TED2017
Noah Feldman: Hamilton vs. Madison and the birth of American partisanship
諾亞·費爾德曼: 漢密爾頓對決麥迪遜：美國黨派的誕生
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憲法法學學者諾亞·費爾德曼說，如今美國的政治分化，早不是什麼新鮮事了。其實這最早可以追朔至共和時期，兩位開國元勳，漢密爾頓與麥迪遜之間的爭鬥。讓我們與講員費爾德曼進入美國黨派分歧的歷史，而你將會有所領悟──憲法本身將證明它比黨派還要偉大，更具有影響力。
Noah Feldman - Constitutional law scholar
Noah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law. Full bio
Noah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
If you've been thinking about US politics
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如果過去一年你曾思索過美國政治，
00:16
and trying to make sense of it
for the last year or so,
for the last year or so,
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並嘗試理解它、將它合理化，
00:20
you might have hit on something
like the following three propositions:
like the following three propositions:
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你腦袋可能會出現以下三個論點：
00:25
one, US partisanship
has never been so bad before;
has never been so bad before;
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第一，美國黨派之爭
從來沒這麼亂過；
從來沒這麼亂過；
00:31
two,
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第二，
00:32
for the first time,
it's geographically spatialized --
it's geographically spatialized --
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美國首次出現了地域差異──
我們彼此分化著──
住在沿岸地區的人們向外看，
住在沿岸地區的人們向外看，
00:36
we're divided between the coasts,
which want to look outwards,
which want to look outwards,
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00:40
and the center of the country,
which wants to look inwards;
which wants to look inwards;
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而居住在內陸地區的人們視野向內；
00:43
and third,
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第三，
我們對此無能為力。
00:45
there's nothing we can do about it.
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00:49
I'm here to today to say
that all three of these propositions,
that all three of these propositions,
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今天在這
我想告訴各位，
00:52
all of which sound reasonable,
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也許這三個論點聽起來合理，
但並不是真的。
但並不是真的。
00:54
are not true.
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00:57
In fact,
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事實上，
00:58
our US partisanship goes all the way back
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美國黨派之爭可追溯至
01:01
to the very beginning of the republic.
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最早的共和民主制政體。
01:05
It was geographically spatialized
in almost eerily the same way
in almost eerily the same way
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當時的地域差異，
與今天幾乎相同。
01:10
that it is today,
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01:11
and it often has been
throughout US history.
throughout US history.
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這現象貫穿著美國歷史。
01:15
And last,
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最後一點，
01:16
and by far most importantly,
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也是到目前最重要的一點，
01:19
we actually have
an extraordinary mechanism
an extraordinary mechanism
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我們其實擁有一個非凡的機制，
01:23
that's designed to help us manage
factional disagreement and partisanship.
factional disagreement and partisanship.
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用於協助我們管理
分歧的意見與黨系之爭。
分歧的意見與黨系之爭。
01:29
That technology is the Constitution.
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這個機制被稱之為「憲法」。
01:33
And this is an evolving, subtly,
supplely designed entity
supplely designed entity
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這是一項不斷革新、微妙、
精良的設計實體，
精良的設計實體，
01:39
that has the specific purpose
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它獨特的用意在於
01:40
of teaching us how to manage
factional disagreement
factional disagreement
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指導我們處理意見分歧，
01:44
where it's possible to do that,
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的確可能可以處理，
同時給了我們解決分歧的工具，
01:46
and giving us techniques
for overcoming that disagreement
for overcoming that disagreement
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在可能的情況下。
01:49
when that's possible.
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01:51
Now, in order to tell you the story,
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現在，為了給你們講這個故事，
01:54
I want to go back
to a pivotal moment in US history,
to a pivotal moment in US history,
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我想回顧一下
一個美國史上的關鍵時刻，
一個美國史上的關鍵時刻，
01:58
and that is the moment
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而正是那時刻，
01:59
when factional disagreement
and partisanship was born.
and partisanship was born.
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出現了分歧的意見以及黨派的誕生。
02:03
There actually was a birth moment --
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在美國史中這時刻
02:05
a moment in US history
when partisanship snapped into place.
when partisanship snapped into place.
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正是黨派誕生到位的時刻。
02:10
The person who's at the core
of that story is James Madison.
of that story is James Madison.
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詹姆斯·麥迪遜是故事的核心人物。
02:16
And at the moment that this began,
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在故事開始，
02:18
James Madison was riding high.
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詹姆斯·麥迪遜處在巔峰時段。
02:22
He himself was the Einstein
of not only the US Constitution,
of not only the US Constitution,
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麥迪遜不只是美國憲法的創始者，
02:26
but of constitutional thought
more globally,
more globally,
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也將憲政思想傳播到世界，
02:29
and, to give him his due,
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說句公道話，
02:31
he knew it.
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他知道。
02:33
In a period of time of just three years,
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在短短的三年之中，
02:36
from 1785 to 1788,
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1785-1788 年間，
他從構想、理論化、設計、通過，
02:38
he had conceived, theorized,
designed, passed and gotten ratified
designed, passed and gotten ratified
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並得到批准，完成了美國憲法。
02:45
the US Constitution.
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02:46
And just to give you
some sense of the enormity
some sense of the enormity
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我想讓各位理解他所完成的巨作
02:49
of what that accomplishment actually was,
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有多麼的深遠與偉大，
02:51
although Madison
couldn't have known it at the time,
couldn't have known it at the time,
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雖然麥迪遜當時不可能未卜先知，
02:54
today that same constitutional technology
that he invented is still in use
that he invented is still in use
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直到今日，他所投入的憲法實體，
02:59
not only in the US,
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不只美國仍然實行著，
03:01
but, 230 years later,
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在 230 年後，
03:02
in places like Canada,
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許多地方如加拿大、
03:05
India,
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印度、
03:06
South Africa,
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南非、
03:08
Brazil.
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巴西都在用。
03:10
So in an extraordinary range
of contexts all over the world,
of contexts all over the world,
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對全世界影響如此深遠，
03:12
this technology is still the dominant,
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今天這項巨作仍占主導地位，
03:15
most used, most effective technology
to manage governance.
to manage governance.
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對於管理統治上，仍是最頻繁使用
也是最有效的一項技術。
也是最有效的一項技術。
03:19
In that moment,
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當時，
03:21
Madison believed that,
having solved this problem,
having solved this problem,
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麥迪遜相信如果解決了這個問題，
03:25
the country would run smoothly,
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這個國家會運轉的更順利，
03:27
and that he had designed a technology
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因此他設計了這項技術，
03:29
that would minimize
the results of factions
the results of factions
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使派系紛爭傷害降到最小，
03:32
so there would be no political parties.
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也就不會有政黨的出現了。
03:34
Remarkably, he thought
he had designed a constitution
he had designed a constitution
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很顯然的，他認為他所設計的憲法
03:36
that was against political parties
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是不利於政黨的，
03:38
and would make them unnecessary.
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也會使政黨成為不必要。
03:40
He had gotten an enormous degree of help
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他在最後推廣憲法階段
03:42
in the final marketing phase
of his constitutional project
of his constitutional project
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得到了某人莫大的幫助，
而這人你可能聽過，
亞歷山大·漢密爾頓。
亞歷山大·漢密爾頓。
03:46
from a man you may have heard of,
called Alexander Hamilton.
called Alexander Hamilton.
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03:50
Now, Hamilton was everything
Madison was not.
Madison was not.
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漢密爾頓、麥迪遜兩人
天性可說是南轅北轍。
天性可說是南轅北轍。
03:54
He was passionate,
where Madison was restrained.
where Madison was restrained.
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漢密爾頓充滿熱情激昂，
而麥迪遜則是嚴謹拘束，
而麥迪遜則是嚴謹拘束，
03:58
He was pansexual,
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漢密爾頓男女老幼通吃，
04:00
where Madison didn't speak
to a woman expect for once
to a woman expect for once
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麥迪遜則從沒跟女人說過話，
04:03
until he was 42 years old,
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直到他 42 歲那年，
04:05
and then married Dolley
and lived happily ever after for 40 years.
and lived happily ever after for 40 years.
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因此娶了朵莉為妻，
並幸福過了 40 年。
並幸福過了 40 年。
04:08
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:10
To put it bluntly,
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簡而言之，
04:11
Hamilton's the kind of person
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漢密爾頓是
04:12
about whom you would write
a hip-hop musical --
a hip-hop musical --
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那種會使你譜出嘻哈音樂劇的人──
04:15
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:16
and Madison is the kind of person
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而麥迪遜是那種
04:17
about whom you would not write
a hip-hop musical.
a hip-hop musical.
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無法將他譜進嘻哈音樂劇的人。
04:20
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:21
Or indeed, a musical of any kind at all.
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或是，任何種類的音樂劇都不行。
04:24
But together,
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但是他們兩人搭檔一起時，
04:25
they had become a rather unlikely pairing,
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他們配合的天衣無縫，
04:27
and they had produced
the Federalist Papers,
the Federalist Papers,
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他們共同創造出《聯邦論》，
04:29
which offered a justification
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也因此給了──
就如我先前所提到的，
04:31
and, as I mentioned,
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憲法行銷計畫的理由。
04:33
a marketing plan for the Constitution,
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04:35
which had been wildly effective
and wildly successful.
and wildly successful.
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結果十分有效、十分成功。
04:40
Once the new government was in place,
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當新的政府就任時，
04:42
Hamilton became Secretary of the Treasury,
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漢密爾頓當上了財政部部長，
04:44
and he had a very specific idea in mind.
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當時他心頭湧上一個特別的想法。
04:47
And that was
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那就是
04:48
to do for financial institutions
and infrastructure
and infrastructure
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實行金融機構以及基礎建設，
04:51
exactly what Madison had done
for constitutions.
for constitutions.
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就像麥迪遜為憲法所做的一樣。
04:55
Again, his contemporaries all knew it.
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而同僚得知後，
04:57
One of them told Madison,
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其中一個人告訴麥迪遜，
04:59
who can't have liked it very much,
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他不可能願意看到
05:01
that Hamilton was the Newton
of infrastructure.
of infrastructure.
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漢密爾頓成為基礎建設的初始者。
05:05
The idea was pretty straightforward.
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他的想法相當簡單明確。
05:07
Hamilton would give
the United States a national bank,
the United States a national bank,
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漢密爾頓將給美國一間中央銀行，
05:10
a permanent national debt --
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一筆永久的國債──
05:14
he said it would be
"immortal," his phrase --
"immortal," his phrase --
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他說這將會「成為永恆」，
05:17
and a manufacturing policy
that would enable trade and manufacturing
that would enable trade and manufacturing
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而他所制定的產業政策，
將使貿易和製造業
將使貿易和製造業
05:23
rather than agriculture,
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超越農業
05:24
which was where the country's primary
wealth had historically been.
wealth had historically been.
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這項歷史上國家首要財務來源。
05:29
Madison went utterly ballistic.
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麥迪遜極力反駁。
05:32
And in this pivotal, critical decision,
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在這至關重要決定中，
05:35
instead of just telling the world
that his old friend Hamilton was wrong
that his old friend Hamilton was wrong
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除了告訴眾人他的老友
漢密爾頓是錯誤的，
漢密爾頓是錯誤的，
05:39
and was adopting the wrong policies,
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並實施著錯誤的決策，
05:42
he actually began to argue
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他還開始爭論
05:44
that Hamilton's ideas
were unconstitutional --
were unconstitutional --
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漢密爾頓的想法有違憲法的概念──
05:47
that they violated the very nature
of the Constitution
of the Constitution
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違反了他們當初一起起草的
05:50
that the two of them had drafted together.
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憲法其本質。
05:54
Hamilton responded
the way you would expect.
the way you would expect.
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漢密爾頓的回應就如我們預期，
05:58
He declared Madison to be
his "personal and political enemy" --
his "personal and political enemy" --
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他宣稱麥迪遜是
「我個人也是政治上的敵人」──
「我個人也是政治上的敵人」──
06:03
these are his words.
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這是他親口說的。
06:04
So these two founders who had been
such close friends and such close allies
such close friends and such close allies
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這兩位開國元勳人曾是
如此友好、如此親密的盟友、
如此友好、如此親密的盟友、
06:08
and such partners,
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如此有默契的夥伴，
06:10
then began to produce enmity.
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最後彼此產生了敵意。
06:13
And they did it in the good,
old-fashioned way.
old-fashioned way.
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他們的做法很老派，
06:16
First, they founded political parties.
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首先他們各別成立了黨派。
06:17
Madison created a party originally called
the Democratic Republican Party --
the Democratic Republican Party --
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麥迪遜成立的黨派
原本稱為「民主共和黨」，
原本稱為「民主共和黨」，
後來簡稱為「共和黨」，
06:21
"Republican" for short --
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06:22
and Hamilton created a party
called the Federalist Party.
called the Federalist Party.
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而漢密爾頓建立了「聯邦黨。」
06:26
Those two parties adopted
positions on national politics
positions on national politics
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這兩個黨派所擁護的國家政治立場
06:30
that were extreme and exaggerated.
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十分誇張的極端。
06:32
To give you a clear example:
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以下一個例子：
06:34
Madison, who had always believed
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麥迪遜的想法是
06:36
that the country would have
some manufacturing and some trade
some manufacturing and some trade
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一個國家不單單
只發展貿易與製造業，
只發展貿易與製造業，
06:39
and some agriculture,
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農業也必須概括在內，
06:40
began attacking Hamilton
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所以他開始攻擊漢密爾頓，
06:43
as a kind of tool of the financial markets
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說他是金融市場的工具，
06:47
whom Hamilton himself intended
to put in charge of the country.
to put in charge of the country.
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而漢密爾頓打算控制國家。
06:52
That was an overstatement,
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雖然聽起來誇張，
06:54
but it was something
Madison came to believe.
Madison came to believe.
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但這的確是麥迪遜所相信的。
06:56
He also attacked city life,
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麥迪遜同時也攻擊城市的生活型態，
06:58
and he said that the coasts were corrupt,
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他認為沿岸正在腐敗，
07:00
and what people needed to do
was to look inwards
was to look inwards
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人民應該向內陸看，
07:03
to the center of the country,
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應該更關心國家的中心，
07:05
to farmers, who were the essence
of Republican virtue,
of Republican virtue,
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應該注重農民，
即共和黨美德的精髓。
即共和黨美德的精髓。
07:09
and they should go back to the values
that had made American great,
that had made American great,
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同時也應該注重
使美國人偉大的核心價值，
使美國人偉大的核心價值，
07:12
specifically the values of the Revolution,
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尤其是革命的價值觀，
07:15
and those were the values of low taxes,
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即低稅收，
07:18
agriculture
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看重農業，
07:19
and less trade.
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同時減少貿易。
07:21
Hamilton responded to this
by saying that Madison was naïve,
by saying that Madison was naïve,
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漢密爾頓回應說麥迪遜是如此天真，
07:26
that he was childish,
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同時也很幼稚，
07:28
and that his goal was
to turn the United States
to turn the United States
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他的目標是將美國轉變成為
07:30
into a primitive autarchy,
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一個守舊獨裁專制，
07:32
self-reliant and completely ineffectual
on the global scale.
on the global scale.
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一個自給自足，
對全球毫無影響力的國家。
對全球毫無影響力的國家。
07:36
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:37
They both meant it,
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他們都是認真的，
07:39
and there was some truth
to each of their claims,
to each of their claims,
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他們各自的主張中也許有些事實，
07:42
because each side was grossly exaggerating
the views of the other
the views of the other
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這樣說是因為兩邊為了打贏，
07:46
in order to fight their war.
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都把對方的言詞誇大。
07:48
They founded newspapers,
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隨後他們各自成立報社，
07:51
and so for the first time in US history,
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也是美國歷史上頭遭
07:53
the news that people received
came entirely through the lens
came entirely through the lens
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人們所接收到的新聞來源
07:58
of either the Republican
or the Federalist party.
or the Federalist party.
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不是出自共和黨，就是聯邦黨。
08:03
How does this end?
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這最後是如何收場的？
08:05
Well, as it turned out,
the Constitution did its work.
the Constitution did its work.
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結果是，憲法呈現出它的功效，
08:09
But it did its work in surprising ways
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而且是以出乎意料的方式呈現，
08:13
that Madison himself
had not fully anticipated.
had not fully anticipated.
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麥迪遜本身並沒有完全料到。
08:18
First, there was a series of elections.
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首先是一連串的選舉。
08:21
And the first two times out of the box,
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頭兩次讓人跌破眼鏡，
08:23
the Federalists destroyed the Republicans.
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聯邦黨打敗了共和黨。
08:28
Madison was astonished.
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麥迪遜極為錯愕。
08:31
Of course, he blamed the press.
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當然，他責怪媒體。
08:33
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:36
And in a rather innovative view --
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他提出一個相當創新的觀點──
08:38
Madison never failed to innovate
when he thought about anything --
when he thought about anything --
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不管做任何事麥迪遜
總是以創新的觀點出發──
總是以創新的觀點出發──
08:41
he said the reason
that the press was so pro-Federalist
that the press was so pro-Federalist
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他說媒體之所以都支持聯邦黨，
08:44
is that the advertisers
were all Federalists,
were all Federalists,
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是因為廣告商都是聯邦黨人，
08:47
because they were traders on the coasts
who got their capital from Britain,
who got their capital from Britain,
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因為他們是住在沿岸的貿易商，
他們從英國拿資金，
他們從英國拿資金，
08:52
which Federalism was in bed with.
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而英國是聯邦黨人的老相好。
08:55
That was his initial explanation.
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以上是他一開始的解釋。
08:58
But despite the fact that the Federalists,
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儘管聯邦黨
09:00
once in power,
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一上台之後，
09:01
actually enacted laws that criminalized
criticism of the government --
criticism of the government --
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就制定法條，將批評政府列為非法──
09:06
that happened in the United States --
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美國也發生過這種事──
09:09
nevertheless,
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然而
09:11
the Republicans fought back,
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共和黨反擊，
09:13
and Madison began to emphasize
the freedom of speech,
the freedom of speech,
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麥迪遜開始強調言論自由，
09:16
which he had built
into the Bill of Rights,
into the Bill of Rights,
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並將言論自由納入權利法案中，
09:19
and the capacity of civil society
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同時也允許
民間社會組織的成立。
09:21
to organize.
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09:22
And sure enough, nationally,
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所以當然，在全國各地
09:25
small local groups -- they were called
Democratic-Republican Societies --
Democratic-Republican Societies --
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就有一群小型的地方組織，
他們稱之為民主—共和主義社會，
他們稱之為民主—共和主義社會，
09:29
began to form and protest
against Federalist-dominated hegemony.
against Federalist-dominated hegemony.
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開始形成並反擊聯邦黨的霸權。
09:35
Eventually, the Republicans managed
to win a national election --
to win a national election --
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最後，共和黨贏得全國的選舉，
09:40
that was in 1800.
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那是 1800 年。
09:42
Madison became the Secretary of State,
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麥迪遜也成為了國家的國務卿，
09:44
his friend and mentor Jefferson
became president,
became president,
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而他的朋友同時也是導師
傑佛遜成為了美國總統，
傑佛遜成為了美國總統，
09:47
and they actually, over time,
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隨著時間推移，
09:49
managed to put the Federalists
completely out of business.
completely out of business.
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他們真的讓聯邦黨完全消失。
09:54
That was their goal.
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這是他們的目標。
09:57
Now, why did that happen?
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585826
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而為什麼會這樣？
10:00
It happened because in the structure
of the Constitution
of the Constitution
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這是由於憲法的架構中，
10:04
were several features
that actually managed faction
that actually managed faction
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其中有幾項特點
確實可以管理黨派的分歧，
確實可以管理黨派的分歧，
10:08
the way there were supposed to do
in the first place.
in the first place.
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在故事一開始的時候就應該實行了。
10:10
What were those?
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這些特點是什麼呢？
10:12
One -- most important of all --
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第一，也是最重要的一點，
10:14
the freedom of speech.
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1814
言論自由。
10:16
This was an innovative idea at the time.
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在當時這是一個新思維。
10:18
Namely, that if you were out of power,
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換句話說，當你失去政權時，
10:21
you could still say
that the government was terrible.
that the government was terrible.
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你仍有權力說政府的不好。
10:24
Two,
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1160
第二點，
10:26
civil society organization.
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1762
民間社會組織。
10:29
The capacity to put together
private groups, individuals,
private groups, individuals,
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不管是組織私人團體或是聚眾，
10:33
political parties and others
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或是成立政黨等等，
10:34
who would organize to try to bring
about fundamental change.
about fundamental change.
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3133
會帶來本質上的改變。
10:39
Perhaps most significantly
was the separation of powers --
was the separation of powers --
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也許最重要的是權力分立──
10:44
an extraordinary component
of the Constitution.
of the Constitution.
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這是憲法中非凡的組成。
10:47
The thing about the separation of powers
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關於權力分立，
10:49
is that it did then and it does now,
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2474
不管是當時或是現在，
10:51
drive governance to the center.
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都將治理推向中間。
10:56
You can get elected to office
in the United States
in the United States
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在美國你可以
藉由邊陲的支持當選上台，
藉由邊陲的支持當選上台，
10:59
with help from the periphery,
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1968
11:01
right or left.
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不管是偏右或是偏左。
11:03
It turns out,
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1260
然而結果是，
11:04
you actually can't govern
unless you bring on board the center.
unless you bring on board the center.
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5339
除非你注重中間，否則無法治理。
11:10
There are midterm elections
that come incredibly fast
that come incredibly fast
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總統就位後，
11:14
after a presidency begins.
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1929
期中選舉很快就到了，
11:17
Those drive presidents towards the center.
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2483
也因此使總統一定要著重中間。
11:21
There's a structure in which
the president, in fact, does not rule
the president, in fact, does not rule
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4305
事實上在這架構中，總統並不統治
11:25
or even govern,
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1411
或是管理，
11:26
but can only propose laws
which other people have to agree with --
which other people have to agree with --
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4045
但只能提案，
而且必須獲得其他人同意──
而且必須獲得其他人同意──
11:31
another feature that tends
to drive presidents
to drive presidents
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這是另一個架構特色，
11:34
who actually want to get things done
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1758
驅使總統
11:35
to the center.
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將心力放在中間。
11:37
And a glance at the newspapers today
will reveal to you
will reveal to you
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4232
在今日的報紙中你仍可以發現
11:41
that these principles are still
completely in operation.
completely in operation.
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這些原則今日依然運行著。
11:46
No matter how a president gets elected,
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無論一個總統是如何選上的，
11:48
the president cannot get anything done
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總統在沒有遵循憲法前提下
11:52
unless the president first of all
follows the rules of the Constitution,
follows the rules of the Constitution,
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是什麼都無法完成的。
11:55
because if not,
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1156
若沒有遵循憲法，
11:56
the courts will stand up,
as indeed has sometimes occurred,
as indeed has sometimes occurred,
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法院會發聲並採取一些措施，
12:00
not only recently,
but in the past, in US history.
but in the past, in US history.
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這不是現在才有的，
而是從過去美國歷史延續到現在。
而是從過去美國歷史延續到現在。
12:03
And furthermore,
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此外，
12:04
the president needs people,
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總統需要人民，
12:05
elected officials who know
they need to win election
they need to win election
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民選官員都知道他們需要
中間選民以贏得選舉，
12:08
from centrist voters,
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1445
12:10
also to back his or her policies
in order to pass laws.
in order to pass laws.
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及支持他們想通過的法案。
12:15
Without it, nothing much happens.
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若沒有經過這樣的程序，
基本上總統無力改變些什麼。
基本上總統無力改變些什麼。
12:19
The takeaway of this brief excursus
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從歷史上的黨爭
得到的精華概要就是：
得到的精華概要就是：
12:23
into the history of partisanship,
then, is the following:
then, is the following:
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12:29
partisanship is real;
252
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黨派之爭真實存在；
12:32
it's profound;
253
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它影響深遠；
12:34
it's extraordinarily powerful,
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非常有力；
12:36
and it's terribly upsetting.
255
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1790
非常令人生氣。
12:39
But the design of the Constitution
is greater than partisanship.
is greater than partisanship.
256
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5687
然而憲法的設計
是遠超乎黨派本身的。
是遠超乎黨派本身的。
12:46
It enables us to manage partisanship
when that's possible,
when that's possible,
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4433
它使我們能夠管理黨派，
12:50
and it enables us actually
to overcome partisan division
to overcome partisan division
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5976
也使我們可以克服黨派間的分歧，
12:56
and produce compromise,
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1648
並產生妥協，
12:58
when and only when that is possible.
260
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2245
也只有這種情況下才有可能。
13:03
A technology like that
is a technology that worked
is a technology that worked
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3502
這樣的工具
13:06
for the founders,
262
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1717
對開國元勳是有效的，
13:08
it worked for their grandchildren,
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2441
同時也適用於他們的後代子孫，
13:12
it didn't work at the moment
of the Civil War,
of the Civil War,
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2208
雖然在南北戰爭期間
憲法並沒有作用，
憲法並沒有作用，
13:14
but then it started working again.
265
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1914
但戰爭結束後又恢復它的功效了。
13:16
And it worked for our grandparents,
266
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2301
它延伸至我們的祖父母，
13:18
our parents,
267
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1554
我們的父母，
13:20
and it's going to work for us.
268
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3418
當然它也適用於我們。
13:25
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
13:30
So what you should do is really simple.
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2102
而你真正該做的其實很簡單。
13:33
Stand up for what you believe in,
271
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1733
捍衛你所信仰的，
13:36
support the organizations
that you care about,
that you care about,
272
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3206
支持你所關心的組織，
13:39
speak out on the issues
that matter to you,
that matter to you,
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2837
勇敢大聲說出和你息息相關的議題，
13:43
get involved,
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1831
並參與其中，
13:45
make change,
275
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1515
嘗試著改變，
13:46
express you opinion,
276
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1895
說出你的意見，
13:48
and do it with respect
and knowledge and confidence
and knowledge and confidence
277
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3851
並用尊重的心、智慧與自信來做，
13:52
that it's only by working together
278
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2854
唯有當我們共同努力，
13:55
that the constitutional technology
can do the job that it is designed to do.
can do the job that it is designed to do.
279
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4571
憲法系統才能發揮它的效用。
14:00
Stand up for what you believe,
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1693
在捍衛你的信仰之前，
14:02
but take a deep breath while you do it.
281
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2099
深呼吸，
14:05
It's going to be OK.
282
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一切都會沒事的。
14:09
Thanks.
283
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謝謝各位。
14:10
(Applause)
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4654
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Noah Feldman - Constitutional law scholarNoah Feldman studies the intersection of religion, politics and law.
Why you should listen
Noah Feldman is a professor and writer who tries to figure out how to make the government follow the rules; what the rules are that the government has to follow; and what to do if the rules are being broken. In his work, he asks questions like: How can a 225-year-old constitutional blueprint still work? Can you design a new and better constitution from scratch in places like Iraq and Tunisia? What rights do we have, really?
Feldman is the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and a contributing writer for Bloomberg View. He served as senior constitutional advisor to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, and advised members of the Iraqi Governing Council on the drafting of the Transitional Administrative Law or interim constitution. He is writing a biography on James Madison, principal author of the Constitution and fourth president of the US; it's forthcoming in 2017.
Feldman is the author of six other books: Cool War: The Future of Global Competition (Random House, 2013); Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR’s Great Supreme Court Justices (Twelve Publishing, 2010); The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Princeton University Press, 2008); Divided By God: America's Church-State Problem and What We Should Do About It (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2005); What We Owe Iraq: War and the Ethics of Nation-building (Princeton University Press 2004) and After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2003. He most recently co-authored two textbooks: Constitutional Law, Eighteenth Edition (Foundation Press, 2013) and First Amendment Law, Fifth Edition (Foundation Press, 2013).
Noah Feldman | Speaker | TED.com