TED2017
Noah Feldman: Hamilton vs. Madison and the birth of American partisanship
诺亚·费尔德曼: 汉密尔顿 vs. 麦迪逊：美国党派的诞生
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宪法法学家诺亚·费尔德曼说，今天困扰美国政治的分裂现象并不新鲜。 事实上，它可追溯到共和国的早期阶段，当时亚历山大·汉密尔顿和詹姆斯·麦迪逊之间的争端影响了两位创始人之间的关系，也促使形成了美国的最先的政党。 费尔德曼的演讲可以让你看到美国派别主义的一些迷人历史，并且提醒人们，宪法比党派关系更强大。
Noah Feldman - Constitutional law scholar
Noah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law. Full bio
Noah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
If you've been thinking about US politics
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在过去一年左右，
如果你一直在思考美国的政治
如果你一直在思考美国的政治
00:16
and trying to make sense of it
for the last year or so,
for the last year or so,
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并试图理解它,
00:20
you might have hit on something
like the following three propositions:
like the following three propositions:
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你可能会碰到以下三个命题：
00:25
one, US partisanship
has never been so bad before;
has never been so bad before;
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一，美国的党派关系
从未如此糟糕；
从未如此糟糕；
00:31
two,
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二，
00:32
for the first time,
it's geographically spatialized --
it's geographically spatialized --
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首次，
这种关系是地理空间化的
这种关系是地理空间化的
00:36
we're divided between the coasts,
which want to look outwards,
which want to look outwards,
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我们分裂为两部分，
一边是想要向外看的海岸地区，
一边是想要向外看的海岸地区，
00:40
and the center of the country,
which wants to look inwards;
which wants to look inwards;
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另一边是想要向内看的内陆；
00:43
and third,
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第三，
00:45
there's nothing we can do about it.
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我们对此无能为力。
00:49
I'm here to today to say
that all three of these propositions,
that all three of these propositions,
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我今天来这里说
所有这三个命题，
所有这三个命题，
00:52
all of which sound reasonable,
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所有这些听起来虽然很合理，
00:54
are not true.
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它们是错误的。
00:57
In fact,
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事实上，
00:58
our US partisanship goes all the way back
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我们美国的党派关系可追溯到
01:01
to the very beginning of the republic.
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到共和国的开始。
01:05
It was geographically spatialized
in almost eerily the same way
in almost eerily the same way
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在地理上的空间化
几乎和今天是同样的，
01:10
that it is today,
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01:11
and it often has been
throughout US history.
throughout US history.
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这种情况贯穿了美国历史。
01:15
And last,
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最后，
01:16
and by far most importantly,
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最重要的是，
01:19
we actually have
an extraordinary mechanism
an extraordinary mechanism
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我们实际上有一个非凡的机制
01:23
that's designed to help us manage
factional disagreement and partisanship.
factional disagreement and partisanship.
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旨在帮助我们管理
党派分歧和党派关系。
党派分歧和党派关系。
01:29
That technology is the Constitution.
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这种技术是宪法。
01:33
And this is an evolving, subtly,
supplely designed entity
supplely designed entity
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这是一个不断变化的，微妙的，
设计精良的实体
设计精良的实体
01:39
that has the specific purpose
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它的具体目的
01:40
of teaching us how to manage
factional disagreement
factional disagreement
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就是去教我们如何尽可能管理好
01:44
where it's possible to do that,
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派别分歧，
01:46
and giving us techniques
for overcoming that disagreement
for overcoming that disagreement
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并给我们技巧方法去
尽可能克服
尽可能克服
01:49
when that's possible.
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这种分歧。
01:51
Now, in order to tell you the story,
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为了告诉你们这个故事，
01:54
I want to go back
to a pivotal moment in US history,
to a pivotal moment in US history,
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我想回到美国历史中的关键时刻，
01:58
and that is the moment
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那就是
01:59
when factional disagreement
and partisanship was born.
and partisanship was born.
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派别的分歧和多党派诞生的时候。
02:03
There actually was a birth moment --
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在一个诞生的时刻，
02:05
a moment in US history
when partisanship snapped into place.
when partisanship snapped into place.
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美国的党派关系腾空出现。
02:10
The person who's at the core
of that story is James Madison.
of that story is James Madison.
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故事核心人物
是詹姆斯·麦迪逊。
是詹姆斯·麦迪逊。
02:16
And at the moment that this began,
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那时，
02:18
James Madison was riding high.
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詹姆斯·麦迪逊正享受成功。
02:22
He himself was the Einstein
of not only the US Constitution,
of not only the US Constitution,
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他不仅仅是美国宪法的创建者，
02:26
but of constitutional thought
more globally,
more globally,
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更是全球宪法思想之父，
02:29
and, to give him his due,
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公正地来说
02:31
he knew it.
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他知道。
02:33
In a period of time of just three years,
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在短短三年的时间里，
02:36
from 1785 to 1788,
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从1785年到1788年，
02:38
he had conceived, theorized,
designed, passed and gotten ratified
designed, passed and gotten ratified
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他设想，理论化，
设计，通过并得到批准
设计，通过并得到批准
02:45
the US Constitution.
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美国宪法。
02:46
And just to give you
some sense of the enormity
some sense of the enormity
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让你们认识一下
02:49
of what that accomplishment actually was,
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这个成就的巨大规模，
02:51
although Madison
couldn't have known it at the time,
couldn't have known it at the time,
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虽然麦迪逊当时不知道，
02:54
today that same constitutional technology
that he invented is still in use
that he invented is still in use
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如今，他设计的宪法技术仍被使用，
02:59
not only in the US,
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不仅在美国，
03:01
but, 230 years later,
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230年后，
03:02
in places like Canada,
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在加拿大，
03:05
India,
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印度，
03:06
South Africa,
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南非，
03:08
Brazil.
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巴西。
03:10
So in an extraordinary range
of contexts all over the world,
of contexts all over the world,
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所以在世界各地，这个非凡的范围中
03:12
this technology is still the dominant,
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这项技术依然占主导地位，
03:15
most used, most effective technology
to manage governance.
to manage governance.
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是最常用，最有效的政府管理技术。
03:19
In that moment,
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在那一刻，
03:21
Madison believed that,
having solved this problem,
having solved this problem,
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麦迪逊认为，
宪法问题解决了后，
宪法问题解决了后，
03:25
the country would run smoothly,
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国家会运行顺利，
03:27
and that he had designed a technology
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他设计的宪法技术
03:29
that would minimize
the results of factions
the results of factions
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将使派系斗争的结果最小化，
03:32
so there would be no political parties.
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所以不会产生多政党。
03:34
Remarkably, he thought
he had designed a constitution
he had designed a constitution
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值得注意的是，他觉得
他设计的宪法
他设计的宪法
是反对政党化的，
03:36
that was against political parties
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会让多党派变得没有必要。
03:38
and would make them unnecessary.
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03:40
He had gotten an enormous degree of help
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他得到了很大的帮助
03:42
in the final marketing phase
of his constitutional project
of his constitutional project
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在他的宪法项目的最后营销阶段
03:46
from a man you may have heard of,
called Alexander Hamilton.
called Alexander Hamilton.
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从一个你可能听说过的男人，
叫亚历山大·汉密尔顿。
叫亚历山大·汉密尔顿。
03:50
Now, Hamilton was everything
Madison was not.
Madison was not.
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汉密尔顿和麦迪逊
是相反两极。
是相反两极。
03:54
He was passionate,
where Madison was restrained.
where Madison was restrained.
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汉密尔顿充满激情，
麦迪逊却更加保守。
麦迪逊却更加保守。
03:58
He was pansexual,
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汉密尔顿是泛性恋，
04:00
where Madison didn't speak
to a woman expect for once
to a woman expect for once
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而麦迪逊在42岁之前
04:03
until he was 42 years old,
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只和一个女人说过话，
04:05
and then married Dolley
and lived happily ever after for 40 years.
and lived happily ever after for 40 years.
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之后，他与多丽结婚
40多年来一直幸福生活。
40多年来一直幸福生活。
04:08
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:10
To put it bluntly,
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直言不讳，
04:11
Hamilton's the kind of person
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汉密尔顿是那种人
04:12
about whom you would write
a hip-hop musical --
a hip-hop musical --
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你会为他创作一部嘻哈音乐剧，
04:15
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:16
and Madison is the kind of person
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而麦迪逊
04:17
about whom you would not write
a hip-hop musical.
a hip-hop musical.
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身上毫无“嘻哈“元素，
04:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
你甚至都无法为他创作
一部正经的音乐剧。
一部正经的音乐剧。
04:21
Or indeed, a musical of any kind at all.
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04:24
But together,
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但是在一起，
04:25
they had become a rather unlikely pairing,
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他们成为一个不太可能的配对，
04:27
and they had produced
the Federalist Papers,
the Federalist Papers,
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他们共同写了《联邦主义论》，
04:29
which offered a justification
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它为
宪法的营销计划，
宪法的营销计划，
04:31
and, as I mentioned,
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正如我所说，
04:33
a marketing plan for the Constitution,
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给出了理由。
04:35
which had been wildly effective
and wildly successful.
and wildly successful.
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这是非常有效的
并大获成功。
并大获成功。
04:40
Once the new government was in place,
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新政府到位，
汉密尔顿成为财政部长，
04:42
Hamilton became Secretary of the Treasury,
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04:44
and he had a very specific idea in mind.
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他有一个非常具体的想法。
04:47
And that was
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那就是
创立金融机构和基础设施
04:48
to do for financial institutions
and infrastructure
and infrastructure
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04:51
exactly what Madison had done
for constitutions.
for constitutions.
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正如麦迪逊为了宪法所做的一样。
04:55
Again, his contemporaries all knew it.
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他的同时代人也都知道。
04:57
One of them told Madison,
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其中一人告诉麦迪逊，
04:59
who can't have liked it very much,
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他可能不愿意看到
05:01
that Hamilton was the Newton
of infrastructure.
of infrastructure.
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汉密尔顿作为美国基础设施的创立者。
05:05
The idea was pretty straightforward.
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这个想法很简单。
05:07
Hamilton would give
the United States a national bank,
the United States a national bank,
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汉密尔顿会为美国
创立一个国家银行，
创立一个国家银行，
05:10
a permanent national debt --
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一笔永久国债
05:14
he said it would be
"immortal," his phrase --
"immortal," his phrase --
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他说那将会是
“永恒不变的”，
“永恒不变的”，
05:17
and a manufacturing policy
that would enable trade and manufacturing
that would enable trade and manufacturing
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并会制定生产政策，
这将使贸易和制造业
这将使贸易和制造业
05:23
rather than agriculture,
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超越农业，
05:24
which was where the country's primary
wealth had historically been.
wealth had historically been.
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成为美国的首要财务来源。
05:29
Madison went utterly ballistic.
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麦迪逊极力反驳。
05:32
And in this pivotal, critical decision,
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在这个至关重要的决定中，
05:35
instead of just telling the world
that his old friend Hamilton was wrong
that his old friend Hamilton was wrong
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麦迪逊并没有告诉大家
他的老朋友汉密尔顿错了，
他的老朋友汉密尔顿错了，
05:39
and was adopting the wrong policies,
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采取了错误的政策，
05:42
he actually began to argue
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他反而开始争论
05:44
that Hamilton's ideas
were unconstitutional --
were unconstitutional --
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汉密尔顿的想法
违反了宪法，
违反了宪法，
05:47
that they violated the very nature
of the Constitution
of the Constitution
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违反了他俩一起
05:50
that the two of them had drafted together.
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起草的宪法本质。
05:54
Hamilton responded
the way you would expect.
the way you would expect.
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汉密尔顿的回答
正如我们可以预料得到的。
正如我们可以预料得到的。
05:58
He declared Madison to be
his "personal and political enemy" --
his "personal and political enemy" --
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他宣称麦迪逊是
他的“个人和政治敌人”
他的“个人和政治敌人”
06:03
these are his words.
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这些是他的原话。
06:04
So these two founders who had been
such close friends and such close allies
such close friends and such close allies
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两位国父曾经是
亲密的朋友、盟友
亲密的朋友、盟友
06:08
and such partners,
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和合作伙伴，
06:10
then began to produce enmity.
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现在开始产生敌意。
06:13
And they did it in the good,
old-fashioned way.
old-fashioned way.
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他们的做法非常老派。
06:16
First, they founded political parties.
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首先，他们各建政党。
06:17
Madison created a party originally called
the Democratic Republican Party --
the Democratic Republican Party --
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麦迪逊创造了
“民主共和党 ”
“民主共和党 ”
简称“共和党”，
06:21
"Republican" for short --
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06:22
and Hamilton created a party
called the Federalist Party.
called the Federalist Party.
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汉密尔顿建立了
联邦党。
联邦党。
06:26
Those two parties adopted
positions on national politics
positions on national politics
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这两方的政治立场
06:30
that were extreme and exaggerated.
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非常极端和夸张。
06:32
To give you a clear example:
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给你一个明确的例子：
06:34
Madison, who had always believed
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麦迪逊一直相信
06:36
that the country would have
some manufacturing and some trade
some manufacturing and some trade
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国家应有
一些制造业和一些贸易
一些制造业和一些贸易
06:39
and some agriculture,
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和一些农业，
06:40
began attacking Hamilton
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开始攻击汉密尔顿
06:43
as a kind of tool of the financial markets
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说他是金融市场的工具
06:47
whom Hamilton himself intended
to put in charge of the country.
to put in charge of the country.
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一切都是汉密尔顿用来控制
整个国家的伎俩。
整个国家的伎俩。
06:52
That was an overstatement,
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听起来是很夸张，
06:54
but it was something
Madison came to believe.
Madison came to believe.
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但麦迪逊的确这样想。
06:56
He also attacked city life,
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他还攻击城市生活方式，
06:58
and he said that the coasts were corrupt,
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他说，海岸城市是腐败的，
07:00
and what people needed to do
was to look inwards
was to look inwards
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人们需要向内陆看齐
07:03
to the center of the country,
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回到国家的中心，
07:05
to farmers, who were the essence
of Republican virtue,
of Republican virtue,
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尊重农民，他们是
共和党的美德，
共和党的美德，
07:09
and they should go back to the values
that had made American great,
that had made American great,
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人民应该回归
使美国伟大的价值观
使美国伟大的价值观
07:12
specifically the values of the Revolution,
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特别是革命
07:15
and those were the values of low taxes,
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和低税收的价值观，
07:18
agriculture
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增强农业
07:19
and less trade.
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并减少贸易。
07:21
Hamilton responded to this
by saying that Madison was naïve,
by saying that Madison was naïve,
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汉密尔顿回应说
麦迪逊太天真的，
麦迪逊太天真的，
07:26
that he was childish,
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太幼稚，
07:28
and that his goal was
to turn the United States
to turn the United States
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他称麦迪逊的目标会将美国
07:30
into a primitive autarchy,
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变为一个原始的独裁国家
07:32
self-reliant and completely ineffectual
on the global scale.
on the global scale.
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只能自力更生，
在全球范围内完全不起作用。
在全球范围内完全不起作用。
07:36
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:37
They both meant it,
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1705
他们都是认真的，
07:39
and there was some truth
to each of their claims,
to each of their claims,
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2355
他们的主张中有些属实，
07:42
because each side was grossly exaggerating
the views of the other
the views of the other
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因为每一方都是极力夸张
对方的意见
对方的意见
07:46
in order to fight their war.
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1846
为了打赢这场战争。
07:48
They founded newspapers,
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2133
他们各自创立报纸，
07:51
and so for the first time in US history,
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1945
所以在美国历史上第一次，
07:53
the news that people received
came entirely through the lens
came entirely through the lens
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4960
人们的新闻来源
不是来自共和党
不是来自共和党
07:58
of either the Republican
or the Federalist party.
or the Federalist party.
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就是来自于联邦党。
08:03
How does this end?
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一切是怎么结束的？
08:05
Well, as it turned out,
the Constitution did its work.
the Constitution did its work.
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事实证明，
宪法起了作用。
宪法起了作用。
08:09
But it did its work in surprising ways
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但它起作用的方式
令人惊讶，
令人惊讶，
08:13
that Madison himself
had not fully anticipated.
had not fully anticipated.
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麦迪逊自己
也没有充分预料到。
也没有充分预料到。
08:18
First, there was a series of elections.
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1911
首先，有一系列的选举。
08:21
And the first two times out of the box,
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2591
而前两次开箱，
08:23
the Federalists destroyed the Republicans.
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3841
联邦党摧毁了共和党。
08:28
Madison was astonished.
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2230
麦迪逊很惊讶
08:31
Of course, he blamed the press.
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他当然指责新闻界。
08:33
(Laughter)
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2338
（笑声）
08:36
And in a rather innovative view --
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504044
2299
他提出了一个十分创新的观点——
08:38
Madison never failed to innovate
when he thought about anything --
when he thought about anything --
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麦迪逊不管发生什么
都会提出创新的想法 ——
都会提出创新的想法 ——
他说
新闻界偏心于联邦党的原因是
新闻界偏心于联邦党的原因是
08:41
he said the reason
that the press was so pro-Federalist
that the press was so pro-Federalist
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2665
08:44
is that the advertisers
were all Federalists,
were all Federalists,
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512266
3375
广告商都是联邦党人，
08:47
because they were traders on the coasts
who got their capital from Britain,
who got their capital from Britain,
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515665
4727
因为联邦党徒是海岸线城市的贸易商
从大英帝国拿钱
从大英帝国拿钱
08:52
which Federalism was in bed with.
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520416
1963
和英国关系混乱不清。
08:55
That was his initial explanation.
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523796
1658
那是他的初步解释。
08:58
But despite the fact that the Federalists,
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526232
2048
但是，联邦党人
掌权之后，
09:00
once in power,
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528304
1151
颁布了法律
治罪于那些批评政府的人，
治罪于那些批评政府的人，
09:01
actually enacted laws that criminalized
criticism of the government --
criticism of the government --
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09:06
that happened in the United States --
185
534728
1873
这些在美国都发生过，
09:09
nevertheless,
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537746
1765
尽管如此，
09:11
the Republicans fought back,
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539535
1687
共和党人开始反击，
09:13
and Madison began to emphasize
the freedom of speech,
the freedom of speech,
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541246
3303
麦迪逊开始强调
言论自由，
言论自由，
09:16
which he had built
into the Bill of Rights,
into the Bill of Rights,
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2488
他早已把这写入《人权法案》，
09:19
and the capacity of civil society
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2135
和允许成立民间组织的自由。
09:21
to organize.
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1366
09:22
And sure enough, nationally,
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550634
2622
当然，在全国，
09:25
small local groups -- they were called
Democratic-Republican Societies --
Democratic-Republican Societies --
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4363
被称为“民主共和团”的地方团体
09:29
began to form and protest
against Federalist-dominated hegemony.
against Federalist-dominated hegemony.
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4645
开始联合抗议联邦党强势的霸权。
09:35
Eventually, the Republicans managed
to win a national election --
to win a national election --
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5237
最终共和党赢得全国大选，
09:40
that was in 1800.
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568397
1459
那是在1800年。
09:42
Madison became the Secretary of State,
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2220
麦迪逊成为国务卿，
09:44
his friend and mentor Jefferson
became president,
became president,
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572829
2690
他的朋友和导师杰斐逊
成为总统，
成为总统，
09:47
and they actually, over time,
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575543
2222
而实际上，随着时间的推移，
09:49
managed to put the Federalists
completely out of business.
completely out of business.
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577789
4455
他们设法使联邦党
完全失去业务。
完全失去业务。
09:54
That was their goal.
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582665
1286
这就是他们的目标。
09:57
Now, why did that happen?
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585826
1953
为什么会这样呢？
10:00
It happened because in the structure
of the Constitution
of the Constitution
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588668
3821
这是因为宪法的结构
10:04
were several features
that actually managed faction
that actually managed faction
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592513
3760
有几个功能
可以管理党派分歧，
可以管理党派分歧，
10:08
the way there were supposed to do
in the first place.
in the first place.
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2530
这本是首先应该做的事。
10:10
What were those?
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598851
1255
那些是什么？
10:12
One -- most important of all --
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600515
2276
第一，最重要的一点就是
10:14
the freedom of speech.
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602815
1814
言论自由。
10:16
This was an innovative idea at the time.
209
604653
2157
在当时，这是一个创新的想法。
10:18
Namely, that if you were out of power,
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606834
2259
也就是说，如果你失去了政权
10:21
you could still say
that the government was terrible.
that the government was terrible.
211
609117
2758
你还可以说
政府是可怕的
政府是可怕的
10:24
Two,
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612960
1160
第二，
10:26
civil society organization.
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614890
1762
民间社会组织。
10:29
The capacity to put together
private groups, individuals,
private groups, individuals,
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617051
4114
组织私人团体，个人，
10:33
political parties and others
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621189
1607
政党等
10:34
who would organize to try to bring
about fundamental change.
about fundamental change.
216
622820
3133
会带来根本的变化。
10:39
Perhaps most significantly
was the separation of powers --
was the separation of powers --
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627933
4197
也许最重要的一条
是分权原则，
是分权原则，
10:44
an extraordinary component
of the Constitution.
of the Constitution.
218
632154
2479
它是宪法最非凡的部分。
10:47
The thing about the separation of powers
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635139
1948
分权原则
10:49
is that it did then and it does now,
220
637111
2474
不管是在当时还是现在
10:51
drive governance to the center.
221
639609
3509
将治理推向中心。
10:56
You can get elected to office
in the United States
in the United States
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644126
3312
在美国，你可以当选，
10:59
with help from the periphery,
223
647462
1968
通过外围的力量
11:01
right or left.
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649454
1280
不管是左派还是右派。
11:03
It turns out,
225
651476
1260
事实证明，
11:04
you actually can't govern
unless you bring on board the center.
unless you bring on board the center.
226
652760
5339
除非你着重中心，
你无法治理。
你无法治理。
11:10
There are midterm elections
that come incredibly fast
that come incredibly fast
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658980
3718
中期选举会在
总统职位开始没多久后
马上举行。
马上举行。
11:14
after a presidency begins.
228
662722
1929
11:17
Those drive presidents towards the center.
229
665777
2483
这些都会促使总统
注重中间派。
注重中间派。
11:21
There's a structure in which
the president, in fact, does not rule
the president, in fact, does not rule
230
669168
4305
其中存在一个结构，
其实总统并不统治
其实总统并不统治
11:25
or even govern,
231
673497
1411
也并不能管理，
11:26
but can only propose laws
which other people have to agree with --
which other people have to agree with --
232
674932
4045
他们只能提案，
而这些提案必须经过他人的同意。
而这些提案必须经过他人的同意。
11:31
another feature that tends
to drive presidents
to drive presidents
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2582
这就是宪法结构的一个特点
11:34
who actually want to get things done
234
682178
1758
促使总统
11:35
to the center.
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683960
1190
着力于最中心。
11:37
And a glance at the newspapers today
will reveal to you
will reveal to you
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685553
4232
今日的报纸会透露出
11:41
that these principles are still
completely in operation.
completely in operation.
237
689809
3792
这些原则依然在运行。
11:46
No matter how a president gets elected,
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694351
2130
无论总统如何当选，
11:48
the president cannot get anything done
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2778
总统不能做任何事情
11:52
unless the president first of all
follows the rules of the Constitution,
follows the rules of the Constitution,
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3686
除非总统首先
遵循《宪法》的规定，
遵循《宪法》的规定，
11:55
because if not,
241
703715
1156
若是没有遵循，
11:56
the courts will stand up,
as indeed has sometimes occurred,
as indeed has sometimes occurred,
242
704895
3297
法院将采取措施，
确实有时会发生，
确实有时会发生，
12:00
not only recently,
but in the past, in US history.
but in the past, in US history.
243
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2860
不仅最近，
但在过去，在美国历史上。
但在过去，在美国历史上。
12:03
And furthermore,
244
711100
1153
此外，
12:04
the president needs people,
245
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1570
总统需要人民，
12:05
elected officials who know
they need to win election
they need to win election
246
713871
3072
民选官员知道
他们需要
他们需要
从中间派选民中
赢得选举。
赢得选举。
12:08
from centrist voters,
247
716967
1445
12:10
also to back his or her policies
in order to pass laws.
in order to pass laws.
248
718436
4225
也要支持他或她的政策
以通过法规。
以通过法规。
12:15
Without it, nothing much happens.
249
723562
2575
没有它，
没什么事情可以发生。
没什么事情可以发生。
12:19
The takeaway of this brief excursus
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3572
这个简短的美国党派历史的
12:23
into the history of partisanship,
then, is the following:
then, is the following:
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4150
关键点在于
12:29
partisanship is real;
252
737498
1645
党派是真实的
12:32
it's profound;
253
740048
1414
它是深刻的
12:34
it's extraordinarily powerful,
254
742009
2432
它非常强大，
12:36
and it's terribly upsetting.
255
744465
1790
也会令人十分沮丧。
12:39
But the design of the Constitution
is greater than partisanship.
is greater than partisanship.
256
747495
5687
但宪法的设计
大于党派。
大于党派。
12:46
It enables us to manage partisanship
when that's possible,
when that's possible,
257
754278
4433
它使我们能够管理党派
在可能的时候，
在可能的时候，
12:50
and it enables us actually
to overcome partisan division
to overcome partisan division
258
758735
5976
它实际上使我们能够克服党派分裂
12:56
and produce compromise,
259
764735
1648
并产生妥协，
12:58
when and only when that is possible.
260
766407
2245
只有当可能的时候。
13:03
A technology like that
is a technology that worked
is a technology that worked
261
771083
3502
这样的技术
是一种有效的技术
是一种有效的技术
13:06
for the founders,
262
774609
1717
对于国父来说，
13:08
it worked for their grandchildren,
263
776350
2441
它为他们的孙辈服务
13:12
it didn't work at the moment
of the Civil War,
of the Civil War,
264
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2208
它在内战时没有起作用，
13:14
but then it started working again.
265
782316
1914
但后来又开始有用了。
13:16
And it worked for our grandparents,
266
784665
2301
它为我们的祖父母服务，
13:18
our parents,
267
786990
1554
服务我们的父母，
13:20
and it's going to work for us.
268
788568
3418
它也将为我们起效。
13:25
(Applause)
269
793468
4456
（掌声）
13:30
So what you should do is really simple.
270
798725
2102
所以你应该做的很简单。
13:33
Stand up for what you believe in,
271
801769
1733
支持你所相信的，
13:36
support the organizations
that you care about,
that you care about,
272
804387
3206
支持你所关注的组织，
13:39
speak out on the issues
that matter to you,
that matter to you,
273
807617
2837
说出对你很重要的问题，
13:43
get involved,
274
811425
1831
参与其中，
13:45
make change,
275
813280
1515
改变，
13:46
express you opinion,
276
814819
1895
表达你的观点，
13:48
and do it with respect
and knowledge and confidence
and knowledge and confidence
277
816738
3851
并且用尊重，
知识和信心去做，
知识和信心去做，
13:52
that it's only by working together
278
820613
2854
只有人们共同合作，
13:55
that the constitutional technology
can do the job that it is designed to do.
can do the job that it is designed to do.
279
823491
4571
宪法技术才会发挥
它设计好的作用。
它设计好的作用。
14:00
Stand up for what you believe,
280
828997
1693
捍卫你所相信的，
14:02
but take a deep breath while you do it.
281
830714
2099
但是在你做的时候要深吸一口气。
14:05
It's going to be OK.
282
833358
3055
一切都会没有事。
14:09
Thanks.
283
837067
1359
谢谢。
14:10
(Applause)
284
838450
4654
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Noah Feldman - Constitutional law scholarNoah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law.
Why you should listen
Noah Feldman is a professor and writer who tries to figure out how to make the government follow the rules; what the rules are that the government has to follow; and what to do if the rules are being broken. In his work, he asks questions like: How can a 225-year-old constitutional blueprint still work? Can you design a new and better constitution from scratch in places like Iraq and Tunisia? What rights do we have, really?
Feldman is the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and a contributing writer for Bloomberg View. He served as senior constitutional advisor to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, and advised members of the Iraqi Governing Council on the drafting of the Transitional Administrative Law or interim constitution. He is writing a biography on James Madison, principal author of the Constitution and fourth president of the US; it's forthcoming in 2017.
Feldman is the author of six other books: Cool War: The Future of Global Competition (Random House, 2013); Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR’s Great Supreme Court Justices (Twelve Publishing, 2010); The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Princeton University Press, 2008); Divided By God: America's Church-State Problem and What We Should Do About It (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2005); What We Owe Iraq: War and the Ethics of Nation-building (Princeton University Press 2004) and After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2003. He most recently co-authored two textbooks: Constitutional Law, Eighteenth Edition (Foundation Press, 2013) and First Amendment Law, Fifth Edition (Foundation Press, 2013).
Noah Feldman | Speaker | TED.com