TED2004
Woody Norris: Hypersonic sound and other inventions
伍迪.诺里斯（Woody Norris）惊人的发明
Filmed:
Readability: 3.2
1,368,299 views
伍迪.诺里斯（Woddy Norris）展示了两个用新方式处理声音的发明，并谈论了自己对发明和教育的非传统的态度。正如他所说的：“至今还没有发明任何东西”。那么——他要谈论些什么呢？
Woody Norris - Inventor
Woody Norris is a serial inventor of electronics, tools and cutting-edge sonic equipment -- such as the LRAD acoustic cannon. Full bio
Woody Norris is a serial inventor of electronics, tools and cutting-edge sonic equipment -- such as the LRAD acoustic cannon. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I became an inventor by accident.
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我能成为一个发明家， 纯属偶然
00:20
I was out of the air force in 1956. No, no, that's not true:
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1956年我从空军退役。不，我说错了
00:25
I went in in 1956, came out in 1959,
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是1956年服役，1959年退役
00:28
was working at the University of Washington,
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退役后在华盛顿大学工作
00:30
and I came up with an idea, from reading a magazine article,
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我在看一篇杂志文章时冒出个想法
00:32
for a new kind of a phonograph tone arm.
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想发明一种新的留声机拾音臂
00:35
Now, that was before cassette tapes, C.D.s, DVDs --
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相比今天的录音带 CD DVD等很酷的产品
00:38
any of the cool stuff we've got now.
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那可以说是古董级的了
00:40
And it was an arm that,
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它是一个臂
00:42
instead of hinging and pivoting as it went across the record,
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用以代替读盘时铰链和枢轴的功能
00:46
went straight: a radial, linear tracking tone arm.
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直截了当的说：放射式直线循迹拾音臂
00:50
And it was the hardest invention I ever made, but it got me started,
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这是我做过最难的一个发明，但是它促使我开始
00:54
and I got really lucky after that.
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之后我就一帆风顺了
00:56
And without giving you too much of a tirade,
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不长篇大论了
00:58
I want to talk to you about an invention I brought with me today:
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今天我给大家带来的是
01:01
my 44th invention. No, that's not true either.
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我的第44个发明。不，又错了
01:05
Golly, I'm just totally losing it.
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天啊，我今天完全不在状态
01:07
My 44th patent; about the 15th invention.
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我的第44个专利，第15个发明
01:10
I call this hypersonic sound.
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我称之为特超声
01:13
I'm going to play it for you in a couple minutes,
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我先播放几分钟给你们听
01:15
but I want to make an analogy before I do
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但是在这之前
01:17
to this.
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我要先道歉
01:20
I usually show this hypersonic sound and people will say,
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通常，我播放这个特超声后
01:23
That's really cool, but what's it good for?
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人们都会说确实很酷，但是有什么用呢？
01:26
And I say, What is the light bulb good for?
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我则会说，那灯泡有什么用呢？
01:29
Sound, light: I'm going to draw the analogy.
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我用声和光来举例
01:32
When Edison invented the light bulb, pretty much looked like this.
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爱迪生发明的灯泡，和这个差不多
01:35
Hasn't changed that much.
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并没有太大的改进
01:37
Light came out of it in every direction.
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光向各个方向照射
01:40
Before the light bulb was invented,
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在发明灯泡以前
01:42
people had figured out how to put a reflector behind it,
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人们已经懂得，在其后面放一个反射器
01:45
focus it a little bit;
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聚焦效果就会好些
01:47
put lenses in front of it,
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前面再放一个透镜
01:49
focus it a little bit better.
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效果会更好些
01:51
Ultimately we figured out how to make things like lasers
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最终，我们掌握了如何制造激光
01:54
that were totally focused.
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那就是完全聚焦
01:57
Now, think about where the world would be today
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现在想象下，如果我们只有灯泡
01:59
if we had the light bulb,
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而不懂得聚焦
02:03
but you couldn't focus light;
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如今的世界会是什么样子
02:05
if when you turned one on it just went wherever it wanted to.
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你开灯后，光向任意方向照射
02:10
That's the way loudspeakers pretty much are.
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喇叭就和这个差不多
02:13
You turn on the loudspeaker,
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你打开喇叭
02:15
and after almost 80 years of having those gadgets,
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在这个玩意已经被发明了80多年后
02:18
the sound just kind of goes where it wants.
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声音还是像当初那样传播
02:21
Even when you're standing in front of a megaphone,
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就算你站在麦克风前面
02:23
it's pretty much every direction.
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传播的方向基本上也是任意方向
02:25
A little bit of differential, but not much.
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有一点点差别，但不是很多
02:28
If the light bulb was the way the speaker is,
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如果灯泡和喇叭一样
02:31
and you couldn't focus or sharpen the edges or define it,
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不能聚焦或限定它
02:34
we wouldn't have that, or movies in general,
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我们就不能播放幻灯片，电影
02:39
or computers, or T.V. sets,
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电脑或电视机
02:42
or C.D.s, or DVDs -- and just go down the list
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又或者CD和DVD，等等等等
02:45
of what the importance is
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其重要的特征都是
02:47
of being able to focus light.
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能聚焦
02:50
Now, after almost 80 years of having sound,
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在喇叭发明了80年后的今天
02:54
I thought it was about time that we figure out
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我认为是时候掌握
02:56
a way to put sound where you want to.
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如何将声音按照你们想要的方式传播了
03:00
I have a couple of units.
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我带来了一组设备
03:02
That guy there was made for a demo I did yesterday early in the day
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这是用来演示的，我昨天早上做的
03:04
for a big car maker in Detroit who wants to put them in a car --
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底特律的一家知名汽车制造商想把它们安装在汽车上
03:07
small version, over your head --
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一个小的型号，可以戴在头上
03:09
so that you can actually get binaural sound in a car.
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这样你就可以在汽车里面享受到真正的立体声
03:13
What if I could aim sound the way I aim light?
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如果我能像瞄准光一样瞄准声音会怎么样？
03:18
I got this waterfall I recorded in my back yard.
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这是我在我家后院录的声音
03:21
Now, you're not going to hear a thing unless it hits you.
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现在，除非我对准你，否则你是听不到的
03:25
Maybe if I hit the side wall it will bounce around the room.
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也可能是我对准了侧壁，然后声波在屋内回荡
03:28
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
03:31
The sound is being made right next to your ears. Is that cool?
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声音就在你耳边产生，很酷吧？
03:35
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
03:43
Because I have some limited time, I'll cut it off for a second,
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因为时间有限，我中断一会
03:45
and tell you about how it works and what it's good for.
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来讲解下它的原理和用途
03:48
Course, like light, it's great to be able to put sound
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当然，能像光一样用声音勾勒出
03:51
to highlight a clothing rack, or the cornflakes, or the toothpaste,
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晾衣架，或者玉米片、牙膏
03:54
or a talking plaque in a movie theater lobby.
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又或电影院大厅的公告板太好了
03:57
Sony's got an idea -- Sony's our biggest customers right now.
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索尼有一个想法--索尼是我们目前最大的客户
04:01
They tried this back in the '60s
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60年代他们试过这些想法
04:03
and were too smart, and so they gave up.
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但是由于太超前了，他们只能放弃
04:05
But they want to use it -- seriously.
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但是他们还是想使用这些发明，真的
04:08
There's a mix an inventor has to have.
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一个发明家必须是全才
04:10
You have to be kind of smart,
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你必须非常聪明
04:12
and though I did not graduate from college doesn't mean I'm stupid,
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虽然我不是大学毕业，但是不代表我笨
04:16
because you cannot be stupid and do very much in the world today.
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在这个世界上，太笨就会被淘汰
04:19
Too many other smart people out there. So.
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因为聪明的人太多了
04:21
I just happened to get my education in a little different way.
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我只是恰巧通过另一种方式接受教育
04:23
I'm not at all against education.
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我不是完全反对教育
04:26
I think it's wonderful; I think sometimes people,
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我认为教育很好，只是认为有时候
04:28
when they get educated, lose it:
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人们去接受教育，却失去了教育
04:31
they get so smart they're unwilling to look at things that they know better than.
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过于自大，以至于不稀罕其他事物，因为他们认为自己更好
04:35
And we're living in a great time right now,
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我们现在生活的时代很好
04:38
because almost everything's being explored anew.
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因为几乎所有东西都被重新探究过
04:41
I have this little slogan that I use a lot, which is:
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我有一个用很多次的口号，就是
04:44
virtually nothing --
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一无所有
04:46
and I mean this honestly --
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我是认真的
04:48
has been invented yet.
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至今没有发明任何东西
04:50
We're just starting.
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我们仅仅在摸索的开端
04:52
We're just starting to really discover the laws of nature and science and physics.
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我们对自然法则、科学、物理的探索才刚刚开始
04:56
And this is, I hope, a little piece of it.
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对于所掌握的，我希望，只是冰山一角
04:58
Sony's got this vision back -- to get myself on track --
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索尼开阔了眼界，并使我步入正轨
05:02
that when you stand in the checkout line in the supermarket,
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当你站在超市的结账口时
05:05
you're going to watch a new T.V. channel.
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你要看一个特别的电视频道
05:07
They know that when you watch T.V. at home,
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他们知道当你在家看电视时
05:09
because there are so many choices
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由于你有很多的选择
05:11
you can change channels, miss their commercials.
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你可以换台，跳过他们的广告
05:15
A hundred and fifty-one million people every day stand in the line at the supermarket.
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每天有1.5亿人要站在超市的结账口
05:20
Now, they've tried this a couple years ago and it failed,
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如今，这个他们采用多年的方法出现问题了
05:22
because the checker gets tired of hearing the same message
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因为，收银员厌倦了听重复的信息
05:24
every 20 minutes, and reaches out, turns off the sound.
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每20分钟就循环一次
05:28
And, you know, if the sound isn't there, the sale typically isn't made.
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大家知道 ，广告是促销的有效手段
05:31
For instance, like, when you're on an airplane, they show the movie,
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例如，当你在候机厅时
05:34
you get to watch it for free;
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你可以免费欣赏电影
05:36
when you want to hear the sound, you pay.
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但如果要听声音，你就需要购买
05:38
And so ABC and Sony have devised this new thing
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所以ABC和索尼设计了一项新的试验
05:42
where when you step in the line in the supermarket --
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当你走进超市的结账口时
05:45
initially it'll be Safeways. It is Safeways;
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最初将在西韦夫商店试验
05:48
they're trying this in three parts of the country right now --
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现在在全国的三家西韦夫商店测试
05:50
you'll be watching TV.
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你还是要观看电视频道
05:52
And hopefully they'll be sensitive
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但幸运的是，他们这次做的很谨慎
05:54
that they don't want to offend you with just one more outlet.
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因为他们不想让你再次被一个输出声音而干扰
05:56
But what's great about it, from the tests that have been done, is,
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这个设计的的好亮点是
05:59
if you don't want to hear it,
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如果你不想听声音
06:01
you take about one step to the side and you don't hear it.
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你向旁边侧一步就听不到了
06:04
So, we create silence as much as we create sound.
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因此 ，我们制造声音，但同时我们也创造安静
06:08
ATMs that talk to you; nobody else hears it.
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ATM机和你对话时，别人无法听到
06:11
Sit in bed, two in the morning, watch TV;
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凌晨两点，你坐在床上看电视
06:13
your spouse, or someone, is next to you, asleep;
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你的爱人，或其他人还在旁边睡觉
06:17
doesn't hear it, doesn't wake up.
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就听不到，也不会被吵醒
06:19
We're also working on noise canceling things like snoring, noise from automobiles.
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我们同样致力于消除噪音，像鼾声或汽车的噪音
06:25
I have been really lucky with this technology:
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这项技术确实给我带来了好运
06:29
all of a sudden as it is ready, the world is ready to accept it.
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当这项技术成熟了，这个世界也就准备好了接受
06:34
They have literally beat a path to our door.
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他们甚至在我们门前排起了队
06:36
We've been selling it since about last September, October,
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我们从去年的九、十月份就开始发售这项技术
06:39
and it's been immensely gratifying.
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销量非常不错
06:42
If you're interested in what it costs -- I'm not selling them today --
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如果你对价格感兴趣，但今天不卖
06:44
but this unit, with the electronics and everything,
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这套设备，包括电子器件和其他所有的零件
06:46
if you buy one, is around a thousand bucks.
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每套售价在1000美元左右
06:48
We expect by this time next year,
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我们希望在明年的这个时候
06:50
it'll be hundreds, a few hundred bucks, to buy it.
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价格可以降到几百美元
06:52
It's not any more pricey than regular electronics.
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相比家用电器，这一点都不贵
06:56
Now, when I played it for you, you didn't hear the thunderous bass.
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现在，当我播放时，你们听不到嘈杂的低声
07:00
This unit that I played goes from about 200 hertz to above the range of hearing.
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这组设备播放的声音可以达到200赫兹，超过了听觉范围
07:05
It's actually emitting ultrasound -- low-level ultrasound --
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实际上它是在发射超声波，低电平的超声波
07:09
that's about 100,000 vibrations per second.
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振动频率是每秒十万次
07:12
And the sound that you're hearing,
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你现在听到的声音
07:14
unlike a regular speaker on which all the sound is made on the face,
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和在表面制造声音的普通喇叭不同
07:18
is made out in front of it, in the air.
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这个是外部，在空气中制造声音
07:21
The air is not linear, as we've always been taught.
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正如我们一直被告诉的，空气是非线性的
07:25
You turn up the volume just a little bit --
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把音量稍微调高一点
07:27
I'm talking about a little over 80 decibels --
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我的意思是略高于80分贝
07:30
and all of a sudden the air begins to corrupt signals you propagate.
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突然之间空气开始将传播的信号扭曲化
07:34
Here's why: the speed of sound is not a constant. It's fairly slow.
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原因是：声速不是常数。相当慢
07:39
It changes with temperature and with barometric pressure.
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但是声速根据温度和气压的变化而变化
07:43
Now, imagine, if you will, without getting too technical,
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现在，想象一下不用任何高科技水段
07:46
I'm making a little sine wave here in the air.
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我在空气中制造一些正弦波
07:49
Well, if I turn up the amplitude too much,
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如果我将振幅调的过大
07:52
I'm having an effect on the pressure,
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则会对气压产生影响
07:55
which means during the making of that sine wave,
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也就是说在制造正弦波的同时
07:58
the speed at which it is propagating is shifting.
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声音的传播速度发生了变化
08:01
All of audio as we know it
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我们常见的广播
08:04
is an attempt to be more and more perfectly linear.
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是力图接近完美的线性化
08:08
Linearity means higher quality sound.
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线性化意味着更好的音质
08:12
Hypersonic sound is exactly the opposite:
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特超声则完全相反
08:16
it's 100 percent based on non-linearity.
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它属于完全的非线性
08:20
An effect happens in the air, it's a corrupting effect of the sound --
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它也作用于空气，但是是相反的效果
08:25
the ultrasound in this case -- that's emitted,
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这就是特超声
08:28
but it's so predictable
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但是它是可预测的
08:30
that you can produce very precise audio out of that effect.
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你可以制造精确的广播来消除这种影响
08:34
Now, the question is, where's the sound made?
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现在的问题是，那么声音从何而来？
08:37
Instead of being made on the face of the cone,
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不是在这个表面形成
08:39
it's made at literally billions of little independent points
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而是沿着空气中这条狭窄的带
08:43
along this narrow column in the air,
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数亿计独立的点而形成的
08:47
and so when I aim it towards you,
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所以当我把它对准你
08:49
what you hear is made right next to your ears.
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你听到的声音就在耳边形成
08:52
I said we can shorten the column,
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我说过我们可以缩短这条带
08:55
we can spread it out to cover the couch.
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我们可以将其扩散以覆盖整排座椅
08:57
I can put it so that one ear hears one speaker,
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我可以将其设置成只一支耳朵听一个喇叭
09:00
the other ear hears the other. That's true binaural sound.
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而另一只听的是其他的声音，这才是真正的立体声
09:04
When you listen to stereo on your home system,
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当你用家庭影院的音响时
09:07
your both ears hear both speakers.
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你两耳听到的都是一个喇叭的声音
09:10
Turn on the left speaker sometime
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就算只打开左边的喇叭
09:12
and notice you're hearing it also in your right ear.
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你右耳还是能听到左边喇叭的声音
09:14
So, the stage is more restricted --
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而剧院的情况就更糟了
09:17
the sound stage that's supposed to spread out in front of you.
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剧院的声音是在你的前方散播
09:20
Because the sound is made in the air along this column,
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因为声音时沿着空气中这条带形成
09:23
it does not follow the inverse square law,
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它不遵循平方反比定律
09:25
which says it drops off about two thirds
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也就是说距离每增加一倍
09:28
every time you double the distance:
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它就会减弱大约三分之二
09:30
6dB every time you go from one meter, for instance, to two meters.
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例如：你从1米走到2米，声音就会减弱6分贝
09:35
That means you go to a rock concert or a symphony,
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而现在，你去听摇滚音乐会或交响乐会时
09:38
and the guy in the front row gets the same level
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前排和后排
09:40
as the guy in the back row, now, all of a sudden.
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享受到的效果是一样的
09:42
Isn't that terrific?
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了不起吧？
09:45
So, we've been, as I say, very successful, very lucky,
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所以，正如我所说的，非常成功也非常幸运
09:48
in having companies catch the vision of this,
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很多公司对这个发明感兴趣
09:51
from cars -- car makers who want to put a stereo system in the front for the kids,
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汽车制造商想为儿童在汽车的前排安装一个音响系统
09:55
and a separate system in the back --
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在后排再另装一个独立的系统
09:57
oh, no, the kids aren't driving today.
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噢，不，儿童是禁止驾驶的
09:59
(Laughter)
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（观众笑）
10:00
I was seeing if you were listening.
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我是在试探你们是不是睡着了
10:02
Actually, I haven't had breakfast yet.
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实际上，我还没有吃早餐
10:04
A stereo system in the front for mom and dad,
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为大人在前排安装一个立体音响系统
10:08
and maybe there's a little DVD player in the back for the kids,
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在后排为孩子们装一个迷你的DVD播放器
10:11
and the parents don't want to be bothered with that,
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这样父母就不会被后排的DVD
10:13
or their rap music or whatever.
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或者摇滚音乐或其他的东西所打扰
10:15
So, again, this idea of being able to put sound anywhere you want to
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因此，随心所欲控制声音的想法
10:18
is really starting to catch on.
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正在开始变成现实
10:20
It also works for transmitting and communicating data.
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它还可以应用于数据的传送和通信
10:24
It also works five times better underwater.
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传播的速度比在水下的快4倍
10:27
We've got the military -- have just deployed some of these into Iraq,
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我们已经得到军方的订单，并将其中一些应用在伊拉克
10:31
where you can put fake troop movements
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比如在四分之一英里远的山坡上
10:34
quarter of a mile away on a hillside.
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制造军队调遣的假象
10:36
(Laughter)
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（观众笑）
10:39
Or you can whisper in the ear of a supposed terrorist some Biblical verse.
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或者在一个恐怖嫌疑分子耳边小声念圣经
10:43
(Laughter)
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（观众笑）
10:45
I'm serious. And they have these infrared devices
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我是认真的 他们确实有这样的红外线装置
10:51
that can look at their countenance,
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他们用它可以在100码远的地方
10:54
and see a fraction of a degree Kelvin in temperature shift
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看到恐怖分子的面部表情
10:58
from 100 yards away when they play this thing.
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和温度变化中的绝对温度率
11:01
And so, another way of hopefully determining who's friendly and who isn't.
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另外，也可以用以辨别敌友
11:05
We make a version with this which puts out 155 decibels.
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我们做一个155分贝的版本
11:10
Pain is 120.
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痛苦指数是120
11:12
So it allows you to go nearly a mile away and communicate with people,
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它可以使你在一英里外与其他人交流
11:16
and there can be a public beach just off to the side,
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那可以是在一个公共的海滩上
11:18
and they don't even know it's turned on.
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而他们根本不知道这打开了
11:20
We sell those to the military presently for about 70,000 dollars,
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我们卖给军方的售价是7万美元
11:24
and they're buying them as fast as we can make them.
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我们做多少他们就买多少
11:26
We put it on a turret with a camera, so that when they shoot at you,
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我们通过一个照相机把它安装在塔楼上，因此当恐怖分子对你射击时
11:31
you're over there, and it's there.
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你其实在另外一个地方 这里相只是一台照相机
11:34
I have a bunch of other inventions.
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我还有很多其他的发明
11:36
I invented a plasma antenna, to shift gears.
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我发明过一个用来变速的等离子体天线
11:38
Looked up at the ceiling of my office one day --
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有一天 我正在仰望办公室的天花板
11:41
I was working on a ground-penetrating radar project --
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当时正在做一个探底雷达的项目
11:45
and my physicist CEO came in and said, "We have a real problem.
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这时 物理学家CEO进来说：“ 我们遇到麻烦了
11:49
We're using very short wavelengths.
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我们采用的波长太短
11:52
We've got a problem with the antenna ringing.
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因此天线的铃声有问题
11:54
When you run very short wavelengths,
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当你采用很短的波长时
11:56
like a tuning fork the antenna resonates,
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天线就会和音叉产生共振
11:58
and there's more energy coming out of the antenna
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而且从天线中传出来的能量
12:00
than there is the backscatter from the ground
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比来自于地面的反向散射要多
12:02
that we're trying to analyze, taking too much processing."
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我们正在尝试分析试 但数据处理的工作量太大了
12:05
I says, "Why don't we make an antenna that only exists when you want it?
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我说 为什么不做一个只有用的时候才存在的天线？
12:10
Turn it on; turn it off.
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可以打开可以关闭
12:13
That's a fluorescent tube refined."
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那是一个细致化的荧光管
12:18
I just sold that for a million and a half dollars, cash.
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我卖了150万美元 现金付款
12:21
I took it back to the Pentagon after it got declassified,
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在它被破解后 我将其收回给五角大楼
12:24
when the patent issued, and told the people back there about it,
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当专利被批准后 我告诉他们它的来由时
12:28
and they laughed, and then I took them back a demo and they bought.
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他们笑了 然后我带去了一个样品 他们买下来了
12:30
(Laughter)
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（观众笑）
12:32
Any of you ever wore a Jabber headphone -- the little cell headphones?
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你们有人戴过Jabber耳机吗 迷你型手机耳机？
12:37
That's my invention. I sold that for seven million dollars.
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那是我发明的 当时的售价是七百万美元
12:39
Big mistake: it just sold for 80 million dollars two years ago.
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算盘打错了：两年前 这个技术的转让费用是八千万美元
12:43
I actually drew that up on a little crummy Mac computer
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实际上，我就是在家里阁楼上
12:46
in my attic at my house,
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那台破苹果机上设计的
12:49
and one of the many designs which they have now
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现在很多的发明
12:52
is still the same design I drew way back when.
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和我当初设计时的一样
12:54
So, I've been really lucky as an inventor.
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因此作为一名发明者，我很幸运
12:57
I'm the happiest guy you're ever going to meet.
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我是你们遇到的最开心的人
13:01
And my dad died before he realized anybody in the family
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我的父亲在他可以看到这个家庭
13:06
would maybe, hopefully, make something out of themselves.
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可能或者有希望有所成就前就去世了
13:09
You've been a great audience. I know I've jumped all over the place.
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你们是很棒的观众 我知道我省略了很多细节
13:11
I usually figure out what my talk is when I get up in front of a group.
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我经常是站在观众前后才想起我演讲的主题是什么
13:14
Let me give you, in the last minute,
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在这最后时刻我来告诉你
13:16
one more quick demo of this guy,
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为了那些没有听到的观众
13:19
for those of you that haven't heard it.
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我再来演示一遍
13:22
Can never tell if it's on.
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永远不知道是开着还是关着
13:24
If you haven't heard it, raise your hand.
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没听到的请举手
13:29
Getting it over there?
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好了吗
13:32
Get the cameraman.
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让摄影师也听一下
13:35
Yeah, there you go.
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好嘞
13:37
I've got a Coke can opening that's right in your head; that's really cool.
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我在你脑袋里面打开了可乐瓶 太酷了
13:40
Thank you once again.
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再次感谢
13:42
Appreciate it very much.
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非常感谢
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Woody Norris - InventorWoody Norris is a serial inventor of electronics, tools and cutting-edge sonic equipment -- such as the LRAD acoustic cannon.
Why you should listen
When Woody Norris won the Lemelson-MIT Prize in 2005, his official prize bio called him "a classic independent inventor ... self-educated, self-funded and self-motivated." His mind seems to race toward things the world needs, though we don't know it yet: a nonlethal acoustic weapon that has been used to ward off pirates, a bone-induction headset, radar that can scan the human body, a tapeless tape recorder ...
Norris' educational background is a key to his restless mind. He is not quite "self-educated" -- he's taken many classes, but always at his own speed and in his own style, studying the things he knew he wanted to know and working closely with professors. Ironically, it's a model that cutting-edge colleges are now embracing.
His inventions have seeded several public companies. Recently he has been working on the AirScooter -- a sort of propeller-powered counterpart to the Moller SkyCar.
Woody Norris | Speaker | TED.com