TED@BCG Milan
Lana Mazahreh: 3 thoughtful ways to conserve water
拉娜·玛莎蕾: 三种节约用水的方式
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据联合国统计，几乎三分之一世界人口生活在面临水资源危机的国家，同时只有少于百分之五的人生活的国家水资源总量较二十年前有所提高。拉娜·玛莎蕾（Lana Mazahreh）成长于约旦，一个从1973年起水资源就十分稀缺的国家。她从会写自己名字起，就学会了如何节约用水。在这个演讲中，拉娜分享了她从缺水国家学到的关于节约用水的三个经验，并提到我们将面临世界水资源危机。
Lana Mazahreh - Water conservation activist
BCG’s Lana Mazahreh wants individuals, companies and countries to take action against the fast-growing water crisis. Full bio
BCG’s Lana Mazahreh wants individuals, companies and countries to take action against the fast-growing water crisis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In March 2017,
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2017年3月，
00:15
the mayor of Cape Town officially
declared Cape Town a local disaster,
declared Cape Town a local disaster,
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开普敦市长正式宣布，
开普敦是旱情重灾区，
开普敦是旱情重灾区，
00:20
as it had less than four months
left of usable water.
left of usable water.
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因为剩余可用水资源已经
不足以维系四个月的生活。
不足以维系四个月的生活。
00:24
Residents were restricted to 100 liters
of water per person, per day.
of water per person, per day.
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居民每人每天用水量
被限制在100升以内。
被限制在100升以内。
00:29
But what does that really mean?
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这意味着什么呢？
00:31
With 100 liters of water per day,
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每天只有100升水，
00:33
you can take a five-minute shower,
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你可以洗5分钟的澡，
00:36
wash your face twice
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洗两次脸，
00:38
and probably flush the toilet
about five times.
about five times.
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大概可以冲五次马桶。
00:41
You still didn't brush your teeth,
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但不够你刷牙，
00:44
you didn't do laundry,
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你也不能洗衣服，
当然更不用说浇花了。
00:46
and you definitely
didn't water your plants.
didn't water your plants.
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00:50
You, unfortunately, didn't wash your hands
after those five toilet flushes.
after those five toilet flushes.
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并且很不幸，上完
那五次厕所你没有水洗手。
那五次厕所你没有水洗手。
00:55
And you didn't even take a sip of water.
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你甚至都没有喝一口水。
01:00
The mayor described this as that it means
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这就是市长想要表达的意思，
人与水的一种新关系。
01:03
a new relationship with water.
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01:07
Today, seven months later,
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如今，7个月过去了，
我想和你们分享两个
我第二个故乡的故事。
我第二个故乡的故事。
01:08
I can share two things
about my second home with you.
about my second home with you.
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第一：开普敦现在还有水。
01:11
First: Cape Town hasn't run out
of water just yet.
of water just yet.
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01:15
But as of September 3rd,
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但是9月3号开始，
每天100升水的限量降到了87升。
01:17
the hundred-liter limit
dropped to 87 liters.
dropped to 87 liters.
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01:21
The mayor defined the city's new normal
as one of permanent drought.
as one of permanent drought.
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市长宣布久旱会是这个城市的新常态。
01:26
Second:
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第二：
开普敦的遭遇同时
也在其他很多城市上演，
也在其他很多城市上演，
01:28
what's happening in Cape Town
is pretty much coming to many other cities
is pretty much coming to many other cities
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甚至是世界上其他国家。
01:31
and countries in the world.
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01:33
According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations,
Organization of the United Nations,
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根据联合国粮食署的数据，
除去我们没有收集到数据的国家，
01:37
excluding countries
that we don't have data for,
that we don't have data for,
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01:40
less than five percent
of the world's population
of the world's population
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不到百分之五的世界人口所在的国家
如今拥有比20年前更多的水资源。
01:43
is living in a country that has more water
today than it did 20 years ago.
today than it did 20 years ago.
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01:49
Everyone else is living in a country
that has less water today.
that has less water today.
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其余国家的水资源都减少了。
01:53
And nearly one out of three
are living in a country
are living in a country
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同时，几乎三分之一人口所在的国家
面临着水资源危机。
01:56
that is facing a water crisis.
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01:59
I grew up in Jordan,
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我在约旦长大，
02:02
a water-poor country that has experienced
absolute water scarcity since 1973.
absolute water scarcity since 1973.
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一个从1973年开始
就面临水资源稀缺的国家。
就面临水资源稀缺的国家。
02:08
And still, in 2017,
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即便在2017年，
全世界只有10个国家
水资源少于约旦。
水资源少于约旦。
02:10
only 10 countries in the world
have less water than Jordan.
have less water than Jordan.
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02:14
So dealing with a lack of water
is quite ingrained in my soul.
is quite ingrained in my soul.
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所以应付缺水是我生活的一部分。
02:18
As soon as I was old enough
to learn how to write my name,
to learn how to write my name,
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从我会写名字开始，
我就意识到我要节约用水。
02:22
I also learned that I need
to conserve water.
to conserve water.
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02:25
My parents would constantly remind
my siblings and I to close the tap
my siblings and I to close the tap
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我父母会不断提醒我和兄弟姐妹
在刷牙的时候关掉水龙头。
02:29
when we brushed our teeth.
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02:31
We used to fill balloons with flour
instead of water when we played.
instead of water when we played.
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玩耍时，我们灌到气球里
的是面粉而不是水。
的是面粉而不是水。
02:36
It's just as much fun, though.
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当然也很有意思。
（笑声）
02:37
(Laughter)
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几年前，
02:38
And a few years ago,
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我和朋友们接受了冰桶挑战，
02:40
when my friends and I were dared
to do the Ice Bucket Challenge,
to do the Ice Bucket Challenge,
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02:44
we did that with sand.
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但用的是沙子。
（笑声）
02:45
(Laughter)
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02:47
And you might think that,
you know, that's easy,
you know, that's easy,
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你们可能会觉得那很容易，
沙子一点也不冰。
02:50
sand is not ice cold.
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02:51
I promise you, sand goes everywhere,
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但是沙子撒的到处都是，
而且要花很长时间清理。
02:54
and it took ages to get rid of it.
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02:57
But what perhaps I didn't realize
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但是或许我没注意到，
当我小时候玩面粉气球时，
02:59
as I played with flour
balloons as a child,
balloons as a child,
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当我长大把沙子倒在 头上时，
03:02
and as I poured sand
on my head as an adult,
on my head as an adult,
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03:05
is that some of the techniques
that seem second nature to me
that seem second nature to me
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这些行为似乎是我的天性，
干旱地区人民共有的天性，
03:09
and to others who live in dry countries
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这或许可以帮我们应对
即将到来的全球水资源危机。
即将到来的全球水资源危机。
03:11
might help us all address
what is fast becoming a global crisis.
what is fast becoming a global crisis.
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03:18
I wish to share three lessons today,
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我今天想和大家分享三个经验，
03:22
three lessons from water-poor countries
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三个来自缺水国家的经验，
以及他们是如何
在水资源危机中存活下来的。
在水资源危机中存活下来的。
03:24
and how they survived and even thrived
despite their water crisis.
despite their water crisis.
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03:30
Lesson one:
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第一个经验：
让人们知道他们实际拥有多少水。
03:31
tell people how much water
they really have.
they really have.
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03:35
In order to solve a problem,
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要解决问题，
我们首先需要认识到
我们面临着一个问题。
我们面临着一个问题。
03:36
we need to acknowledge that we have one.
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03:39
And when it comes to water,
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当涉及到水资源时，
人们经常欺骗自己，
03:40
people can easily turn a blind eye,
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假装只要水管中还有水，
03:43
pretending that since water
is coming out of the tap now,
is coming out of the tap now,
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就万事大吉了。
03:45
everything will be fine forever.
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03:48
But some smart, drought-affected countries
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但是一些遭受干旱，却机智的国家
采取了一些简单新颖的方法，
03:51
have adopted simple, innovative measures
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让市民，社区和公司
认识到了他们的国家
认识到了他们的国家
03:54
to make sure their citizens,
their communities and their companies
their communities and their companies
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有多么的缺水。
03:58
know just how dry their countries are.
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04:02
When I was in Cape Town earlier this year,
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今年早些时候，
我在高速上看到了一个电子广告牌，
04:04
I saw this electronic billboard
on the freeway,
on the freeway,
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写着这个城市还剩多少水。
04:07
indicating how much water
the city had left.
the city had left.
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04:11
This is an idea they may well have
borrowed from Australia
borrowed from Australia
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这个方法可能是向澳大利亚借鉴的，
从1997到2009年，澳洲一直面临着
04:13
when it faced one of the worst droughts
of the country's history
of the country's history
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史上最严重的干旱。
04:17
from 1997 to 2009.
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04:21
Water levels in Melbourne
dropped to a very low capacity
dropped to a very low capacity
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当时墨尔本的水位降到最低谷，
差不多只有正常水平的26%
04:24
of almost 26 percent.
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04:27
But the city didn't yell at people.
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但政府没有控诉市民，
04:30
It didn't plead with them
not to use water.
not to use water.
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没有恳请他们不要用水。
04:33
They used electronic billboards
to flash available levels of water
to flash available levels of water
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他们通过电子广告牌
来展示剩余可用水量，
来展示剩余可用水量，
告诉所有市民，
04:37
to all citizens across the city.
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04:40
They were honestly telling people
how much water they really have,
how much water they really have,
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他们坦诚地告诉市民剩余的水量，
让他们为自己负责。
04:43
and letting them take
responsibility for themselves.
responsibility for themselves.
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04:47
By the end of the drought,
this created such a sense of urgency
this created such a sense of urgency
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在干旱结束时，
这给人们带来了一种紧迫感，
这给人们带来了一种紧迫感，
让人们更加团结。
04:51
as well as a sense of community.
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04:53
Nearly one out of three citizens
in Melbourne had invested
in Melbourne had invested
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几乎三分之一的墨尔本市民
在家里安装了存储雨水的装置。
04:57
in installing rainwater holding tanks
for their own households.
for their own households.
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05:01
Actions that citizens took didn't stop
at installing those tanks.
at installing those tanks.
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市民所采取的措施
远不止于安装了这些装置。
远不止于安装了这些装置。
05:06
With help from the city,
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在政府的帮助下
他们能做一些更有意义的事情。
05:07
they were able to do something
even more impactful.
even more impactful.
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05:11
Taking me to lesson two:
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第二个经验：
05:14
empower people to save water.
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让人们节约用水。
05:18
Melbourne wanted people
to spend less water in their homes.
to spend less water in their homes.
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墨尔本政府希望人们在家里减少用水。
05:22
And one way to do that is to spend
less time in the shower.
less time in the shower.
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其中一种方式就是缩短洗澡的时间。
05:26
However, interviews revealed
that some people, women in particular,
that some people, women in particular,
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然而调查发现，
有些人，尤其是女性，
有些人，尤其是女性，
不愿意在这方面减少用水。
05:30
weren't keen on saving water that way.
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05:33
Some of them honestly said,
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有些人坦言，
“洗澡不单单是为了清洁。
05:35
"The shower is not just to clean up.
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这是我的私密空间。
05:37
It's my sanctuary.
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05:39
It's a space I go to relax,
not just clean up."
not just clean up."
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一个不仅仅提供清洁，
更是让我放松的地方。”
更是让我放松的地方。”
05:43
So the city started offering
water-efficient showerheads for free.
water-efficient showerheads for free.
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于是政府开始免费提供节水花洒。
05:47
And then, now some people complained
that the showerheads looked ugly
that the showerheads looked ugly
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然而一些人抱怨那个花洒有点丑，
或者不适用于他们的浴室。
05:51
or didn't suit their bathrooms.
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好在“花洒小队”
05:53
So what I like to call
"The Showerhead Team"
"The Showerhead Team"
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05:56
developed a small water-flow regulator
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发明了一种小型流量调节器，
可以安装在现有的花洒中。
05:58
that can be fitted
into existing showerheads.
into existing showerheads.
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06:03
And although showerhead beauty
doesn't matter much to me,
doesn't matter much to me,
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尽管我不怎么在乎花洒的外观，
但我很欣赏这个团队的坚持，
06:06
I loved how the team didn't give up
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并想出了一个
简单独特的解决方案
简单独特的解决方案
06:08
and instead came up with
a simple, unique solution
a simple, unique solution
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来帮助人们节水。
06:11
to empower people to save water.
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06:14
Within a span of four years,
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在四年的时间里，
人们更换了46万个花洒。
06:16
more than 460,000
showerheads were replaced.
showerheads were replaced.
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06:21
When the small regulator was introduced,
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当流量调节器推出之后，
销量超过10万。
06:24
more than 100,000 orders
of that were done.
of that were done.
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06:28
Melbourne succeeded in reducing
the water demands per capita
the water demands per capita
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墨尔本成功将人均用水量
降低了50%。
06:31
by 50 percent.
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06:33
In the United Arab Emirates,
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在阿联酋，
世界第二大缺水国家，
06:35
the second-most water-scarce
country in the world,
country in the world,
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06:39
officials designed what they called
the "Business Heroes Toolkit" in 2010.
the "Business Heroes Toolkit" in 2010.
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2010年，官方发明了
“商业英雄工具包”。
“商业英雄工具包”。
06:45
The aim was to motivate
and empower businesses
and empower businesses
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为了激励企业
减少水和能源的消耗。
06:47
to reduce water and energy consumption.
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06:51
The toolkit practically taught companies
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这个工具包会指导公司
如何测量他们现有的用水量，
06:53
how to measure their existing
water-consumption levels
water-consumption levels
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06:56
and consisted of tips
to help them reduce those levels.
to help them reduce those levels.
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同时提供一些减少用水的方法。
07:00
And it worked.
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这个方法奏效了，
上百个组织下载了这个工具包。
07:01
Hundreds of organizations
downloaded the toolkit.
downloaded the toolkit.
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07:05
And several of them joined
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很多组织还参加了
“企业英雄网络”，
07:06
what they called
the "Corporate Heroes Network,"
the "Corporate Heroes Network,"
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07:10
where companies can voluntarily
take on a challenge
take on a challenge
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在这个平台上，
公司可以自愿参加一些挑战，
公司可以自愿参加一些挑战，
比如在一年之内，将其用水量
07:13
to reduce their water-consumption
levels to preset targets
levels to preset targets
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降至预设目标。
07:16
within a period of one year.
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07:19
Companies which completed the challenge
saved on average 35 percent of water.
saved on average 35 percent of water.
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完成这些挑战的公司
平均节水量达到了35%。
平均节水量达到了35%。
07:25
And one company, for example,
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比如，其中一个公司
在办公区部署了各种节水设施。
07:27
implemented as many water-saving tips
as they could in their office space.
as they could in their office space.
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07:32
They replaced their toilet-flushing
techniques, taps, showerheads --
techniques, taps, showerheads --
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他们更新了冲厕技术，
水龙头，花洒等等——
水龙头，花洒等等——
你能想到的都有。
07:37
you name it.
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只要能节水，他们就替换
07:38
If it saved water, they replaced it,
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最终员工用水量节省了一半。
07:40
eventually reducing their employees'
water consumption by half.
water consumption by half.
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07:45
Empowering individuals and companies
to save water is so critical,
to save water is so critical,
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个人和公司是节水的主力军，
07:50
yet not sufficient.
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但是还不够。
07:53
Countries need to look
beyond the status quo
beyond the status quo
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国家应该目光长远，
07:56
and implement country-level actions
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并采取国家层面的行动
来节约水资源。
07:59
to save water.
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08:01
Taking me to lesson three:
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这引出了第三个经验：
透过表面看本质。
08:03
look below the surface.
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08:06
Water savings can come
from unexpected places.
from unexpected places.
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我们可以在
很多意想不到的地方节水。
很多意想不到的地方节水。
08:10
Singapore is the eighth most
water-scarce country in the world.
water-scarce country in the world.
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新加坡是世界第八大缺水国家，
08:14
It depends on imported water
for almost 60 percent of its water needs.
for almost 60 percent of its water needs.
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几乎60%的用水依赖进口。
08:20
It's also a very small island.
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新加坡是一个很小的岛国。
08:22
As such, it needs to make use
of as much space as possible
of as much space as possible
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出于这些原因
它需要尽可能地
它需要尽可能地
收集并存储雨水。
08:26
to catch rainfall.
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08:29
So in 2008,
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在2008年，
他们建造了滨海堰坝。
08:30
they built the Marina Barrage.
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08:32
It's the first-ever urban water reservoir
built in the middle of the city-state.
built in the middle of the city-state.
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这是有史以来第一个
建在城中央的水库，
建在城中央的水库，
08:38
It's the largest
water catchment in the country,
water catchment in the country,
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是新加坡最大的集水池，
几乎占了新加坡六分之一的面积。
08:41
almost one-sixth the size of Singapore.
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08:44
What's so amazing about the Marina Barrage
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关于滨海堰坝最神奇的一点
在于它最大限度利用了所有空间，
08:46
is that it has been built to make
the maximum use of its large size
the maximum use of its large size
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以及它意想不到的重要位置。
08:51
and its unexpected yet important location.
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08:55
It brings three valuable
benefits to the country:
benefits to the country:
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它为新加坡带来了三个好处。
08:58
it has boosted Singapore's water
supply by 10 percent;
supply by 10 percent;
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它将新加坡的供水量提高了10%；
09:03
it protects low areas
around it from floods
around it from floods
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它使低海拔地区免受洪水危及，
因为它连着海，
09:06
because of its connection to the sea;
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09:09
and, as you can see,
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同时，正如你所看到的，
它也是一个美丽的景点。
09:10
it acts as a beautiful
lifestyle attraction,
lifestyle attraction,
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这里举办过各式各样的活动，
09:12
hosting several events,
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从艺术展到音乐嘉年华，
09:14
from art exhibitions to music festivals,
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吸引了周围居民
来慢跑，骑行和旅游。
来慢跑，骑行和旅游。
09:17
attracting joggers, bikers, tourists
all around that area.
all around that area.
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09:23
Now, not all initiatives
need to be stunning
need to be stunning
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然而，并非所有倡议都令人叹服
或者可见。
09:25
or even visible.
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09:27
My first home, Jordan, realized
that agriculture is consuming
that agriculture is consuming
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我的故乡约旦
意识到农业消耗了
意识到农业消耗了
大部分的淡水资源。
09:31
the majority of its fresh water.
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09:35
They really wanted to encourage farmers
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他们很想鼓励农民
集中耕种低耗水量的作物。
09:37
to focus on growing
low water-intensive crops.
low water-intensive crops.
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09:42
To achieve that,
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，为了达到这个目的
当地农业正转型增产
椰子和葡萄藤。
椰子和葡萄藤。
09:43
the local agriculture is increasing
its focus on date palms and grapevines.
its focus on date palms and grapevines.
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09:49
Those two are much more tolerant
to drought conditions
to drought conditions
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因为这两种植物相较于
其他蔬果而言更耐旱，
09:52
than many other fruits and vegetables,
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09:54
and at the same time,
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同时，
无论是在当地还是国际上，
它们都是高价值作物。
它们都是高价值作物。
09:56
they are considered high-value crops,
both locally and internationally.
both locally and internationally.
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10:02
Locals in Namibia,
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在纳米比亚，
10:05
one of the most arid countries
in Southern Africa,
in Southern Africa,
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非洲南部最干旱的国家之一，
从1968年起，
当地人就开始饮用再生水。
当地人就开始饮用再生水。
10:08
have been drinking
recycled water since 1968.
recycled water since 1968.
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10:13
Now, you may tell me
many countries recycle water.
many countries recycle water.
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你也许会说，
如今很多国家都回收利用水。
如今很多国家都回收利用水。
10:16
I would say yes.
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确实如此。
10:18
But very few use it for drinking purposes,
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但是少有国家将其用作饮用水，
10:21
mostly because people
don't like the thought
don't like the thought
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大多是因为人们不愿意接受
自来水管里流的是冲过马桶的水。
10:24
of water that was in their toilets
going to their taps.
going to their taps.
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10:28
But Namibia could not afford
to think that way.
to think that way.
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但是纳米比亚却没有资本这么想。
10:31
They looked below the surface
to save water.
to save water.
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他们做到了实质上的节水。
10:35
They are now a great example
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如今，他们是
将水净化到可饮用标准的典范，
10:37
of how, when countries purify waste water
to drinking standards,
to drinking standards,
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他们缓解了饿水资源的紧缺。
10:41
they can ease their water shortages,
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10:44
and in Namibia's case,
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纳米比亚通过这种方法
为该国首都三十多万
的市民提供了饮用水。
的市民提供了饮用水。
10:46
provide drinking water for more
than 300,000 citizens in its capital city.
than 300,000 citizens in its capital city.
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10:52
As more countries which used
to be more water rich
to be more water rich
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越来越多国家
虽然过去拥有充沛的水资源，
虽然过去拥有充沛的水资源，
但开始逐渐陷入缺水困境，
10:56
are becoming water scarce,
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10:59
I say we don't need to reinvent the wheel.
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我们不必重蹈覆辙。
11:03
If we just look at what
water-poor countries have done,
water-poor countries have done,
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只要我们借鉴那些缺水国家的做法，
11:07
the solutions are out there.
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答案自在眼前。
11:10
Now it's really just up to all of us
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现在，我们只需要
开始采取行动。
11:13
to take action.
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11:15
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（鼓掌）
11:16
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lana Mazahreh - Water conservation activistBCG’s Lana Mazahreh wants individuals, companies and countries to take action against the fast-growing water crisis.
Why you should listen
Lana Mazahreh is a Project Leader at The Boston Consulting Group (BCG). Based in Johannesburg, she also spent a year working in BCG's office in Dubai. Mazahreh is passionate about social impact and has been involved in projects spanning a wide range of topics including the environment, economic development, employment, education and social care. She worked closely with the World Wide Fund for Nature on the water crisis in South Africa, where her passion for water grew even more.
Outside of her client work, Mazahreh co-leads BCG in Johannesburg's Women@BCG Initiative and the office's social impact strategy. Prior to BCG, Mazahreh worked in the Technology Services Advisory team with Deloitte in the Middle East practice. She holds an MBA degree from INSEAD Business School, across its 3 campuses in France, Abu Dhabi & Singapore, and she holds a B.Sc. degree in Business Information Systems from Jordan. She loves practicing and teaching yoga, enjoys spending time in nature and is always eager to experience new countries and cultures.
Lana Mazahreh | Speaker | TED.com