TED2010
David Cameron: The next age of government
戴维·卡梅伦：政府的下一个时代
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这位英国保守党领袖说，我们正在进入一个崭新的时代 -- 政府自身拥有更少的权利（和更少的钱），同时人民借助新兴科技则拥有更多的权利。利用行为经济学的新观点，他探讨如何将上述趋势转化为更聪明有力的政策。
David Cameron - Politician
David Cameron is the prime minister of the UK and the leader of the UK's Conservative Party. Full bio
David Cameron is the prime minister of the UK and the leader of the UK's Conservative Party. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Someone once said that politics is, of course, "showbiz for ugly people."
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有人曾说过：“政治，”当然地，“是丑陋的人的演艺圈。”
00:21
So, on that basis, I feel like I've really arrived.
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因此，基于此评价，我在这个圈子从政。
00:25
The other thing to think of is what an honor it is, as a politician,
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我认为该想到的另一件事是，作为一位政客，来TED演说
00:28
to give a TED talk, particularly here in the U.K.,
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是一个多么大的荣誉，尤其是在这里英国，
00:31
where the reputation of politics, with the expenses scandal, has sunk so low.
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在这个政客的声誉因为开支丑闻降到如此之低的国家。
00:37
There was even a story recently that scientists had thought about
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最近甚至还有一个故事，说科学家已经想到
00:41
actually replacing rats in their experiments with politicians.
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真正地要用政客来取代实验室的老鼠。
00:46
And someone asked,"Why?"
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有人问：“为什么？”
00:48
and they said, "Well, there's no shortage of politicians,
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于是他们回答：“嗯，我们从来不缺政客，
00:52
no one really minds what happens to them
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而且没有人真正关心他们身上发生了什么事。
00:55
and, after all, there are some things that rats just won't do."
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再有，毕竟有一些事情是老鼠完全没法做的。”
00:58
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:00
Now, I know you all love data, so I'm starting with a data-rich slide.
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现在，我知道大家喜欢数据，所以我将以丰富的数据幻灯片开始。
01:04
This, I think, is the most important fact to bear in mind
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我认为，这个是在英国政治或美国政治中
01:07
in British politics or American politics,
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需要铭记的最重要事实。
01:11
and that is: We have run out of money.
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那就是：我们已经入不敷出了。
01:13
We have vast budget deficits.
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我们有大量的预算赤字。
01:16
This is my global public debt clock,
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这是我们全球公共债务时钟，
01:19
and, as you can see, it's 32 trillion and counting.
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正如你们看到的，32万亿，而且还在不停地计数。
01:23
And I think what this leads to
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我认为，这个让我们知道
01:25
is a very simple recognition,
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一个非常简单的共识：
01:28
that there's one question in politics at the moment above all other,
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在当前，政治上有一个高于一切的难题
01:31
and it's this one: How do we make things better without spending more money?
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那就是：我们如何能花很少的钱但把事情做得更好？
01:36
Because there isn't going to be a lot of money to improve public services,
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因为不会再有大量的钱来改善公共服务
01:40
or to improve government, or to improve so many of the things
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或者用来改善政府，或者用来改善政治家们谈论的
01:43
that politicians talk about.
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如此之多的事情。
01:45
So what follows from that is that if you think it's all about money --
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因此紧接着的后果就是，如果你认为这一切完全是基于钱，
01:51
you can only measure success in public services
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如果你只能通过花费更多的钱来衡量公共服务的成功，
01:54
in health care and education and policing by spending more money,
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来衡量卫生保健和教育以及警力治安的成功，
01:58
you can only measure progress by spending money --
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如果你只能通过花钱多少来衡量进步的话，
02:01
you're going to have a pretty miserable time.
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那你将会有一个相当悲惨的时期。
02:04
But if you think a whole lot of other things matter that lead up to well being --
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但是如果你想一想其它一大堆重要的、能带来幸福的事情，
02:08
things like your family relationships, friendship, community, values --
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比如你的家庭关系，友情，社区，价值观，
02:11
then, actually, this is an incredibly exciting time to be in politics.
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那么，实际上，这是一个难以置信地激动人心的政治时刻。
02:16
And the really simple argument I want to make tonight,
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我今晚想要论证的观点真的很简单，
02:18
the really straightforward argument is this:
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这个坦诚易懂的观点就是：
02:20
That if we combine the right political philosophy, the right political thinking,
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如果我们把正确的政治哲学，正确的政治思考
02:26
with the incredible information revolution that has taken place,
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和已经发生的不可思议的信息革命结合起来，
02:30
and that all of you know so much more about than I do,
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而关于这个信息革命大家知道得比我多得多。
02:34
I think there's an incredible opportunity to actually remake politics,
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我认为这将会得到一个可以真正改造政治、
02:38
remake government, remake public services,
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改造政府、改造公共服务的难以置信的好机会，
02:41
and achieve what's up on that slide, which is a big increase in our well-being.
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并且如幻灯片上所言使人们福利幸福大幅提升。
02:46
That's the argument I want to make tonight.
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这就是我今晚想要论证的观点。
02:49
So, starting with the political philosophy.
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那么，从政治哲学开始
02:52
Now I'm not saying for a minute that British Conservatives have all the answers.
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我现在不是说英国保守党就拥有解决问题的方案。
02:55
Of course we don't.
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我们当然没有。
02:57
But there are two things at heart that I think drive a conservative philosophy
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但是我认为保守党哲学有两个核心东西，
03:02
that are really relevant to this whole debate.
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它们跟今天讨论的真的很有关联。
03:04
The first is this: We believe that if you give people
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第一件：我们相信如果你赋予人民
03:06
more power and control over their lives,
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更多的权利去掌控他们自己的生活，
03:09
if you give people more choice,
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如果你给予人民更多的选择，
03:11
if you put them in the driving seat,
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如果你把他们放到驾驶座上，驾驭自己的人生，
03:13
then actually, you can create a stronger and better society.
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那么，事实上，你便能创建一个更强大更美好的社会。
03:16
And if you marry this fact with the incredible abundance
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并且，如果你把这个事实和当今世界我们拥有的难以置信的丰富信息
03:20
of information that we have in our world today,
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结合起来，
03:22
I think you can completely, as I've said,
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正如我已经说过的，我认为你可以彻底地
03:24
remake politics, remake government, remake your public services.
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改造政治，改造政府，改造大众公共服务。
03:29
The second thing we believe is we believe in going with the grain of human nature.
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我们相信的第二件：我们相信应该顺应人类的天性。
03:33
Politics and politicians will only succeed
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政治和政治家们只有真正地了解人民自己真实的想法来对待人民，
03:36
if they actually try and treat with people as they are,
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而不是以政治家的想法希望人民要怎样来对待他们，
03:41
rather than as they would like them to be.
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这才能够成功。
03:44
Now, if you combine this very simple, very conservative thought --
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现在，如果你把这条非常简单非常保守的思想，
03:47
go with the grain of human nature --
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顺应人类的天性
03:49
with all the advances in behavioral economics,
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和所有行为经济学的成果
03:52
some of which we were just hearing about,
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其中的一些我们才刚刚听到的成果结合起来，
03:54
again, I think we can achieve a real increase in well-being,
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再一次地，我认为我们能够真正地提升社会福利大众幸福，
03:57
in happiness, in a stronger society
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提升快乐，创建一个更强大的社会，
04:00
without necessarily having to spend a whole lot more money.
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而不需花费一大堆的钱。
04:04
Now, why do I think now is the moment to make this argument?
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为什么我现在提出这种观点呢？
04:08
Well, I'm afraid you're going to suffer a short, condensed history lesson
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嗯，恐怕你们要忍受一小段、浓缩的历史课。
04:12
about what I would say are the three passages of history:
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我将要说的是历史上的三个时代，
04:15
the pre-bureaucratic age, the bureaucratic age
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前官僚时代，官僚时代，
04:19
and what we now live in, which I think is a post-bureaucratic age.
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以及我们正生活的时代——我称其为“后官僚时代”。
04:22
A simpler way of thinking of it
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一个简单的方式来思考这段历史：
04:24
is that we have gone from a world of local control,
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我们经历了地方掌控的世界，
04:28
then we went to a world of central control,
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然后我们进入到中央掌控的世界，
04:31
and now we're in a world of people control.
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现在我们正处于在人民掌控的世界。
04:33
Local power, central power, now, people power.
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地方掌权，中央掌权，现在，人民掌权。
04:36
Now, here is King Cnut, king a thousand years ago.
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现在看到的是克努特王，1000年前的国王。
04:40
Thought he could turn back the waves; couldn't turn back the waves.
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他以为他能让海浪调头，其实做不到，
04:43
Couldn't actually turn back very much,
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好吧，即使他真的做到过，也不是很明显……
04:45
because if you were king a thousand years ago,
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因为如果你是一千年前的国王，
04:47
while it still took hours and hours and weeks and weeks to traverse your own country,
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那个时候要花上数周的时间才能横越你的国家，
04:52
there wasn't much you were in charge of.
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你能掌控的东西很少。
04:54
You weren't in charge of policing, justice, education, health, welfare.
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你不能掌控治安、司法、教育、卫生、福利。
04:57
You could just about go to war and that was about it.
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你可以发动战争，基本上那是你能做的。
05:01
This was the pre-bureaucratic age,
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这就是前官僚时代
05:03
an age in which everything had to be local.
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一个所有事情都只能是地方性的时代。
05:07
You had to have local control because there was no nationally-available information
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你只能拥有地方性掌控，因为没有全国性的便利信息，
05:12
because travel was so restricted.
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因为交通是如此的受限。
05:14
So this was the pre-bureaucratic age.
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这就是前官僚时代。
05:16
Next part of the cold history lesson,
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现说历史课的下一部分，
05:18
the lovely picture of the British Industrial Revolution.
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英国工业革命的可爱图片。
05:21
Suddenly, all sorts of transport, travel information were possible,
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突然间，所有形式的交通、旅行、信息传递都成为了可能，
05:25
and this gave birth to, what I like to call, the bureaucratic age.
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这就催生了我所说的“官僚时代”。
05:29
And hopefully this slide is going to morph beautifully. There we are.
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让这张幻灯片变化一下。如图所示，
05:32
Suddenly, you have the big, strong, central state.
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突然间，我们有了大而强的中央政权。
05:36
It was able -- but only it was able -- to organize
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它能够但是仅仅能组织起
05:40
health care, education, policing, justice.
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医疗保健，教育，治安和司法。
05:43
And it was a world of, as I say, not local power, but now central power.
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正如我所说，它不再是地方控权，而是一个中央控权的世界。
05:48
It had sucked all that power up from the localities.
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它剥夺了当地地区所有的权利。
05:51
It was able to do that itself.
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它自身能够做到这一点。
05:54
The next great stage, which all of you are so familiar with:
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下一个伟大时代，大家都非常熟悉：
05:57
the massive information revolution.
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规模庞大的信息革命。
06:00
Just consider this one fact:
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就考虑这一个事实：
06:03
One hundred years ago, sending these 10 words cost 50 dollars.
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100年前，发送这10个单词需要花费50美元。
06:07
Right now, here we are linked up to Long Beach and everywhere else,
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就在现在，仅用此费用的一小部分，我们这里就和美国长滩以及其他任何地方，
06:10
and all these secret locations for a fraction of that cost,
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甚至所有那些秘密的地方都在线联结起来了，
06:13
and we can send and receive huge quantities of information
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我们可以发送和接收大量的信息
06:17
without it costing anything.
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而没有任何花费。
06:19
So we're now living in a post-bureaucratic age,
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现在我们生活在一个后官僚时代，
06:24
where genuine people power is possible.
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人民可以真正行使权力，这是可能的。
06:28
Now, what does this mean for our politics,
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现在，这一切对我们的政治，
06:31
for our public services, for our government?
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对我们的公共服务，对我们的政府意味着什么？
06:34
Well I can't, in the time I've got, give huge numbers of examples,
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嗯，就我所知的，我不能给出大量的例子，
06:38
but let me just give a few of the ways that life can change.
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但让我指出一些生活可以改变的方面。
06:43
And this is so obvious, in a way, because
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这在某种程度上是显而易见的，因为
06:45
you think about how all of you have changed
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你想一想我们购物，旅行，经商的方式
06:47
the way we shop, the way we travel, the way that business is done.
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已经发生了怎样的改变。
06:51
That is already happened; the information and Internet revolution
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这些已经发生了；信息和互联网革命
06:54
has actually gone all the way through our societies in so many different ways,
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已经通过如此与众不同的方式贯穿了我们的社会，
06:58
but it hasn't, in every way, yet touched our government.
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但它还没有贯穿所有的方面，尚未触及我们的政府。
07:01
So, how could this happen?
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那么，这触及我们的政府将如何发生？
07:03
Well, I think there are three chief ways that it should make an enormous difference:
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嗯，我认为它应该通过三个主要方面——
07:07
in transparency, in greater choice and in accountability,
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透明度，更多的选择，以及问责制，
07:11
in giving us that genuine people power.
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这会带来巨大的不同，给人民真正的权力。
07:15
If we take transparency, here is one of my favorite websites,
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如果我们说起透明度，这是我最喜欢的网站之一：
07:19
the Missouri Accountability Portal.
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萨里问责制门户。
07:22
In the old days, only the government could hold the information,
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在过去时代，只有政府能持有这些信息，
07:25
and only a few elected people could try and grab that information
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也仅有少数被当选的人才能得到这些信息，
07:29
and question it and challenge it.
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并且质疑和怀疑这些信息。
07:31
Now here, on one website, one state in America,
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现在这里，在一个网站上，美国的一个州，
07:35
every single dollar spent by that government
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政府所花的每一分钱
07:39
is searchable, is analyzable, is checkable.
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都是可以搜索，可以分析，可以对账的。
07:42
Think of the huge change that means:
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想想这意味着的巨大变化。
07:44
Any business that wants to bid for a government contract
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任何想要竞投政府合约的企业
07:47
can see what currently is being spent.
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可以看到目前花费的钱用在哪里。
07:49
Anyone thinking, "I could do that service better, I could deliver it cheaper,"
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任何人如果想“也许我可以提供更好的服务，我可以价格更低地履行”，
07:52
it's all available there.
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数据全都在那儿摆着。
07:54
We have only, in government and in politics,
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与人们借助信息革命在商业世界里所做的相比起来，
07:57
started to scratch the surface of what people are doing in the commercial world
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在政府和政治层面上我们
08:01
with the information revolution.
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仅仅才开始触及到其表面而已。
08:03
So, complete transparency will make a huge difference.
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因此，完全的透明度将带来巨大的变化。
08:06
In this country, if we win the election,
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在英国这个国家，如果我们保守党能赢得大选，
08:08
we are going to make all government spending over 25,000 pounds
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我们将让所有超过25，000英镑的政府开支
08:12
transparent and available online, searchable for anyone to see.
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透明并且可供任何人通过上网搜索而看到。
08:16
We're going to make every contract -- we're announcing this today --
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我们今天在这里宣布，我们将让每一个合同
08:20
available on the Internet so anyone can see
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在网上可查，让任何人都能看到
08:22
what the terms are, what the conditions are,
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条约是什么样的，条件是些什么，
08:24
driving huge value for money,
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从而不仅获得大量的经济收益，
08:26
but also huge increases, I believe, in well-being as well.
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我相信更会得到社会福利的大幅提升。
08:32
Choice. Now you all shop online, compare online, do everything online,
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说到选择。如今你们都上网购物，在网上比较，通过网络做各种事，
08:38
and yet this revolution has hardly touched the surface
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虽然这种革命还几乎没有触及到
08:40
of public services like education, or health care or policing,
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公共服务方面，比如教育，或卫生保健，或治安，
08:44
and you're going to see this change massively.
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但你们将会看到这些方面的大规模改变。
08:47
We should be making this change
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我们应该促成这样的改变。
08:49
with the information revolution in our country,
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随着我们国家的信息革命，
08:51
with searchable health sites, so you can see what operations work out properly,
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通过可搜索的医疗网站，你们可以看到何种手术进展顺利，
08:56
what records doctors have, the cleanliness of hospitals,
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医生们的纪录，医院的卫生程度，
08:59
who does best at infection control --
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谁在感染控制方面做得最好，
09:01
all of the information that would once be locked in the Department of Health
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所有这些曾经被锁在卫生署内部的信息
09:05
is now available for all of us to see.
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现在可供我们所有人查看。
09:08
And the third of these big changes: accountability.
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第三个巨大的变化，问责制。
09:12
This, I think, is a huge change.
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我认为，这个是一个巨大的改变。
09:14
It is a crime map. This is a crime map from Chicago.
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这是一张犯罪地图。只是一张芝加哥的犯罪地图。
09:18
So, instead of having a situation where only the police have the information
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因此，不再单单由警察掌握这些
09:21
about which crimes are committed where,
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何类犯罪在何处发生的信息，
09:24
and we have to employ people in government
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不再需要我们政府雇佣人员
09:27
to try and hold the police to account,
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去监管警察的责任；
09:29
suddenly, we've got this vast opportunity for people power,
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突然间，我们有了巨大的机会去赋予人们权力：
09:32
where we, as citizens, can see what crimes are being committed --
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作为公民，我们要是看到有现场犯罪
09:35
where, when and by whom --
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何时何地以及罪犯是谁，
09:37
and we can hold the police to account.
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我们就可以监管警察的职责。
09:39
And you can see this looks a bit like a chef's hat,
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大家能看到这个图标，看上去像一个厨师的帽子，
09:41
but actually that's an assault, the one in blue.
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但实际上这个蓝色的图标表示一个人身侵犯案件。
09:44
You can see what crime is committed where,
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你们可以看到何类犯罪在何处发生，
09:46
and you have the opportunity to hold your police force to account.
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你们就有机会去监管你们的警察所应尽的职责。
09:49
So those three ways -- transparency, accountability and choice --
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因此，这三个方面：透明度，问责制以及选择权
09:55
will make a huge difference.
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将会带来巨大的不同。
09:57
Now I also said the other principle
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今天我还谈到其他的原则：
09:59
that I think we should work on is understanding of people,
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我认为我们应该致力做到的事，理解人民，
10:01
is recognizing that going with the grain of human nature
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认识到顺应人类的天性，
10:05
you can achieve so much more.
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人民可以做到很多事情。
10:07
Now, we're got a huge revolution in understanding
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如今，关于理解人们为什么按他们的方式行为，
10:09
of why people behave in the way that they do,
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我们有了一个巨大的革命，
10:12
and a great opportunity to put that knowledge and information to greater use.
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也有了很好的机会把这些知识和信息加以更好的利用。
10:17
We're working with some of these people.
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我们正在与他们中的一些人合作。
10:19
We're being advised by some of these people, as was said,
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我们正采用他们中的一些人的建议，正如已经说过的，
10:22
to try and bring all the experience to book.
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来尝试把所有这些经验正规化。
10:26
Let me just give you one example that I think is incredibly simple, and I love.
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让我给你们一个我喜爱的例子，我认为它难以置信的简单。
10:30
We want to get people to be more energy efficient.
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我们希望人们更加节约能源。
10:32
Why? It cuts fuel poverty, it cuts their bills,
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为什么？因为这缓解燃油贫乏，这也减少他们的账单，
10:36
and it cuts carbon emissions at the same time.
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同时这还能减少碳排放量。
10:38
How do you do it?
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怎么实现呢？
10:40
Well, we've had government information campaigns over the years
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嗯，我们过去多年来都有政府的宣传运动，
10:42
when they tell you to switch off the lights when you leave the home.
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告诉你离开家的时候关掉电灯。
10:45
We even had -- one government minister once told us to
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我们甚至有过一位政府部长劝告我们
10:48
brush our teeth in the dark.
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在黑暗中刷牙。
10:50
I don't think they lasted very long.
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我认为这些都没有维持很长时间。
10:52
Look at what this does. This is a simple piece of behavioral economics.
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再来看这个行为方法的例子。这是行为经济学的一个简单方法。
10:56
The best way to get someone to cut their electricity bill
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让人们削减电费的最好办法
10:59
is to show them their own spending,
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是向他们展示他们自己的开支，
11:01
to show them what their neighbors are spending,
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他们邻居的开支，
11:04
and then show what an energy conscious neighbor is spending.
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和有节能意识的邻居的开支。
11:07
That sort of behavioral economics
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这种行为经济学
11:10
can transform people's behavior
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能够改变人们的行为方式，
11:12
in a way that all the bullying and all the information
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通过一种所有威逼、所有宣传信息
11:15
and all the badgering from a government cannot possibly achieve.
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以及所有来自政府的诱使都不能实现的方式。
11:19
Other examples are recycling.
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另一个例子，回收利用。
11:21
We all know we need to recycle more.
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我们都知道我们需要更多的回收利用。
11:23
How do we make it happen?
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我们如何做到这一点？
11:25
All the proof from America is that actually, if you pay people to recycle,
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美国的所有证据表明，事实上，如果你付钱让人民回收利用就可以做到。
11:29
if you give them a carrot rather than a stick,
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如果你给他们的是胡萝卜而不是大棒，
11:31
you can transform their behavior.
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你就能够改变他们的行为方式。
11:34
So what does all this add up to?
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那么，所有这些都意味着什么？
11:36
Here are my two favorite U.S. speeches of the last 50 years.
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过去50年里，这是我最喜欢的两个美国演讲。
11:44
Obviously, here we have JFK with that incredibly simple
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显而易见地，这有约翰肯尼迪极其简单
11:48
and powerful formulation,
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但有力的构想：
11:50
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country,"
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“不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么”
11:55
an incredibly noble sentiment.
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一个令人难以置信的高尚情操。
11:57
But when he made that speech, what could you do
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当他做出这个演讲的时候，
12:00
to build the stronger, better society?
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你能为创建更强更好的社会做些什么呢？
12:02
You could fight for your country, you could die for your country,
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你可以为你的国家战斗，你可以为你的国家牺牲，
12:05
you could serve in your country's civil service,
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你可以投身祖国的公共服务，
12:07
but you didn't really have the information and the knowledge
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但是你不像现今人们那样，他们因获得信息，知识以及能力
12:11
and the ability to help build the stronger society in the way that you do now.
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从而帮助建设更强大社会。
12:16
And I think an even more wonderful speech,
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我在想，一个更加精彩的演讲，
12:19
which I'm going to read a big chunk of,
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我将诵读它的一长段，
12:23
which sums up what I said at the beginning
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它总结了我在开始时说过的，
12:25
about believing there is more to life than money,
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要相信，生活中有比金钱更重要的东西，
12:28
and more that we should try and measure than money.
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比金钱更应该备加珍惜和衡量的东西。
12:31
And it is Robert Kennedy's beautiful description
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这是罗伯特肯尼迪就为什么国民生产总值汇编的
12:33
of why gross national product captures so little:
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涵义如此之少，所做的美妙的形容。
12:36
It "does not allow for the health of our children,
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它“没有考虑到我们孩子的健康、
12:39
the quality of their education, or the joy of their play.
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没有考虑到他们受教育的质量或者他们游戏的乐趣。
12:42
It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages,
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它没有包含我们诗歌的美妙、我们婚姻的力量之美，
12:46
the intelligence of our public debate.
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也没有包含我们公开辩论的智慧。
12:48
It measures neither our wit nor our courage,
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它没有衡量我们的才智和我们的勇气，
12:51
neither our wisdom nor our learning,
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也没有衡量我们的智慧和学识，
12:53
neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country.
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更没有衡量我们对祖国的赤子之心和奉献。
12:56
It measures everything, in short,
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简单地说，除了那些真正赋予生命意义的东西，
12:58
except that which makes life worthwhile."
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它才意味着一切。”
13:01
Again, a sentiment that was so noble and beautifully put 40 years ago,
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同样，这个40年前如此高尚和美丽的观点，
13:06
and a beautiful dream 40 years ago,
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在40年前是个美好的梦想，
13:09
but now with the huge advances in information technology,
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然而现在，随着信息技术的巨大进步，
13:13
with the massive changes in behavioral economics,
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随着行为经济学的大力发展，
13:16
with all that we know about how you advance well-being,
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配合着我们所知的让大众提升幸福的所有方法，
13:20
that if we combine those insights
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如果我们把这些都联系起来，
13:22
of giving power to people, and using information to make that possible,
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把权利赋予人民，使人民可以得到便利信息，
13:26
and using the insight of going with the grain of human nature,
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再顺应人类本性的洞察力，
13:30
while at the same time, understanding why people behave in the way they do,
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与此同时，理解人们行为方式的原因，
13:34
it is a dream more easy to realize today
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那么40年前那个美丽演说中的梦想
13:38
than it was when it was made in that beautiful speech 40 years ago.
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在今天将是一个更容易实现的理想！
13:42
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:44
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Cameron - PoliticianDavid Cameron is the prime minister of the UK and the leader of the UK's Conservative Party.
Why you should listen
David Cameron became the prime minster of the United Kingdom in May 2010, leading a coalition government (the UK's first since World War II). He was elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005, and has been a Member of Parliament for the Witney constituency since 2001. Before he became an MP, he was a Special Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and then to the Home Secretary. He took a break to work in media for seven years, then stood for election in 2001 on an agenda of tax-cutting. (During the election, he also wrote a column for the Guardian.) As a new MP, he took several controversial positions, such as coming out in favor of the "harm reduction" drug policy. He became a member of the shadow cabinet (an alternative cabinet to the party in power) in 2003, and two years later became head of the party.
David Cameron | Speaker | TED.com