对屋顶
08:13
the roof of the stadia,
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的分析而得出的结论
08:14
we cover the roofs of the stadia
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我们可以占满体育馆的屋顶
08:16
with PV systems.
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去放上PV系统
08:18
We don't borrow any energy
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我们不用其他历史上的
08:21
from history.
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任何能量
08:22
We are not using fossil energies.
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我们不使用化石能源
08:24
We are not borrowing energy
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也不从周围
08:26
from our neighbors.
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借能源
08:27
We're using energy we can harvest
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我们在使用可以在屋顶产生
08:29
on our roofs, and also on the
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的能量
08:32
training pitches, which will be
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当然还有在训练场上的,
08:34
covered with large, flexible
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到时将会被大的和灵活性好
08:36
membranes, and we will see
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的膜罩住.我们在下来几年
08:38
in the next years an industry
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在工业中将会看到
08:40
coming up with flexible
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一种灵活性好的
08:41
photovoltaics, giving
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光电电流的产生,
08:43
the possibilities of shading
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这样就可以荫庇那些太阳
08:44
against strong sun and producing
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很烈的地方并且产生
08:46
electric energy in the same time.
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电能
08:48
And this energy now is
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现在这种能量
08:50
harvested throughout the year,
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正在发展之中
08:52
sent into the grid,
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这些能量
08:53
is replacing fossils
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在电网中取代了
08:55
in the grid, and when I need it
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化石能源,而当我需要它用来冷却
08:58
for the cooling, I take it
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的时候,我就从电网中
09:00
back from the grid and I
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拿出来然后
09:02
use the solar energy
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使用在电网上
09:05
which I have brought to the grid
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已经有的太阳能
09:07
back when I need
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这样就有个我们需要的
09:08
it for the solar cooling.
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太阳能冷却
09:09
And I can do that in the first
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这样第一年我可以就这样做
09:10
year and I can balance that
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后面10年中我可以将他们
09:11
in the next 10, and the next
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都平衡下来,在下来20年
09:13
20 years, this energy,
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这种能源
09:14
which is necessary to condition
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就对于在卡塔尔的世界杯
09:17
a World Cup in Qatar,
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很重要了
09:19
the next 20 years, this energy
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接下来的20年,这种能源
09:21
goes into the grid of Qatar.
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就会进入卡塔尔的电网
09:23
So this -- (Applause)
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所以呢这个--(鼓掌)
09:25
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感谢--（鼓掌）
09:26
This is not only useful
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这样不光对体育场有用
09:28
for stadia. We can use that also
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我们可以用在
09:30
in open-air places and streets,
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露天的地方和街道上
09:33
and we've been working on
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我们一直在为"未来城市"
09:34
the City of the Future
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工作
09:35
in Masdar, which is in the
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在马斯达尔,就在阿联酋的
09:37
United Emirates, Abu Dhabi.
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阿比扎比
09:38
And I had the pleasure to work
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而且我非常高兴我在
09:40
on the central plaza.
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中心的广场工作
09:41
And the same idea to use there,
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这个同样的去制造
09:43
to create outdoor conditions
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室外舒适的主意
09:45
which are perceived
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就是我们认为
09:46
as comfortable. People enjoy
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的舒适.人们非常享受
09:47
going there instead of going
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去那里,而不是去一个
09:49
into a shopping mall, which is
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购物广场,
09:51
chilled down and which is
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因为一个是凉爽的一个
09:52
cooled. We wanted to create
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是冷的.我们想要制造
09:54
an outdoor space
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一个十分舒适
09:56
which is so comfortable that
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1967
以至于人们每个下午
09:58
people can go there in the
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都可以去那里
09:59
early afternoon, even in these
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甚至在晴朗的夏季
10:02
sunny and hot summer months,
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他们也能到
10:04
and they can enjoy and meet there
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在那里享受的与他们的
10:05
with their families. (Applause)
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家庭见面的地方
（掌声）
（掌声）
10:07
And the same concept:
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同样的理念:
10:08
shade against the sun,
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遮挡太阳的荫庇
10:10
shade against the wind,
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遮挡强风的挡板
10:11
and use, use and take advantage
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然后利用你能使用的
10:15
of the sun you can harvest
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太阳的
10:17
on your footprint.
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能源
10:18
And these beautiful umbrellas.
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2009
还有这些美丽的雨伞
10:20
So I'd like to encourage you
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因此我鼓励你们
10:25
to pay attention to your
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去对你们
10:27
thermal comfort, to your
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的热量舒适度有所注意
10:29
thermal environment,
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以及热量环境
10:30
tonight and tomorrow,
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今晚和明天
10:32
and if you'd like to learn more
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如果你还想
10:34
about that, I invite you
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多看看呢,我建议
10:35
to go to our website.
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去看一下我们的网站
10:37
We uploaded a very simple
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我下载了一个十分
10:39
perceived temperature calculator
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简单的温度计算器
10:41
where you can check out
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992
这样你可以查看下
10:42
about your outdoor comfort.
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你的外界舒适的情况
10:43
And I also hope that you
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而且我还希望你们
10:47
share the idea that
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都知道如果
10:48
if engineers and designers
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2006
工程师和设计师
10:50
can use all these different
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都能使用这样不同
10:52
climatic parameters,
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1961
的气候常数的话,
10:54
it will be possible to create
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在室外制造一个
10:57
really good and comfortable
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很好很舒适的环境
11:00
outdoor conditions,
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就很有可能了
11:01
to change our thermal perception
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可以改变热量
11:04
that we feel comfortable
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从而我们在外界感觉
11:06
in an outdoor environment,
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更舒服
11:08
and we can do that
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我们可以使用
11:10
with the best passive design,
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1864
最好的被动设计来做
11:12
but also using the energy source
329
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3176
但同时又使用
11:16
of the site in Qatar which is
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在卡塔尔的能源---
11:19
the sun.
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854
太阳
11:19
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
11:22
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感谢.(鼓掌)
11:23
Shukran. (Applause)
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谢谢.(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wolfgang Kessling - PhysicistWolfgang Kessling and his team at Transsolar designed the solar cooling and comfort concepts that helped Qatar win the bid for the 2022 football World Cup.
Why you should listen
Wolfgang Kessling is the Director of climate engineering company Transsolar, which aims to build structures that provide the highest possible comfort levels -- with the lowest possible impact on the environment. Kessling focuses on low energy/high comfort concepts for hot and humid climates. He has been a project manager for the Experimental Cloud in Frankfurt, Germany and the Gehry building for Novartis in Basel, Switzerland. In Asia he has worked on the innovative cooling concept of the Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok and the first Zero Energy Office in Malaysia. Kessling believes that the key to comfort is recognizing that environmental conditions are influenced by all aspects and stages of design.
Wolfgang Kessling | Speaker | TED.com