TEDxSummit
Wolfgang Kessling: How to air-condition outdoor spaces
Wolfgang Kessling: 如何製冷一座球場
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在炎熱的夏季，觀賞戶外球賽或是音樂會可能會像進行烘焙一樣的不舒服--但這是可以避免的。於杜哈舉辦的TEDxSummit，物理學家 Wolfgang Kessling展示了創新、永續性的設計，來進行空調，並且可以收集太陽能源以便日後使用。
Wolfgang Kessling - Physicist
Wolfgang Kessling and his team at Transsolar designed the solar cooling and comfort concepts that helped Qatar win the bid for the 2022 football World Cup. Full bio
Wolfgang Kessling and his team at Transsolar designed the solar cooling and comfort concepts that helped Qatar win the bid for the 2022 football World Cup. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Good evening.
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各位晚上好
00:18
We are in this wonderful
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我們現在在這很棒的
00:20
open-air amphitheater
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開放露天廣場
00:22
and we are enjoying ourselves
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我們在這樣
00:23
in that mild evening
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舒適溫度的夜晚
00:25
temperature tonight,
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玩的很開心
00:26
but when Qatar will host
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但是當10年後
00:31
the football World Cup
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2022年
00:32
10 years from now,
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卡塔爾主辦
00:34
2022,
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世界盃足球賽
00:36
we already heard it will be
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我們已經知道
00:37
in the hot, very hot and sunny
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那會是個很熱很熱 充滿陽光
00:40
summer months of June and July.
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6, 7月的夏季
00:43
And when Qatar has been assigned
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當卡達被指定為
00:45
to the World Cup all, many
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主辦世界盃足球賽的時候
00:47
people around the world have been
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全世界很多人都在想
00:49
wondering, how would it be
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屆時
00:50
possible that football players
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足球員是否可能
00:52
show spectacular football,
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得在像沙漠般氣候的天候
00:54
run around in this desert
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展現他們的球技
00:56
climate? How would it be
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屆時
00:57
possible that spectators sit,
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觀賽者是否可能
01:00
enjoy themselves in open-air
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得在這樣熱的環境
01:03
stadia in this hot environment?
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坐在開放式球場看球
01:06
Together with the architects of
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我們來自Transsolar 的工程師
01:08
Albert Speer & Partner, our engineers
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與Albert Speer & Partner的建築師
01:10
from Transsolar have been
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一同合作
01:12
supporting, have been developing
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已經提供支援 並開發了
01:13
open-air stadia based on 100 percent
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完全由太陽能提供完整的太陽能冷氣系統
01:17
solar power, on 100 percent solar cooling.
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於開放式的球場
01:22
Let me tell you about that,
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讓我來談談這個
01:23
but let me start with comfort.
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從舒適這點
01:25
Let me start with the aspect
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讓我從舒適這點談起
01:26
of comfort, because many people
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很多人
01:28
are confusing
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混淆了
01:31
ambient temperature
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環境溫度
01:33
with thermal comfort.
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與熱舒適性
01:35
We are used to looking at charts like
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我們通常以這樣的圖表來比對
01:36
that, and you see this red line
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你可以看到紅色的線
01:38
showing the air temperature
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表示了氣溫
01:39
in June and July, and yes, that's right,
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在6, 7月的時候
01:41
it's picking up to 45 degrees C.
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氣溫來到了攝氏45度
01:43
It's actually very hot.
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這實際上很熱
01:46
But air temperature is not
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但氣溫
01:49
the full set of climatic
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不能用來完整的定義
01:50
parameters which define comfort.
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舒適氣候
01:53
Let me show you analysis
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我為你們提供一些分折
01:54
a colleague of mine did looking
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我和一些夥伴
01:58
on different football, World Cups,
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探究了一些全世界不同的
02:01
Olympic Games around the world,
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世界盃、奧運足球場
02:02
looking on the comfort
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細究舒適程度
02:04
and analyzing the comfort
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並分析人們觀賞這些
02:05
people have perceived at these
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不同運動賽事
02:08
different sport activities,
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的舒適程度
02:10
and let me start with Mexico.
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讓我從墨西哥開始
02:12
Mexico temperature has been, air
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墨西哥的溫度
02:13
temperature has been something between
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氣溫大約是介於
02:15
15, up to 30 degrees C, and people
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攝氏15到30度
02:18
enjoyed themselves.
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人們感到很自在
02:20
It was a very comfortable game
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在墨西哥，那是很令人舒適的比賽
02:22
in Mexico City. Have a look.
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接著看奧蘭多
02:24
Orlando, same kind of stadium,
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相同類型的球場
02:26
open-air stadium. People have
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開放式球場
02:29
been sitting in the strong sun,
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人們坐在烈陽下
02:32
in the very high humidity
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下午伴隨著高濕度
02:33
in the afternoon, and they
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他們不是很享受
02:35
did not enjoy. It was not comfortable.
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不太舒服
02:36
The air temperature was not too high, but it was not
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氣溫並不太高
02:38
comfortable during these games.
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但是在球賽中並不舒適
02:41
What about Seoul? Seoul, because
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那麼首爾呢
02:43
of broadcast rights, all the
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由於轉播權
02:45
games have been in the late
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所有的比賽都在傍晚進行
02:47
afternoon. Sun has already been
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太陽已經下山
02:48
set, so the games have been
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所以人們可以舒適的
02:50
perceived as comfortable.
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觀賞球賽
02:53
What about Athens? Mediterranean
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那麼雅典呢
02:56
climate, but in the sun it was
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地中海型氣候
02:58
not comfortable. They didn't perceive comfort.
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但在太陽下不舒適，不能夠舒服的觀賞
03:01
And we know that from Spain,
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而西班牙
03:03
we know that "sol y sombra."
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我們知道 sol y sombra(一種西班牙的酒)
03:05
If you have a ticket, and you
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如果你有一張票
03:07
get a ticket for the shade,
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而且是一張在蔭涼處的票
03:09
you pay more, because you're
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你必須付更多錢
03:11
in a more comfortable environment.
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因為你可以待在一個舒適的環境
03:15
What about Beijing?
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而北京呢
03:16
It's again, sun in the day
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同樣的 烈陽當空
03:19
and high humidity,
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伴隨著高濕度
03:21
and it was not comfortable.
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不是很舒適
03:22
So if I overlay, and if you
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我把這些疊在一起
03:23
overlay all these comfort
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當這些舒度區塊疊在一起時
03:25
envelopes, what we see is,
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我們看到的是
03:27
in all these places, air temperature has
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在所有的這些地方
03:29
been ranging something from 25
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氣溫從大約25度
03:33
to 35, and if you go on
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到35度
03:35
the line, 30, of 30 degrees C
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如果你在攝氏30度劃一條線
03:37
ambient temperatures. If you
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30度的環境氣溫
03:39
go along that line you see
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延著這條線
03:41
there has been all kind of
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你可以看到
03:43
comfort, all kinds of perceived
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所有戶外觀賞的類型
03:45
outdoor comfort, ranging from
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包含了
03:47
very comfortable
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非常舒適
03:48
to very uncomfortable.
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到非常不舒適
03:50
So why is that?
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怎麼會這樣呢
03:53
This is because there are
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這是因為
03:55
more parameters influencing
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有更多的變數影響了
03:57
our thermal comfort, which is
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我們的熱舒適性
03:59
the sun, the direct sun,
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包含了陽光、直射陽光
04:01
the diffuse sun, which is wind,
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漫射陽光、風
04:04
strong wind, mild wind, which is
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強風、涼風
04:06
air humidity, which is
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空氣濕度
04:09
the radiant temperature of the
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還有在我們環境週遭的
04:11
surroundings where we are in.
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輻射熱
04:13
And this is air temperature.
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然後還有氣溫
04:15
All these parameters go into
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所有這些變數都對我們人體
04:16
the comfort feeling of our
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的舒適感
04:18
human body, and scientists
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造成影響
04:19
have developed a parameter,
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科學家已經發展出一種參數
04:22
which is the perceived
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也就是感知溫度
04:23
temperature, where all these
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所有這些
04:25
parameters go in and help
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變數集合起來
04:28
designers to understand
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並幫助設計者了解
04:30
which is the driving parameter
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什麼樣的因素影響
04:33
that I feel comfort or that
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使我感到舒適
04:34
I don't feel comfort.
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或使我感到不舒適
04:36
Which is the driving parameter
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什麼樣的因素
04:37
which gives me a perceived
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影響了我的感知溫度
04:39
temperature? And these parameters,
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而這些變數
04:41
these climatic parameters are
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這些氣候變數
04:43
related to the human metabolism.
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與人們的代謝有關
04:47
Because of our metabolism,
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因為代謝
04:49
we as human beings,
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我們人類
04:51
we produce heat.
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會產生熱
04:53
I'm excited, I'm talking to you,
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我正激動，我正在演講
04:54
I'm probably producing
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此刻 我也許產生了
04:56
150 watts
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150瓦
04:57
at the moment. You are sitting,
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你們正坐著
04:59
you are relaxed, you're looking
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你們很放鬆 你們正看著我
05:00
at me. It's probably 100
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你們每個人也許產生了
05:02
watts each person is producing,
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100瓦
05:04
and we need to get rid of that
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而我們必須排出這些熱能
05:06
energy. I need, with my body,
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我必須使我的身體
05:07
to get rid of the energy, and
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排除掉這些熱能
05:09
the harder it is for myself,
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如果從我的身體
05:11
for my body, to get rid of the
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排除這些熱能越困難
05:13
energy, the less comfort I feel.
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那我就會覺得越不舒服
05:15
That's it. And if I don't
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這就是了
05:17
get rid of the energy,
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如果我不能排出這些熱能
05:19
I will die.
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我就會死
05:20
If we overlay what happens
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如果我們加入
05:24
during the football World Cup,
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於6, 7月所舉行的
05:27
what will happen in June, July,
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世界盃足球賽可能會發生的情況
05:28
we will see, yes, air
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我們可以看到
05:29
temperature will be much higher,
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氣溫將會更高
05:31
but because the games and
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但由於比賽、競技
05:33
the plays will be in the afternoon,
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是在下午舉行
05:35
it's probably the same comfort
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相比於我們在其它地方
05:37
rating we've found in other
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所觀察到的不舒適
05:39
places which has perceived
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這也許會是
05:40
as non-comfortable.
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一樣的
05:42
So we sat together with a team
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我們與一個準備標案的團隊
05:44
which prepared the Bid Book, or goal,
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一起坐著
05:47
that we said, let's aim
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我們訂定目標
05:49
for perceived temperature,
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重點放在感知溫度
05:51
for outdoor comfort in this range,
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重點放在這個區間的戶外舒適
05:54
which is perceived with a
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也就是
05:56
temperature of 32 degrees
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攝氏32度
05:59
Celsius perceived temperature,
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的感知溫度
06:00
which is extremely comfortable.
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這是非常舒適的
06:03
People would feel really fine
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人們在開放的戶外環境
06:05
in an open outdoor environment.
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會覺得相當舒適
06:07
But what does it mean?
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但這代表了什麼呢
06:09
If we just look on what happens,
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如果我們看看即將發生的
06:11
we see, temperature's too high.
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我們發現 氣溫太高了
06:13
If we apply the best architectural design,
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即使我們發揮最好的建築設計
06:16
climate engineering design,
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及氣候工程設計
06:17
we won't get much better.
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我們仍然不能得到更好的結果
06:20
So we need to do something active.
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我們必須主動的做些什麼
06:22
We need, for instance, to bring
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我們必須 例如說
06:24
in radiant cooling technology,
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引進輻射冷卻技術
06:26
and we need to combine this
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我們必須結合這個
06:28
with so-called soft conditioning.
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稱為軟空調
06:30
And how does it look like in a stadium?
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那麼 在球場裡看來會是怎麼樣
06:32
So the stadium has a few
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球場有一些
06:34
elements which create that
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能產生戶外舒適的元素
06:36
outdoor comfort. First of all,
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首先
06:37
it's shading. It needs
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它是有遮蔽的
06:39
to protect where the people
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它必須保護人們
06:42
are sitting against strong
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坐在可以抵擋
06:43
and warm wind.
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強風和暖風的地方
06:44
But that's not all what we need
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但這不是我們所有得做的
06:46
to do. We need to use
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我們必須使用
06:49
active systems.
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主動系統
06:51
Instead of blowing a hurricane
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相反於在球場中
06:54
of chilled air through the stadium,
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吹出冰冷的暴風
06:56
we can use radiant
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我們使用了
06:58
cooling technologies, like a
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輻射熱冷卻技術
07:00
floor heating system where water
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如同嵌在地板中的
07:02
pipes are embedded in the floor.
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地板加熱系統
07:04
And just by using cold water
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只是改為使用冷水
07:06
going through the water pipes,
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來流過水管
07:08
you can release the heat
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你便可以釋放
07:09
which is absorbed during the day
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於球場在白天所吸收的熱能
07:11
in the stadium, so you can
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所以
07:13
create that comfort, and then by
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你可以創造這樣的舒適感
07:14
adding dry air instead of
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再加上 引進乾空氣
07:17
down-chilled air, the spectators
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而不是向下吹的冷空調
07:19
and the football players can
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觀賽者和足球員
07:21
adjust to their individual
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便可以調整他們各別的
07:23
comfort needs, to their
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舒適需求
07:25
individual energy balance.
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來達成各別的熱能平衡
07:27
They can adjust and find
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他們可以調整
07:29
their comfort they need to find.
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並找到他們所需要的舒適感
07:31
There are 12 stadia probably
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之後大約會有12個球場
07:36
to come, but there are
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但是
07:38
32 training pitches where
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有32個訓練球場
07:40
all the individual countries
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讓各個國家隊
07:42
are going to train.
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進行訓練
07:43
We applied the same concept:
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我們套用了相同的概念
07:45
shading of the training pitch,
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在訓練球場中
07:47
using a shelter against wind,
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使用遮蔽來擋風
07:50
then using the grass.
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並使用這些草
07:52
Natural-watered lawn is a
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自然灌溉的草坪
07:54
very good cooling source
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是穩定氣溫
07:56
stabilizing temperature,
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相當好的冷卻來源
07:57
and using dehumidified air to
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我們 再使用乾燥的空氣
07:59
create comfort.
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來產生舒適感
08:00
But even the best passive design
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但即使是最好的被動設計
08:04
wouldn't help.
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也無法解決
08:05
We need active system.
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我們需要主動系統
08:06
And how do we do that?
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我們要怎麼做呢
08:07
Our idea for the bid was
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我們在這個案子的想法是
08:09
100 percent solar cooling,
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百分之百的太陽能冷卻
08:11
based on the idea that we use
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基於這樣的想法
08:13
the roof of the stadia,
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我們使用球場的屋頂
08:14
we cover the roofs of the stadia
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我們使用光電系統
08:16
with PV systems.
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包覆了球場的屋頂
08:18
We don't borrow any energy
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我們不需要借用
08:21
from history.
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任何傳統能源
08:22
We are not using fossil energies.
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我們不需要使用化石燃料能源
08:24
We are not borrowing energy
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我們不需要向我們的鄰居
08:26
from our neighbors.
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借用能源
08:27
We're using energy we can harvest
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我們使用的能源
08:29
on our roofs, and also on the
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我們可以從我們的屋頂獲得
08:32
training pitches, which will be
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在訓練球場中
08:34
covered with large, flexible
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覆蓋上大且可調整的膜
08:36
membranes, and we will see
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我們將在未來幾年
08:38
in the next years an industry
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看到工業生產
08:40
coming up with flexible
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可調整的
08:41
photovoltaics, giving
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太陽光電
08:43
the possibilities of shading
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給予抵擋烈陽的遮蔽
08:44
against strong sun and producing
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並在同一時間
08:46
electric energy in the same time.
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產生電能
08:48
And this energy now is
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這樣的能源
08:50
harvested throughout the year,
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現在可以全年提供
08:52
sent into the grid,
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可以送到電網中
08:53
is replacing fossils
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取代了化石燃料能源
08:55
in the grid, and when I need it
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當我需要它來提供冷卻時
08:58
for the cooling, I take it
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我從電網中
09:00
back from the grid and I
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拿回來
09:02
use the solar energy
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當我需要太陽能冷卻技術時
09:05
which I have brought to the grid
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我使用的是
09:07
back when I need
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我引進電網中
09:08
it for the solar cooling.
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的太陽能源
09:09
And I can do that in the first
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我在第一年可以使用它
09:10
year and I can balance that
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而我一樣可以在接下來
09:11
in the next 10, and the next
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10年 20年
09:13
20 years, this energy,
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達到平衡
09:14
which is necessary to condition
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這能源提供了
09:17
a World Cup in Qatar,
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卡達世界盃的空調
09:19
the next 20 years, this energy
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接下來20年
09:21
goes into the grid of Qatar.
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這能源進入卡達的電網
09:23
So this -- (Applause)
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所以 (掌聲)
09:25
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感謝你們 (掌聲)
09:26
This is not only useful
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這不僅可以用在球場
09:28
for stadia. We can use that also
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我們也可以用它於
09:30
in open-air places and streets,
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開放式空間和街道
09:33
and we've been working on
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我們正在努力於
09:34
the City of the Future
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未來的城市
09:35
in Masdar, which is in the
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馬斯達爾城中
09:37
United Emirates, Abu Dhabi.
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這在 阿拉伯聯合酋長國 阿布扎比
09:38
And I had the pleasure to work
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我很榮幸可以
09:40
on the central plaza.
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在中央廣場工作
09:41
And the same idea to use there,
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同樣的想法也套用在那裡
09:43
to create outdoor conditions
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來創造戶外空調
09:45
which are perceived
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使感知是舒服的
09:46
as comfortable. People enjoy
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人們很享受到這個地方
09:47
going there instead of going
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而不是
09:49
into a shopping mall, which is
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走進一個冷氣直往下吹
09:51
chilled down and which is
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非常冷
09:52
cooled. We wanted to create
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的購物廣場
09:54
an outdoor space
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我們想要創造一種
09:56
which is so comfortable that
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舒適的戶外空間
09:58
people can go there in the
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人們可以在午後走進
09:59
early afternoon, even in these
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甚至
10:02
sunny and hot summer months,
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是在充滿陽光而炎熱的夏天
10:04
and they can enjoy and meet there
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他們可以盡情享受
10:05
with their families. (Applause)
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並與他們的家人相聚 (掌聲)
10:07
And the same concept:
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同樣的概念
10:08
shade against the sun,
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陽光下的遮蔽
10:10
shade against the wind,
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擋風的遮蔽
10:11
and use, use and take advantage
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在這些美麗的雨傘下
10:15
of the sun you can harvest
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我們獲取 並使用
10:17
on your footprint.
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這些來自太陽的能源
10:18
And these beautiful umbrellas.
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從中獲得好處
10:20
So I'd like to encourage you
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我想鼓勵你們
10:25
to pay attention to your
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在今晚和明天
10:27
thermal comfort, to your
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去注意你的
10:29
thermal environment,
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熱舒適性
10:30
tonight and tomorrow,
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及熱舒適環境
10:32
and if you'd like to learn more
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如果你想了解的更多
10:34
about that, I invite you
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我邀請你
10:35
to go to our website.
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來我們的網站
10:37
We uploaded a very simple
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我們上傳了一個很簡單的
10:39
perceived temperature calculator
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感知氣溫計算機
10:41
where you can check out
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992
你可以檢查
10:42
about your outdoor comfort.
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你的戶外舒適度
10:43
And I also hope that you
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我也希望你
10:47
share the idea that
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把這個概念
10:48
if engineers and designers
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2006
分享給工程師與設計師
10:50
can use all these different
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讓他們可以使用這些
10:52
climatic parameters,
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環境變數
10:54
it will be possible to create
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那我們就可以創造
10:57
really good and comfortable
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真正好且舒適的
11:00
outdoor conditions,
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戶外環境
11:01
to change our thermal perception
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並改變我們對熱的感知
11:04
that we feel comfortable
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使我們在戶外環境
11:06
in an outdoor environment,
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感到舒適
11:08
and we can do that
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我們可以用
11:10
with the best passive design,
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最好的被動設計
11:12
but also using the energy source
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並且 加上如同卡塔爾
11:16
of the site in Qatar which is
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來自太陽
11:19
the sun.
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854
的能量來源
11:19
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:22
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感謝你們 (掌聲)
11:23
Shukran. (Applause)
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謝謝 (掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wolfgang Kessling - PhysicistWolfgang Kessling and his team at Transsolar designed the solar cooling and comfort concepts that helped Qatar win the bid for the 2022 football World Cup.
Why you should listen
Wolfgang Kessling is the Director of climate engineering company Transsolar, which aims to build structures that provide the highest possible comfort levels -- with the lowest possible impact on the environment. Kessling focuses on low energy/high comfort concepts for hot and humid climates. He has been a project manager for the Experimental Cloud in Frankfurt, Germany and the Gehry building for Novartis in Basel, Switzerland. In Asia he has worked on the innovative cooling concept of the Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok and the first Zero Energy Office in Malaysia. Kessling believes that the key to comfort is recognizing that environmental conditions are influenced by all aspects and stages of design.
Wolfgang Kessling | Speaker | TED.com