TEDWomen 2018
Katharine Hayhoe: The most important thing you can do to fight climate change: talk about it
凱薩琳．海荷: 對抗氣候變遷你能做的最重要的事：談論它
Filmed:
Readability: 4
2,790,388 views
你怎麼跟不相信氣候變遷的人談論這個問題？不是重複說著我們已經討論很多年的數據及事實，氣候科學家凱薩琳．海荷如是說。海荷在這場鼓舞人心又務實的演講中，告訴我們進行真正討論的關鍵是將家庭、社區和宗教等共同價值觀聯繫起來，並促使人們意識到他們已經在關注氣候變化。 「我們不能屈服於絕望，」她說， 「我們必須走出去，尋找我們需要的希望以激勵我們採取行動，而那份希望始於今天就展開的對話。」
Katharine Hayhoe - Climate scientist
Katharine Hayhoe studies what climate change means to us in the places where we live. Full bio
Katharine Hayhoe studies what climate change means to us in the places where we live. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It was my first year
as an atmospheric science professor
as an atmospheric science professor
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那是我當大氣科學教授的第一年，
00:16
at Texas Tech University.
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地點是德州理工大學。
00:18
We had just moved to Lubbock, Texas,
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我們剛剛搬到德州拉伯克市，
00:20
which had recently been named
the second most conservative city
the second most conservative city
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這個地方最近才被列為
全美第二保守的城市。
00:24
in the entire United States.
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00:26
A colleague asked me to guest teach
his undergraduate geology class.
his undergraduate geology class.
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有位同事請我去客座
他在大學部開的地質課，
他在大學部開的地質課，
00:30
I said, "Sure."
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我說：「好啊！」
00:32
But when I showed up,
the lecture hall was cavernous and dark.
the lecture hall was cavernous and dark.
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可是我去上課的時候，
整座講堂空空落落又黑又暗。
整座講堂空空落落又黑又暗。
00:36
As I tracked the history
of the carbon cycle
of the carbon cycle
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當我說明碳循環歷史時，
00:38
through geologic time to present day,
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從地質時間講到現在，
00:41
most of the students were slumped over,
dozing or looking at their phones.
dozing or looking at their phones.
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大多數學生都無精打采、
打瞌睡或看他們的手機。
打瞌睡或看他們的手機。
00:46
I ended my talk with a hopeful request
for any questions.
for any questions.
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最後我結束講課，
滿懷希望的問大家有沒有問題。
00:49
And one hand shot up right away.
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馬上就有一隻手舉起來。
00:53
I looked encouraging, he stood up,
and in a loud voice, he said,
and in a loud voice, he said,
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我大受鼓勵，他站起來，
用很大的聲音說：
00:57
"You're a democrat, aren't you?"
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「你是民主黨人，對吧？」
00:59
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:02
"No," I said, "I'm Canadian."
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「不，」我說，「我是加拿大人。」
01:04
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:06
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
01:13
That was my baptism by fire
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這是我第一次痛苦地經歷到
01:15
into what has now become a sad
fact of life here in the United States
fact of life here in the United States
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目前正在美國成形的
一個悲哀的事實，
一個悲哀的事實，
01:19
and increasingly across Canada as well.
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這在加拿大也逐漸成形。
01:22
The fact that the number one predictor
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頭號預測因子
01:24
of whether we agree
that climate is changing,
that climate is changing,
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即是看我們是否同意氣候正在變遷、
01:27
humans are responsible
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人類要負責任，
01:28
and the impacts are increasingly
serious and even dangerous,
serious and even dangerous,
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及其衝擊正逐漸變嚴重甚至危險，
01:32
has nothing to do with how much we know
about science or even how smart we are
about science or even how smart we are
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這個事實與我們對科學的了解，
甚至我們有多聰明一點關係都沒有，
甚至我們有多聰明一點關係都沒有，
01:36
but simply where we fall
on the political spectrum.
on the political spectrum.
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而是完全關乎於
我們在政治上選哪邊站。
我們在政治上選哪邊站。
01:41
Does the thermometer give us
a different answer
a different answer
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溫度計會因為我們是
01:43
depending on if we're liberal
or conservative?
or conservative?
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自由派還是保守派，
就給我們不同的讀值嗎？
就給我們不同的讀值嗎？
01:46
Of course not.
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當然不會。
01:48
But if that thermometer tells us
that the planet is warming,
that the planet is warming,
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但是如果那個溫度計告訴我們
地球正在暖化，人類需要負責，
01:52
that humans are responsible
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01:55
and that to fix this thing,
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而且要解決這件事，
01:56
we have to wean ourselves off
fossil fuels as soon as possible --
fossil fuels as soon as possible --
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我們必須盡快
戒斷對石化燃料的依賴──
戒斷對石化燃料的依賴──
02:01
well, some people would rather
cut off their arm
cut off their arm
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有些人寧可砍斷自己的手臂，
02:04
than give the government
any further excuse
any further excuse
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也不要給政府任何更進一步的藉口
02:06
to disrupt their comfortable lives
and tell them what to do.
and tell them what to do.
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來攪亂他們舒適的生活，
並告訴他們應該怎麼做。
並告訴他們應該怎麼做。
02:10
But saying, "Yes, it's a real problem,
but I don't want to fix it,"
but I don't want to fix it,"
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但是說「是的，
這是一個真正的問題，
這是一個真正的問題，
但是我不想解決它，」
02:14
that makes us the bad guy,
and nobody wants to be the bad guy.
and nobody wants to be the bad guy.
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讓我們變成壞人。沒有人想當壞人。
02:18
So instead, we use arguments like,
"It's just a natural cycle."
"It's just a natural cycle."
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所以我們就這麼爭論：
「這只是個自然的循環。」
「這只是個自然的循環。」
02:23
"It's the sun."
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「這是太陽的關係。」
02:24
Or my favorite,
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或是我最喜歡的一個：
02:25
"Those climate scientists
are just in it for the money."
are just in it for the money."
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「那些氣候科學家只是為了要賺錢。」
02:28
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:30
I get that at least once a week.
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我一星期至少會聽到一次。
02:34
But these are just
sciencey-sounding smoke screens,
sciencey-sounding smoke screens,
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但是這些都是
似是而非的科學煙霧彈，
似是而非的科學煙霧彈，
02:38
that are designed to hide
the real reason for our objections,
the real reason for our objections,
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設計來隱藏我們反對的真正理由，
02:41
which have nothing to do with the science
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這個理由跟科學一點關係都沒有，
02:43
and everything to do
with our ideology and our identity.
with our ideology and our identity.
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而是跟我們的意識形態及身分有關。
02:49
So when we turn on the TV these days,
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所以這幾天當我們打開電視，
02:51
it seems like pundit X is saying,
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都好像有某某名嘴在說：
02:53
"It's cold outside.
Where is global warming now?"
Where is global warming now?"
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「外面好冷。哪裡有全球暖化？」
02:56
And politician Y is saying,
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又有某某政治人物說：
02:58
"For every scientist
who says this thing is real,
who says this thing is real,
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「你每找出一個科學家說這是真的，
03:00
I can find one who says it isn't."
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我都可以找出另外一個說
這不是真的。」
這不是真的。」
03:02
So it's no surprise that sometimes we feel
like everybody is saying these myths.
like everybody is saying these myths.
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所以這一點都不意外，
就是有時候我們覺得
好像每個人都在說這些迷思。
好像每個人都在說這些迷思。
03:07
But when we look at the data --
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但是當我們看數據──
03:09
and the Yale Program
on Climate [Change] Communication
on Climate [Change] Communication
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耶魯大學氣候變遷溝通計畫
03:12
has done public opinion polling across
the country now for a number of years --
the country now for a number of years --
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已經對全國做民調好幾年了──
03:16
the data shows that actually 70 percent
of people in the United States agree
of people in the United States agree
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他們的數據顯示
其實有 70% 的美國人同意
其實有 70% 的美國人同意
03:20
that the climate is changing.
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氣候正在變遷。
03:22
And 70 percent also agree
that it will harm plants and animals,
that it will harm plants and animals,
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70% 也同意它會傷害動植物，
03:25
and it will harm future generations.
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會傷害未來的世代。
03:28
But then when we dig down a bit deeper,
the rubber starts to hit the road.
the rubber starts to hit the road.
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但是當我們挖深一點，
真相就會顯露。
真相就會顯露。
03:33
Only about 60 percent of people think it
will affect people in the United States.
will affect people in the United States.
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只有 60% 的人認為
它會影響美國人。
它會影響美國人。
03:39
Only 40 percent of people
think it will affect us personally.
think it will affect us personally.
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只有 40% 的人認為
它會影響個人。
它會影響個人。
03:44
And then when you ask people,
"Do you ever talk about this?"
"Do you ever talk about this?"
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而當你問大家：
「你曾經討論過這個問題嗎？」
「你曾經討論過這個問題嗎？」
03:48
two-thirds of people in the entire
United States say, "Never."
United States say, "Never."
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全美三分之二的人說：「不曾。」
03:54
And even worse, when you say,
"Do you hear the media talk about this?"
"Do you hear the media talk about this?"
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更糟的是，當你問：
「你是否聽過媒體討論過這個？」
「你是否聽過媒體討論過這個？」
03:58
Over three-quarters of people say no.
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超過四分之三的人說沒有。
04:02
So it's a vicious cycle.
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所以這是個惡性循環。
04:05
The planet warms.
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地球變暖。
04:07
Heat waves get stronger.
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熱浪變強。
04:08
Heavy precipitation gets more frequent.
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豪雨更頻繁。
04:10
Hurricanes get more intense.
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颶風更強勁。
04:12
Scientists release yet another
doom-filled report.
doom-filled report.
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科學家又發佈了一份
極不樂觀的報告。
極不樂觀的報告。
04:16
Politicians push back even more strongly,
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政客的反擊更加強烈，
04:19
repeating the same
sciencey-sounding myths.
sciencey-sounding myths.
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不斷重複說著似是而非的科學迷思。
04:23
What can we do to break
this vicious cycle?
this vicious cycle?
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我們要怎麼做
才能打破這種惡性循環？
才能打破這種惡性循環？
04:27
The number one thing we can do
is the exact thing that we're not doing:
is the exact thing that we're not doing:
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我們能做的第一件事，
就是我們沒有做的事：
就是我們沒有做的事：
04:32
talk about it.
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談論它。
04:34
But you might say, "I'm not a scientist.
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可是你或許會說：
「我又不是科學家
我要怎麼談論輻射效應，
我要怎麼談論輻射效應，
04:36
How am I supposed to talk
about radiative forcing
about radiative forcing
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04:39
or cloud parametrization
in climate models?"
in climate models?"
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或氣候模式裡的雲參數化？」
04:42
We don't need to be talking
about more science;
about more science;
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我們不需要再多談科學；
04:45
we've been talking about the science
for over 150 years.
for over 150 years.
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過去 150 年我們談了很多科學。
04:48
Did you know that it's been
150 years or more since the 1850s,
150 years or more since the 1850s,
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你們知道這個題目
已經超過 150 年了嗎？
已經超過 150 年了嗎？
自 1850 年代起
氣候科學家就首次發現，
氣候科學家就首次發現，
04:54
when climate scientists first discovered
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04:56
that digging up and burning
coal and gas and oil
coal and gas and oil
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挖出及燃燒煤、瓦斯及石油
04:59
is producing heat-trapping gases
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會產生吸熱氣體，
05:01
that is wrapping an extra blanket
around the planet?
around the planet?
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在地球周圍多包一圈毯子。
05:04
That's how long we've known.
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我們已經知道那麼久了。
05:05
It's been 50 years since scientists
first formally warned a US president
first formally warned a US president
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從科學家首次正式警告美國總統
05:10
of the dangers of a changing climate,
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氣候改變的危險性，
已經過了 50 年。
已經過了 50 年。
05:11
and that president was Lyndon B. Johnson.
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那位總統就是林登·詹森。
05:15
And what's more,
the social science has taught us
the social science has taught us
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更重要的是，
社會科學已經教導我們，
社會科學已經教導我們，
05:18
that if people have built their identity
on rejecting a certain set of facts,
on rejecting a certain set of facts,
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如果我們以拒絕某些事實
來建立我們的身分，
來建立我們的身分，
05:24
then arguing over those facts
is a personal attack.
is a personal attack.
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那麼爭論這些事實就是人身攻擊。
05:29
It causes them to dig in deeper,
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這會讓他們挖一條深深的壕溝，
05:31
and it digs a trench,
rather than building a bridge.
rather than building a bridge.
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而不是造一座橋。
05:36
So if we aren't supposed to talk
about more science,
about more science,
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所以如果我們不應該談更多的科學，
05:38
or if we don't need to talk
about more science,
about more science,
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或說如果我們不需要談更多的科學，
05:41
then what should we be talking about?
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那我們應該談什麼？
05:43
The most important thing to do is,
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最重要的是，
05:44
instead of starting up with your head,
with all the data and facts in our head,
with all the data and facts in our head,
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與其從你充滿數據及事實的腦開始，
不如從心開始，
05:48
to start from the heart,
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05:50
to start by talking about
why it matters to us,
why it matters to us,
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從討論這為什麼對我們很重要開始，
05:55
to begin with genuinely shared values.
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從我們都真心共享的價值觀開始。
05:59
Are we both parents?
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我們都為人父母嗎？
06:01
Do we live in the same community?
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我們都住在同一個社區？
06:03
Do we enjoy the same outdoor activities:
hiking, biking, fishing, even hunting?
hiking, biking, fishing, even hunting?
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我們都喜歡一樣的戶外活動：
健行、騎車、釣魚，甚至打獵？
06:10
Do we care about the economy
or national security?
or national security?
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我們都關心經濟或國家安全？
06:13
For me, one of the most foundational ways
I found to connect with people
I found to connect with people
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對我而言，我發現能與人
建立關係最基本的方法，
建立關係最基本的方法，
06:17
is through my faith.
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就是透過我的信仰。
06:18
As a Christian, I believe that God created
this incredible planet that we live on
this incredible planet that we live on
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我身為基督徒，
相信神創造了這個
極美好的星球讓我們居住，
極美好的星球讓我們居住，
06:22
and gave us responsibility
over every living thing on it.
over every living thing on it.
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也給了我們責任要管理其上的萬物。
06:27
And I furthermore believe
that we are to care for and love
that we are to care for and love
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我更相信我們要照顧及愛護
06:30
the least fortunate among us,
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我們之中不幸的人──
06:31
those who are already suffering
the impacts of poverty,
the impacts of poverty,
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那些已經飽受貧窮、
06:34
hunger, disease and more.
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飢餓、疾病和其它不幸之苦的人。
06:37
If you don't know what
the values are that someone has,
the values are that someone has,
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如果你不知道某人的價值觀，
06:40
have a conversation, get to know them,
figure out what makes them tick.
figure out what makes them tick.
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就與他們談天，了解他們，
找出他們做事的動機，
06:45
And then once we have,
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一旦我們明白了，
06:47
all we have to do is connect the dots
between the values they already have
between the values they already have
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我們要做的，
就是把他們已有的價值觀
就是把他們已有的價值觀
06:52
and why they would care
about a changing climate.
about a changing climate.
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與他們為什麼應該
要關心氣候變遷連起來。
要關心氣候變遷連起來。
06:55
I truly believe, after thousands
of conversations that I've had
of conversations that I've had
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在過去十多年與人談論過
成千上萬次之後，我真的相信，
成千上萬次之後，我真的相信，
06:59
over the past decade and more,
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07:01
that just about every single
person in the world
person in the world
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幾乎這世界上的每一個人
07:03
already has the values they need
to care about a changing climate.
to care about a changing climate.
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都已經有他們應該關心
氣候變遷的價值觀。
氣候變遷的價值觀。
07:06
They just haven't connected the dots.
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他們只是還沒有把點連起來。
07:09
And that's what we can do
through our conversation with them.
through our conversation with them.
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那就是我們跟他們對話
可以做得到的。
可以做得到的。
07:13
The only reason why I care
about a changing climate
about a changing climate
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我關心氣候變遷的唯一理由，
07:16
is because of who I already am.
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是因為我已有的角色。
07:18
I'm a mother, so I care
about the future of my child.
about the future of my child.
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我是母親，所以我關心孩子的未來。
07:21
I live in West Texas,
where water is already scarce,
where water is already scarce,
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我住在德州西部，
那裡的水資源已經很缺乏，
那裡的水資源已經很缺乏，
07:24
and climate change is impacting
the availability of that water.
the availability of that water.
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而氣候變遷會衝擊當地可用的水源。
07:28
I'm a Christian, I care
about a changing climate
about a changing climate
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我是基督徒，我關心變遷的氣候，
07:31
because it is, as the military calls it,
a "threat multiplier."
a "threat multiplier."
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因為它就像軍方所說的，
是「威脅倍增器。」
是「威脅倍增器。」
07:35
It takes those issues,
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它承擔一些問題，
07:36
like poverty and hunger and disease
and lack of access to clean water
and lack of access to clean water
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如貧窮、飢餓、疾病、
無法取得乾淨的水，
無法取得乾淨的水，
07:40
and even political crises
that lead to refugee crises --
that lead to refugee crises --
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甚至是會導致
難民危機的政治危機──
難民危機的政治危機──
07:44
it takes all of these issues
and it exacerbates them,
and it exacerbates them,
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這些問題都會因之而發生，
而且還會使問題變本加厲，
而且還會使問題變本加厲，
07:46
it makes them worse.
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變得更糟。
07:49
I'm not a Rotarian.
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我不是扶輪社員。
07:50
But when I gave my first talk
at a Rotary Club,
at a Rotary Club,
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但是我第一次去某個扶輪社演講時，
07:53
I walked in and they had this giant banner
that had the Four-Way Test on it.
that had the Four-Way Test on it.
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我走進去看到
他們有這個超大的標語，
他們有這個超大的標語，
上面寫著「扶輪四大考驗」。
07:58
Is it the truth?
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這是否屬實？
08:00
Absolutely.
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當然。
08:01
Is it fair?
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是否公平？
當然不！那就是我為什麼
這麼關心氣候變遷，
這麼關心氣候變遷，
08:02
Heck, no, that's why I care
most about climate change,
most about climate change,
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因為它絕對不公平。
08:05
because it is absolutely unfair.
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08:07
Those who have contributed
the least to the problem
the least to the problem
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對此問題貢獻最少的人，
卻受到最沉重的衝擊。
08:09
are bearing the brunt of the impacts.
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它進一步問：
08:11
It went on to ask:
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這能否兼顧彼此利益？
能否促進親善友誼？
能否促進親善友誼？
08:12
Would it be beneficial to all,
would it build goodwill?
would it build goodwill?
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嗯，解決這個問題當然能。
08:15
Well, to fix it certainly would.
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所以我把我的演講重新排列一下，
08:16
So I took my talk, and I reorganized it
into the Four-Way Test,
into the Four-Way Test,
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讓它符合「扶輪四大考驗」，
08:21
and then I gave it to this group
of conservative businesspeople
of conservative businesspeople
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然後我就對著這群位於德州西部的
08:24
in West Texas.
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保守派商人演講這個主題。
08:26
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:27
And I will never forget at the end,
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我永遠也忘不了在最後，
08:29
a local bank owner came up to me
with the most bemused look on his face.
with the most bemused look on his face.
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一位地方銀行家滿臉疑惑的走向我。
08:33
And he said, "You know, I wasn't sure
about this whole global warming thing,
about this whole global warming thing,
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他說：「你知道嗎？
我不太確定這整個全球暖化的事，
我不太確定這整個全球暖化的事，
08:37
but it passed the Four-Way Test."
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但是它通過了扶輪四大考驗」。
08:39
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:42
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:50
These values, though --
they have to be genuine.
they have to be genuine.
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不過這些價值觀──
它們必須是真誠的。
它們必須是真誠的。
08:53
I was giving a talk at a Christian college
a number of years ago,
a number of years ago,
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幾年前我在一所基督教大學演講，
08:56
and after my talk, a fellow scientist
came up and he said,
came up and he said,
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講完之後，有一位同行科學家說：
08:59
"I need some help.
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「我需要一些幫助。
09:01
I've been really trying hard
to get my foot in the door
to get my foot in the door
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我費了很大的勁打進
09:04
with our local churches,
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我們當地的教會，
09:06
but I can't seem to get any traction.
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可是似乎沒什麼作用。
09:08
I want to talk to them
about why climate change matters."
about why climate change matters."
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我想告訴他們
為什麼氣候變遷很重要。」
為什麼氣候變遷很重要。」
09:11
So I said, "Well, the best thing to do
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我說：「我們能做的
09:12
is to start with the denomination
that you're part of,
that you're part of,
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就是從你所屬的宗會開始，
09:15
because you share the most values
with those people.
with those people.
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因為你跟這些人共享許多價值觀。
09:18
What type of church do you attend?"
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你上哪個宗派的教會呢？」
09:20
"Oh, I don't attend any church,
I'm an atheist," he said.
I'm an atheist," he said.
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「喔，我不上教會，
我是無神論者。」他說。
我是無神論者。」他說。
09:23
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:24
I said, "Well, in that case,
starting with a faith community
starting with a faith community
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我說：「這樣的話，從宗教團體開始
09:27
is probably not the best idea.
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大概不是最好的方法。
09:29
Let's talk about what you do enjoy doing,
what you are involved in."
what you are involved in."
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我們來看看你最喜歡做什麼，
你參與什麼樣的活動。」
你參與什麼樣的活動。」
09:32
And we were able to identify
a community group
a community group
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我們就這樣找出了一個
他參與的社團，
他參與的社團，
09:35
that he was part of,
that he could start with.
that he could start with.
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他可以從那裡開始。
09:37
The bottom line is, we don't have to be
a liberal tree hugger
a liberal tree hugger
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我想說的是，
我們不需要當個
自由開放的環保人士，
自由開放的環保人士，
09:40
to care about a changing climate.
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也可以關心變遷的氣候。
09:42
All we have to be is a human
living on this planet.
living on this planet.
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我們要做的就是當一個
活在地球上的人類。
活在地球上的人類。
09:46
Because no matter where we live,
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因為無論我們住在哪裡，
09:49
climate change is already
affecting us today.
affecting us today.
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今天氣候變遷已經在影響我們。
09:54
If we live along the coasts,
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如果我們住在海岸邊，
09:56
in many places, we're already seeing
"sunny-day flooding."
"sunny-day flooding."
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3932
在很多地方
我們已經看到「晴天洪災」。
10:02
If we live in western North America,
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如果我們住在北美西部，
10:04
we're seeing much greater area
being burned by wildfires.
being burned by wildfires.
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我們會看到野火燒掉的面積變大了。
10:09
If we live in many coastal locations,
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如果我們住在沿海地區，
10:11
from the Gulf of Mexico
to the South Pacific,
to the South Pacific,
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從墨西哥灣到南太平洋，
10:13
we are seeing stronger hurricanes,
typhoons and cyclones,
typhoons and cyclones,
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我們看到更強的颶風、颱風及氣旋
10:17
powered by a warming ocean.
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受暖化的海洋而更強勁。
10:19
If we live in Texas
or if we live in Syria,
or if we live in Syria,
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如果我們住在德州或敘利亞，
10:22
we're seeing climate change
supersize our droughts,
supersize our droughts,
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我們看到氣候變遷加大了乾旱規模，
10:25
making them more frequent and more severe.
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使乾旱更頻繁、更嚴重。
10:28
Wherever we live, we're already
being affected by a changing climate.
being affected by a changing climate.
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無論我們住在哪裡，
我們都已經受到變遷氣候的影響。
10:31
So you might say, "OK, that's good.
We can talk impacts.
We can talk impacts.
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你可能會說：「好吧，
那我們來談衝擊。
那我們來談衝擊。
我們可以把人家嚇的屁滾尿流，
10:34
We can scare the pants off people,
because this thing is serious."
because this thing is serious."
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因為這東西很嚴重。」
10:38
And it is, believe me.
I'm a scientist, I know.
I'm a scientist, I know.
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它的確很嚴重，相信我。
我是科學家，我知道。
10:40
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:42
But fear is not
what is going to motivate us
what is going to motivate us
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但是恐懼不是什麼好方法
能激勵人產生長期、持續的改變，
10:45
for the long-term, sustained change
that we need to fix this thing.
that we need to fix this thing.
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來解決這件事。
10:50
Fear is designed to help us
run away from the bear.
run away from the bear.
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恐懼是設計來幫助我們逃離熊的。
10:54
Or just run faster
than the person beside us.
than the person beside us.
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或是跑得比旁邊的人快一點。
10:56
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:59
What we need to fix this thing
is rational hope.
is rational hope.
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要解決這個問題，
我們需要的是理性的希望。
我們需要的是理性的希望。
11:04
Yes, we absolutely do need
to recognize what's at stake.
to recognize what's at stake.
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是的，我們絕對需要認識到
什麼是利害攸關的。
什麼是利害攸關的。
11:08
Of course we do.
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我們當然需要。
11:10
But we need a vision of a better future --
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但是我們需要展望一個更好的未來，
11:15
a future with abundant energy,
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充滿豐富能源的未來，
11:17
with a stable economy,
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有穩定的經濟，
11:19
with resources available to all,
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有人人可用的資源，
11:22
where our lives are not worse
but better than they are today.
but better than they are today.
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我們的生活不是
比現在更糟，而是更好。
比現在更糟，而是更好。
11:27
There are solutions.
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我們有解決的方法。
11:30
And that's why the second important
thing that we have to talk about
thing that we have to talk about
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這就是為什麼我們要談論的
第二件重要的事，
第二件重要的事，
11:34
is solutions -- practical, viable,
accessible, attractive solutions.
accessible, attractive solutions.
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就是解決方法：實用、可行、
方便、有吸引力的解決方法。
11:41
Like what?
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像什麼？
11:42
Well, there's no
silver bullet, as they say,
silver bullet, as they say,
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嗯，就像他們說的，
我們沒有萬靈丹，
我們沒有萬靈丹，
11:44
but there's plenty of silver buckshot.
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但是我們有很多萬靈散。
11:47
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:50
There's simple solutions
that save us money
that save us money
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我們的確有簡單的解決方案，
既能為我們省錢，
既能為我們省錢，
11:52
and reduce our carbon footprint
at the same time.
at the same time.
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又能同時減少碳足跡。
11:55
Yes, light bulbs.
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是的，燈泡。
11:57
I love my plug-in car.
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我愛我的電動汽車。
11:59
I'd like some solar shingles.
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我願意裝太陽能屋頂。
12:02
But imagine if every home
came with a switch beside the front door,
came with a switch beside the front door,
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但是想像一下，如果每一家
都在前門旁裝一個開關，
12:07
that when you left the house, you could
turn off everything except your fridge.
turn off everything except your fridge.
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每次你離開家門，
就會關掉冰箱以外的東西。
可能連錄影機也關了。
12:10
And maybe the DVR.
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12:12
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
12:13
Lifestyle choices: eating local,
eating lower down the food chain
eating lower down the food chain
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生活方式選擇：吃當地產的食物，
吃食物鏈底端的食物，
12:19
and reducing food waste,
which at the global scale,
which at the global scale,
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減少浪費食物，這點從全球規模看，
12:22
is one of the most important things
that we can do to fix this problem.
that we can do to fix this problem.
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是我們能解決這個問題最重要的事。
12:26
I'm a climate scientist,
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我是氣候科學家，
12:28
so the irony of traveling around
to talk to people about a changing climate
to talk to people about a changing climate
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所以要四處旅行演講變遷的氣候，
12:32
is not lost on me.
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這種諷刺在我身上也沒消失。
12:33
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
12:35
The biggest part of my personal
carbon footprint is my travel.
carbon footprint is my travel.
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我個人最大的碳足跡就是旅行。
12:39
And that's why I carefully
collect my invitations.
collect my invitations.
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這就是為什麼我小心的收集邀請函，
12:43
I usually don't go anywhere
unless I have a critical mass
unless I have a critical mass
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通常我不會出門，
除非我收到了足夠多
除非我收到了足夠多
12:46
of invitations in one place --
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從同一個地方來的邀請卡，
12:48
anywhere from three to four
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一個地方 3 到 4 場，
12:49
to sometimes even as many as
10 or 15 talks in a given place --
10 or 15 talks in a given place --
248
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有時候甚至多到 10 或 15 場演講，
12:53
so I can minimize the impact
of my carbon footprint
of my carbon footprint
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這樣我就可以把
我的碳足跡衝擊減到最低。
我的碳足跡衝擊減到最低。
12:55
as much as possible.
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愈低愈好。
12:57
And I've transitioned nearly
three-quarters of the talks I give
three-quarters of the talks I give
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而且我還把將近四分之三的演講
13:00
to video.
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變成影片。
13:02
Often, people will say,
"Well, we've never done that before."
"Well, we've never done that before."
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通常大家會說：
「喔？我們從來沒有這樣做過。」
13:05
But I say, "Well, let's give it a try,
I think it could work."
I think it could work."
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但是我會說：
「嗯，就試一下吧。應該可行。」
13:10
Most of all, though,
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最重要的還是這個，
13:12
we need to talk about what's already
happening today around the world
happening today around the world
256
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我們要討論今天
已經發生在全世界的事，
已經發生在全世界的事，
13:16
and what could happen in the future.
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及未來可能會發生的事。
13:18
Now, I live in Texas,
258
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1524
那麼，我住在德州。
13:20
and Texas has the highest carbon emissions
of any state in the United States.
of any state in the United States.
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德州是全美排碳最高的一州。
13:24
You might say, "Well,
what can you talk about in Texas?"
what can you talk about in Texas?"
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你可能會說：「這樣的話，
你在德州還能談什麼？」
你在德州還能談什麼？」
13:27
The answer is: a lot.
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答案是，很多。
13:30
Did you know that in Texas
there's over 25,000 jobs
there's over 25,000 jobs
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你可知道在德州，
風能產業提供超過二萬五千個工作？
13:35
in the wind energy industry?
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13:37
We are almost up to 20 percent
of our electricity
of our electricity
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我們有將近 20% 的電力
13:40
from clean, renewable sources,
most of that wind,
most of that wind,
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來自乾淨可再生的資源，
大部分是風能，
13:42
though solar is growing quickly.
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儘管太陽能成長快速。
13:44
The largest army base
in the United States, Fort Hood,
in the United States, Fort Hood,
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美國最大的陸軍基地胡德堡，
13:47
is, of course, in Texas.
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不用說，就在德州。
13:50
And they've been powered
by wind and solar energy now,
by wind and solar energy now,
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他們現在用風能及太陽能發電，
13:53
because it's saving taxpayers
over 150 million dollars.
over 150 million dollars.
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因為這樣可以節省納稅人
超過一億五千萬美金。
超過一億五千萬美金。
13:58
Yes.
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是的。
13:59
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:04
What about those who don't have
the resources that we have?
the resources that we have?
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那些跟我們不一樣，
沒有資源可用的人怎麼辦？
沒有資源可用的人怎麼辦？
14:07
In sub-Saharan Africa,
there are hundreds of millions of people
there are hundreds of millions of people
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在撒哈拉以南非洲，成千上萬的人
14:10
who don't have access to any type
of energy except kerosine,
of energy except kerosine,
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沒有任何能源可用，除了煤油，
14:13
and it's very expensive.
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而且那還很貴。
14:15
Around the entire world,
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在全世界，
14:17
the fastest-growing type
of new energy today is solar.
of new energy today is solar.
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現今成長最快的新能源是太陽能。
14:22
And they have plenty of solar.
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而他們的日光充足。
14:26
So social impact investors,
nonprofits, even corporations
nonprofits, even corporations
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所以社會責任投資人、
非營利組織，甚至一般企業
非營利組織，甚至一般企業
14:30
are going in and using innovative
new microfinancing schemes,
new microfinancing schemes,
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都投入並使用創新的微型投資方法，
14:34
like, pay-as-you-go solar,
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像隨用隨付太陽能板租用計畫，
14:36
so that people can buy
the power they need in increments,
the power they need in increments,
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所以民眾就可以買到
所需單位的能源。
所需單位的能源。
14:39
sometimes even on their cell phone.
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有時候甚至可以從手機買。
14:41
One company, Azuri, has distributed
tens of thousands of units
tens of thousands of units
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有一間公司叫阿蘇里科技，
已經分發了成千上萬塊面板
已經分發了成千上萬塊面板
14:45
across 11 countries,
from Rwanda to Uganda.
from Rwanda to Uganda.
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給 11 個國家，
包括盧安達及烏干達。
包括盧安達及烏干達。
14:48
They estimate that they've powered
over 30 million hours of electricity
over 30 million hours of electricity
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他們估計他們已經供給了
超過三千萬小時的電力，
超過三千萬小時的電力，
14:52
and over 10 million hours
of cell phone charging.
of cell phone charging.
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及超過一千萬小時的手機充電。
14:56
What about the giant growing
economies of China and India?
economies of China and India?
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中國及印度這樣
快速成長的經濟體又如何？
快速成長的經濟體又如何？
15:01
Well, climate impacts might seem
a little further down the road,
a little further down the road,
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氣候的衝擊看起來還有點遠，
15:04
but air quality impacts
are right here today.
are right here today.
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但是空氣品質的影響卻是今日今時。
15:07
And they know that clean energy
is essential to powering their future.
is essential to powering their future.
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他們知道清潔能源
對於推動未來發展至關重要。
對於推動未來發展至關重要。
15:11
So China is investing hundreds
of billions of dollars in clean energy.
of billions of dollars in clean energy.
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所以中國投資了數千億美元
在乾淨能源上。
在乾淨能源上。
15:17
They're flooding coal mines,
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他們水淹煤礦場，
15:19
and they're putting floating
solar panels on the surface.
solar panels on the surface.
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而且他們還在水面放浮動太陽能板。
15:22
They also have a panda-shaped solar farm.
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他們還有一座熊貓外型的
太陽能發電廠。
太陽能發電廠。
15:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
15:25
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
15:27
Yes, they're still burning coal.
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是的，他們還在燒煤。
15:29
But they've shut down
all the coal plants around Beijing.
all the coal plants around Beijing.
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但是他們已經關閉了
北京附近所有的燃煤電廠。
北京附近所有的燃煤電廠。
15:32
And in India, they're looking to replace
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在印度，他們想要
用 LED 燈取代 2.5 億個白熱燈管，
15:34
a quarter of a billion
incandescent light bulbs with LEDs,
incandescent light bulbs with LEDs,
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15:38
which will save them
seven billion dollars in energy costs.
seven billion dollars in energy costs.
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這可以讓他們節省
70 億美元的能源費用。
70 億美元的能源費用。
15:42
They're investing in green jobs,
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他們正在投資綠色工作，
15:45
and they're looking to decarbonize
their entire vehicle fleet.
their entire vehicle fleet.
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他們想要讓所有的車輛都脫碳。
15:48
India may be the first country
to industrialize
to industrialize
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印度可能是第一個
不需要仰賴石化燃料
就工業化的國家。
就工業化的國家。
15:51
without relying primarily on fossil fuels.
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15:55
The world is changing.
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這個世界正在改變。
15:57
But it just isn't changing fast enough.
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但是變得還不夠快。
16:01
Too often, we picture this problem
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太常見到的是我們視這個問題
16:03
as a giant boulder
sitting at the bottom of a hill,
sitting at the bottom of a hill,
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為一塊坐落在山腳的巨石，
16:05
with only a few hands on it,
trying to roll it up the hill.
trying to roll it up the hill.
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只有幾隻手撐著它，想把它推上山頂。
16:08
But in reality, that boulder
is already at the top of the hill.
is already at the top of the hill.
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但實際上，那塊巨石已經在山頂了。
16:11
And it's got hundreds of millions
of hands, maybe even billions on it,
of hands, maybe even billions on it,
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而且有數也數不清的手
16:15
pushing it down.
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要把它推下山。
16:16
It just isn't going fast enough.
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只是那個速度實在不夠快。
16:19
So how do we speed up that giant boulder
so we can fix climate change in time?
so we can fix climate change in time?
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我們要怎麼讓那塊巨石加速，
才能及時解決氣候變遷？
才能及時解決氣候變遷？
16:24
You guessed it.
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你猜到了。
16:25
The number one way is by talking about it.
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第一要務就是討論它。
16:29
The bottom line is this:
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底線就是：
16:32
climate change is affecting you and me
right here, right now,
right here, right now,
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氣候變遷正影響著你和我，
就在此時此刻，
就在此時此刻，
16:37
in the places where we live.
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就在我們居住的地方。
16:40
But by working together, we can fix it.
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但透過合作，我們可以解決它。
16:43
Sure, it's a daunting problem.
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的確，這是個令人生畏的問題。
16:45
Nobody knows that more
than us climate scientists.
than us climate scientists.
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沒有人比我們氣候科學家
更了解這件事。
更了解這件事。
16:48
But we can't give in to despair.
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但是我們不能屈服於絕望。
16:50
We have to go out and actively look
for the hope that we need,
for the hope that we need,
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我們要走出去，
主動尋找我們所需的希望，
主動尋找我們所需的希望，
16:54
that will inspire us to act.
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以激勵我們行動。
16:57
And that hope begins
with a conversation today.
with a conversation today.
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那份希望就從今天展開對話開始。
17:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
17:04
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Katharine Hayhoe - Climate scientistKatharine Hayhoe studies what climate change means to us in the places where we live.
Why you should listen
As Katharine Hayhoe writes: "I'm a climate scientist: I crunch the data, I analyze the models, and I help people like engineers and city managers and water planners prepare for the ways climate change affects all of us. I'm a professor in political science at Texas Tech University, where I direct the Climate Science Center. I'm also a lead author for the US National Climate Assessment; I host the PBS Digital Series Global Weirding; and I spend a lot of time talking to people about climate science, impacts, solutions and how they connect to our values. I've been named one of TIME's "100 Most Influential People," Fortune's "50 Greatest Leaders" and Foreign Policy's "100 Leading Global Thinkers."
"These are all tremendous honors, for which I'm enormously grateful. What means the most, though, is when just one person tells me sincerely that they had never cared about climate change before, or even thought it was real: but now, because of something they heard me say, they've changed their mind. That's what makes it all worthwhile."
Katharine Hayhoe | Speaker | TED.com