TED2013
Edith Widder: How we found the giant squid
伊迪丝 · 维达：我们是如何发现巨型乌贼的
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自从水下摄影出现后，人类就一直在找寻巨型乌贼（大王乌贼属）。但是这种特别的深海捕食者从没有被视频拍摄到。海洋学家和发明家伊迪丝 · 维达分享了帮助第一次拍摄到巨型乌贼视频的关键时刻和团队工作。
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The Kraken, a beast so terrifying
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北海巨妖，一只恐怖的野兽，
00:19
it was said to devour men and ships and whales,
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据说它吞食活人、船只和鲸鱼，
00:23
and so enormous it could be mistaken for an island.
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并且它是如此巨大以至于会被误认为是一座小岛。
00:26
In assessing the merits of such tales,
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在评估这样的故事的真实性时，
00:29
it's probably wise to keep in mind that old sailor's saw
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聪明的做法也许是谨记着老水手
00:32
that the only difference between a fairytale and a sea story
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对童话和海洋传说的区别的看法
00:35
is a fairytale begins, "Once upon a time,"
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是童话往往这样开始：“很久以前……”
00:38
and a sea story begins, "This ain't no shit." (Laughter)
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而一个海洋传说会这样开始：“这不是胡扯。”（笑）
00:43
Every fish that gets away
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每次讲一个关于跑掉的鱼的故事时，
00:45
grows with every telling of the tale.
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这条鱼都会随着故事讲的次数而变大。
00:47
Nevertheless, there are giants in the ocean,
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然而大海中也有巨人，
00:49
and we now have video proof,
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并且现在我们有了视频为证，
00:52
as those of you that saw the Discovery Channel documentary are no doubt aware.
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如果你们看过探索频道的纪录片，那肯定知道这个。
00:56
I was one of the three scientists on this expedition
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我是参与探索旅程的三位科学家之一，
00:59
that took place last summer off Japan.
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这次旅程于去年夏天在日本开展。
01:01
I'm the short one.
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我是照片里最矮的那个。
01:03
The other two are Dr. Tsunemi Kubodera and Dr. Steve O'Shea.
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其他两位是窪寺恒己博士和史蒂夫·欧谢伊博士。
01:08
I owe my participation in this now-historic event
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我能参与到这个历史性的事件中来
01:11
to TED.
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这还要感谢 TED。
01:13
In 2010, there was a TED event called Mission Blue
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2010年有一场TED活动叫做“蓝色使命”
01:16
held aboard the Lindblad Explorer in the Galapagos
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这场活动在停靠于加拉帕戈斯群岛的林德布拉德探险者号上进行
01:19
as part of the fulfillment of Sylvia Earle's TED wish.
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作为西尔维亚·厄尔的“TED愿望”的一部分。
01:23
I spoke about a new way of exploring the ocean,
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我讲了探索海洋的新途径，
01:25
one that focuses on attracting animals instead of scaring them away.
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其中一个重点是要吸引动物而不是将它们吓跑。
01:30
Mike deGruy was also invited,
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麦克· 德葛鲁也被邀请了，
01:32
and he spoke with great passion about his love of the ocean,
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他很有激情的讲了他对大海的热爱
01:36
and he also talked to me about applying my approach
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并且他还讲到了应用我的方法
01:38
to something he's been involved with for a very long time,
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到一些他参与很久的项目中来，
01:41
which is the hunt for the giant squid.
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那就是寻找巨型乌贼。
01:44
It was Mike that got me invited to the squid summit,
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是迈克让我能受邀参加乌贼研讨峰会，
01:48
a gathering of squid experts at the Discovery Channel
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那是在那个夏天的鲨鱼周中
01:52
that summer during Shark Week. (Laughter)
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在探索频道开展的一次乌贼专家聚会。（笑声）
01:57
I gave a talk on unobtrusive viewing
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我发表了一个关于非介入观察
02:00
and optical luring of deep sea squid
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和使用光诱饵吸引深海乌贼的演讲。
02:02
in which I emphasized the importance
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我强调了探索应采用
02:04
of using quiet, unobtrusive platforms for exploration.
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无声、非介入的平台。
02:09
This came out of hundreds of dives I have made,
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这个结论源自我几百次的潜水活动，
02:12
farting around in the dark
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使用这些平台
02:14
using these platforms,
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在黑暗中四处观察
02:17
and my impression that I saw more animals
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给我的印象是从潜水器中观察
02:21
working from the submersible
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比我使用远程遥控潜艇
02:23
than I did with either of the remote-operated vehicles.
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能够看到更多的动物。
02:25
But that could just be because the submersible has a wider field of view.
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但这可能只是因为潜水器具有更广阔的视角。
02:29
But I also felt like I saw more animals
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另外我还发觉使用蒂伯龙潜艇比温塔娜潜艇
02:30
working with the Tiburon than the Ventana,
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我观察到了更多的动物，
02:32
two vehicles with the same field of view
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两种潜艇的视野相同
02:35
but different propulsion systems.
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但采用了不同的推进系统。
02:37
So my suspicion was that it might have something to do with the amount of noise they make.
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所以我怀疑这可能跟他们产生的噪音大小有关。
02:41
So I set up a hydrophone on the bottom of the ocean,
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因此我在海底安置了一个水听器，
02:43
and I had each of these fly by at the same speed and distance
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然后我让每一个潜艇以同样的速度和距离经过
02:46
and recorded the sound they made.
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并记录它们发出的声音。
02:48
The Johnson Sea-Link -- (whirring noise) --
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约翰逊深海链接潜艇 ---（呼呼声噪音）
02:50
which you can probably just barely hear here,
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的声音可能只能被勉强听到，
02:53
uses electric thrusters -- very, very quiet.
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它使用的是电动推进器 --- 非常、 非常安静。
02:56
The Tiburon also uses electric powered thrusters.
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蒂伯龙潜艇使用的也是电动推进器。
03:00
It's also pretty quiet, but a bit noisier. (Louder whirring noise)
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它也相当安静，但是噪音要稍大一点。（稍大的呼呼声噪音）
03:05
But most deep-diving ROVs these days use hydraulics
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但目前能潜到最深的那些远程遥控潜艇大多使用的是液压驱动系统
03:08
and they sound like the Ventana. (Loud beeping noise)
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它们的声音与温塔娜潜艇的一样。（大声蜂鸣音噪音）
03:11
I think that's got to be scaring a lot of animals away.
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我认为它的声音会吓跑很多的动物。
03:15
So for the deep sea squid hunt,
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所以对于深海乌贼的探索，
03:17
I proposed using an optical lure
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我建议使用光诱饵，
03:19
attached to a camera platform
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将光源安装到一个没有推进器、没有发动机
03:22
with no thrusters, no motors,
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的相机平台上，
03:26
just a battery-powered camera,
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只有一个电池驱动的相机，
03:29
and the only illumination coming from red light
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并且唯一的光源来自红光
03:32
that's invisible to most deep-sea animals
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红光是大部分的深海生物无法看到的
03:34
that are adapted to see primarily blue.
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它们适应了只能主要看到蓝色光。
03:37
That's visible to our eye,
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这对我们是可见的，
03:38
but it's the equivalent of infrared in the deep sea.
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但它相当于深海中的红外线。
03:42
So this camera platform, which we called the Medusa,
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所以这个我们称之为美杜沙的相机平台
03:45
could just be thrown off the back of the ship,
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可以直接从船后方扔到水中，
03:47
attached to a float at the surface with over 2,000 feet of line,
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平台用长于610米的绳索连在船上，
03:52
it would just float around passively carried by the currents,
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它会被动地由洋流驱使在周围漂流，
03:56
and the only light visible to the animals in the deep
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深海中动物们唯一可看见的光
04:01
would be the blue light of the optical lure,
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是光诱饵所发出的蓝色光，
04:05
which we called the electronic jellyfish, or e-jelly,
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我们将其称之为电子水母，
04:09
because it was designed to imitate
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因为它的设计是模仿
04:11
the bioluminescent display
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常见的深海棕色水母
04:14
of the common deep sea jellyfish Atolla.
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所发出的生物光。
04:17
Now, this pinwheel of light that the Atolla produces
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棕色水母所发出的这种旋转光
04:21
is known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm
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被认为是一种生物光报警
04:24
and is a form of defense.
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和一种防御形式。
04:26
The reason that the electronic jellyfish worked as a lure
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电子水母能成为诱饵的原因
04:29
is not because giant squid eat jellyfish,
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不是因为巨型乌贼捕食水母，
04:32
but it's because this jellyfish only resorts to producing this light
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而是因为这种水母只会在它被捕食者咀嚼的时候
04:36
when it's being chewed on by a predator
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发出这种光，
04:39
and its only hope for escape
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水母唯一可以逃生的希望
04:41
may be to attract the attention of a larger predator
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是吸引到更大型捕食者的注意，
04:44
that will attack its attacker
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这样它就会攻击水母的捕食者
04:46
and thereby afford it an opportunity for escape.
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从而让水母有机会逃跑。
04:49
It's a scream for help, a last-ditch attempt for escape,
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这是呼唤帮助的尖叫，逃跑的最后希望，
04:53
and a common form of defense in the deep sea.
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也是深海中一种常见的防御形式。
04:56
The approach worked.
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这个方法是有效的。
04:58
Whereas all previous expeditions had failed to garner
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之前所有的探索活动都没能成功获得
05:02
a single video glimpse of the giant,
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巨型乌贼的影像资料，
05:04
we managed six, and the first triggered wild excitement.
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而我们成功录了六段视频，第一次拍到巨型乌贼的视频时我们兴奋极了。
05:09
Edith Widder (on video): Oh my God. Oh my God! Are you kidding me?Other scientists: Oh ho ho! That's just hanging there.
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（视频中） 伊迪丝 · 维达： 哦，我的上帝。哦，我的上帝！你在跟我开玩笑吗？其他科学家： 哦呵呵！就在那里。
05:22
EW: It was like it was teasing us, doing a kind of fan dance --
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就像它在戏弄我们，跳着一种有趣的舞蹈 ---
05:25
now you see me, now you don't --
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现在你看到我，现在你又看不到我了 ---
05:27
and we had four such teasing appearances,
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我们先看到了四次这样的“戏弄”，
05:30
and then on the fifth, it came in and totally wowed us.
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然后第五次时，它靠近了并完全震撼了我们。”
05:36
(Music) Narrator: (Speaking in Japanese)
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（音乐）讲述人：（日语）
05:40
Scientists: Ooh. Bang! Oh my God! Whoa!
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科学家们： “哦，砰 ！哦，我的上帝！哇噻 ！”
05:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
05:55
EW: The full monty.
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完全的震撼。
06:00
What really wowed me about that
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让我真正震撼的是
06:01
was the way it came in up over the e-jelly
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它来到电子水母上来的方式
06:03
and then attacked the enormous thing next to it,
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然后攻击电子水母旁边的巨大东西，
06:05
which I think it mistook for the predator on the e-jelly.
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我认为它误认为电子水母上面的是水母的捕食者。
06:09
But even more incredible was the footage shot
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但更令人难以置信的是
06:11
from the Triton submersible.
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从特里顿潜水器里拍摄的镜头。
06:14
What was not mentioned in the Discovery documentary
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探索频道纪录片里没有提到的是
06:17
was that the bait squid that Dr. Kubodera used,
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窪寺恒己博士使用的诱饵乌贼：
06:20
a one-meter long diamondback squid
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一只一米长的菱鳍乌贼
06:24
had a light attached to it, a squid jig
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用延绳捕鱼的渔夫使用的乌贼挂钩
06:26
of the type that longline fishermen use,
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将光源附到它身上，
06:29
and I think it was this light
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我认为正是这个光
06:31
that brought the giant in.
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吸引到了巨型乌贼。
06:33
Now, what you're seeing
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现在你们看到的是
06:35
is the intensified camera's view under red light,
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高敏感相机使用红色光录下的影像，
06:40
and that's all Dr. Kubodera could see when the giant comes in here.
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这是窪寺恒己博士在巨型乌贼出现在这里时所看到的全部。
06:44
And then he got so excited,
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然后他变得如此兴奋
06:47
he turned on his flashlight because he wanted to see better,
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他打开了他的手电想看的更清楚些，
06:50
and the giant didn't run away,
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并且巨型乌贼没有逃跑，
06:52
so he risked turning on the white lights on the submersible,
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因此他冒着风险打开了潜水器上的所有白色光，
06:55
bringing a creature of legend
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把一种传说中的生物
06:58
from the misty history into high-resolution video.
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从朦胧的历史变成了高清晰视频。
07:03
It was absolutely breathtaking,
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它是如此的惊人，
07:06
and had this animal had its feeding tentacles intact
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如果这个生物将它的捕食触手
07:09
and fully extended,
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完全伸展开的话，
07:11
it would have been as tall as a two-story house.
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它会有两层楼那样高。
07:14
How could something that big
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为什么如此巨大的东西
07:17
live in our ocean and yet remain unfilmed until now?
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生活在我们的海洋但直到现在才被拍摄到呢？
07:21
We've only explored about five percent of our ocean.
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我们目前只探索了海洋的大约5%。
07:25
There are great discoveries yet to be made down there,
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很多伟大的发现将会出现在水下，
07:28
fantastic creatures representing millions of years of evolution
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代表数百万年的进化过程的伟大生物们
07:33
and possibly bioactive compounds
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和很可能发现的生物活性化合物
07:35
that could benefit us in ways that we can't even yet imagine.
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这些发现可能会带给我们无法想象的好处。
07:38
Yet we have spent only a tiny fraction
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然而相较于宇宙探索
07:42
of the money on ocean exploration
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我们只花了一小部分钱
07:45
that we've spent on space exploration.
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用于海洋探索。
07:47
We need a NASA-like organization for ocean exploration,
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我们需要一个类似美国国家航空航天局的组织来探索海洋，
07:51
because we need to be exploring and protecting
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因为我们需要探索和保护
07:54
our life support systems here on Earth.
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地球上的我们的生命支持系统。
07:56
We need — thank you. (Applause)
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我们需要 --- 谢谢。（掌声）
08:03
Exploration is the engine that drives innovation.
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探索是推动创新的引擎。
08:05
Innovation drives economic growth.
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创新驱动着经济增长。
08:08
So let's all go exploring,
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所以让我们一起去探索吧，
08:10
but let's do it in a way that doesn't scare the animals away,
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但是让我们要用一种不会吓跑动物们的方式，
08:13
or, as Mike deGruy once said,
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或者如麦克· 德葛鲁曾经说过的：
08:15
"If you want to get away from it all
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“如果你想要摆脱一切
08:17
and see something you've never seen,
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并且看到一些你从未见过的东西，
08:19
or have an excellent chance of seeing something that no one's ever seen,
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或有绝佳的机会看到一些前所未见的东西，
08:22
get in a sub."
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那么下到潜水艇里吧。“
08:24
He should have been with us for this adventure.
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他本应和我们一起进行这次冒险。
08:26
We miss him.
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我们缅怀他。
08:28
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com