TED@DuPont
Tina Arrowood: A circular economy for salt that keeps rivers clean
蒂娜 艾洛伍德: 透過鹽循環經濟，保持河流乾淨
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Readability: 4.6
1,339,651 views
2018 年到 2019 年的冬天，光是在賓州，用在結冰道路上的鹽就有一百萬噸。像這樣拿來用在工業用途上的鹽，最終會進入到淡水河流中，讓水無法飲用，促成越來越嚴重的全球危機。我們要如何更好地保護這些珍貴的自然資源？物理有機化學家蒂娜 艾洛伍德分享了一項三步驟計畫，讓鹽不要進入河流，並創造出循環鹽經濟，將工業副產品轉成有價值的資源。
Tina Arrowood - Scientist, engineer
By combining science, circular thinking and disruptive innovation, Tina Arrowood helps envision a world in which fresh river water is not scarce, but well-managed. Full bio
By combining science, circular thinking and disruptive innovation, Tina Arrowood helps envision a world in which fresh river water is not scarce, but well-managed. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Growing up in northern Wisconsin,
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我在威斯康辛北部長大，
00:14
I've naturally developed a connection
to the Mississippi River.
to the Mississippi River.
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很自然和密西西比河
發展出了一種連結。
發展出了一種連結。
00:19
When I was little,
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我小時候，
00:20
my sister and I would have contests
to see who could spell
to see who could spell
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我和我姐姐會比賽誰能先拼出
00:24
"M-i-s-s-i-s-s-i-p-p-i" the fastest.
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「M-i-s-s-i-s-s-i-p-p-i
（密西西比）」。
（密西西比）」。
00:29
When I was in elementary school,
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我讀小學時，
00:30
I got to learn about the early explorers
and their expeditions,
and their expeditions,
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我學到了早期的探險家
以及他們的探險，
以及他們的探險，
00:35
Marquette and Joliet, and how they used
the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
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馬凱特和喬利埃特，以及他們
如何透用五大湖及密西西比河
如何透用五大湖及密西西比河
00:39
and its tributaries
to discover the Midwest,
to discover the Midwest,
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和它的支流，來發現美國中西部，
00:42
and to map a trade route
to the Gulf of Mexico.
to the Gulf of Mexico.
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並將到墨西哥灣的
貿易路線畫成地圖。
貿易路線畫成地圖。
00:46
In graduate school,
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在讀研究所時，
00:47
I was fortunate to have
the Mississippi River
the Mississippi River
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我很幸運，密西西比河
00:50
outside my research laboratory window
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就在我的研究實驗室窗外，
00:52
at the University of Minnesota.
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那是在明尼蘇達大學。
00:55
During that five-year period,
I got to know the Mississippi River.
I got to know the Mississippi River.
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在那五年期間，我有機會
認識了密西西比河。
認識了密西西比河。
00:59
I got to know its temperamental nature
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我了解了它的無常特質，
01:01
and where it would flood
its banks at one moment,
its banks at one moment,
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可能這一刻它會將河岸淹沒，
01:04
and then shortly thereafter,
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沒多久之後，
01:07
you would see its dry shorelines.
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你又能看見乾燥的河岸線。
01:10
Today, as a physical organic chemist,
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現今，身為物理有機化學家，
01:13
I'm committed to use my training
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我致力於發揮我的訓練
01:15
to help protect rivers,
like the Mississippi,
like the Mississippi,
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來協助保護河流，像密西西比河，
01:18
from excessive salt
that can come from human activity.
that can come from human activity.
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避免因為人類活動造成
河流的鹽份過高。
河流的鹽份過高。
01:22
Because, you know,
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因為，
01:23
salt is something that can contaminate
freshwater rivers.
freshwater rivers.
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鹽有可能會污染淡水河流。
01:28
And freshwater rivers,
they have only salt levels of .05 percent.
they have only salt levels of .05 percent.
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淡水河流的鹽份含量只有 0.05%。
01:34
And at this level, it's safe to drink.
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鹽份在這個範圍內的水
可以安心飲用。
可以安心飲用。
01:38
But the majority of the water
on our planet is housed in our oceans,
on our planet is housed in our oceans,
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但地球上大部分的水在海洋裡，
01:42
and ocean water has a salinity level
of more than three percent.
of more than three percent.
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海洋的鹽度超過 3%。
01:46
And if you drank that,
you'd be sick very quick.
you'd be sick very quick.
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如果飲用海水，你很快就會生病。
01:50
So, if we are to compare
the relative volume of ocean water
the relative volume of ocean water
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所以，若要將地球上的海洋水量
01:55
to that of the river water
that's on our planet,
that's on our planet,
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和河流水量來做相對比較，
01:58
and let's say we are able
to put the ocean water
to put the ocean water
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假設我們能把海洋的水放到
02:01
into an Olympic-size swimming pool,
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奧運標準尺寸的游泳池裡，
02:04
then our planet's river water
would fit in a one-gallon jug.
would fit in a one-gallon jug.
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那麼地球上的河流水量
就可以放入一加侖的罐子中。
就可以放入一加侖的罐子中。
02:09
So you can see it's a precious resource.
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不難理解，河水是很珍貴的資源。
02:12
But do we treat it
like a precious resource?
like a precious resource?
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但我們有把它們當作
珍貴的資源來對待嗎？
珍貴的資源來對待嗎？
02:14
Or rather, do we treat it
like that old rug
like that old rug
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或者，我們對待它們的方式，
02:17
that you put in your front doorway
and wipe your feet off on it?
and wipe your feet off on it?
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就像對待舖在大門口
用來擦拭腳下塵土的老地毯？
用來擦拭腳下塵土的老地毯？
02:21
Treating rivers like that old rug
has severe consequences.
has severe consequences.
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把河流當作老地毯來對待，
會有嚴重的後果。
會有嚴重的後果。
02:25
Let's take a look.
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咱們來看看。
02:27
Let's see what just one teaspoon
of salt can do.
of salt can do.
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咱們來看看一茶匙的鹽巴
會有什麼影響。
會有什麼影響。
02:31
If we add one teaspoon of salt
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如果我們在一個奧運
標準尺寸的游泳池裝滿海水，
標準尺寸的游泳池裝滿海水，
02:33
to this Olympic-size
swimming pool of ocean water,
swimming pool of ocean water,
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再加進一茶匙的鹽巴，
02:37
the ocean water stays ocean water.
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海水還是海水。
02:40
But if we add that same
one teaspoon of salt
one teaspoon of salt
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但如果我們把同樣一茶匙的鹽巴
02:42
to this one-gallon jug
of fresh river water,
of fresh river water,
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加到裝滿河流淡水的
一加侖罐子中，
一加侖罐子中，
02:45
suddenly, it becomes too salty to drink.
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突然，整罐水就變得
太鹹而無法飲用了。
太鹹而無法飲用了。
02:49
So the point here is,
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這裡的重點是，因為
02:50
because rivers, the volume is so small
compared to the oceans,
compared to the oceans,
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相對於海洋，河流的水量太少了，
02:56
it is especially vulnerable
to human activity,
to human activity,
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河流很容易受到人類活動影響，
02:58
and we need to take care to protect them.
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我們必須要照顧、保護河流。
03:02
So recently, I surveyed the literature
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最近，我調查文獻以
03:04
to look at the river health
around the world.
around the world.
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了解全世界各地河流的健康。
03:07
And I fully expected to see
ailing river health
ailing river health
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我完全預期會在水源稀少
03:10
in regions of water scarcity
and heavy industrial development.
and heavy industrial development.
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和重度工業開發的區域
看到生病的河流。
看到生病的河流。
03:15
And I saw that
in northern China and in India.
in northern China and in India.
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我的確在中國北部和印度看到了。
03:19
But I was surprised
when I read a 2018 article
when I read a 2018 article
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但讓我意外的是，
我讀到一篇 2018 年的文章，
我讀到一篇 2018 年的文章，
03:24
where there's 232 river-sampling sites
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文中提到，在全美國有
232 個河流抽樣站點。
232 個河流抽樣站點。
在美國各地對河流抽樣。
03:28
sampled across the United States.
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在那些站點中，
03:31
And of those sites,
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03:33
37 percent had increasing salinity levels.
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有 37% 發現鹽度上升。
03:37
What was more surprising
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更讓人驚訝的是，
03:38
is that the ones
with the highest increases
with the highest increases
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鹽度增加最多的站點
03:41
were found on the east part
of the United States,
of the United States,
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是在美國東部，
03:44
and not the arid southwest.
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而不是乾旱的西南部。
03:47
The authors of this paper postulate
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這篇文章的作者推測
03:50
that this could be due
to using salt to deice roads.
to using salt to deice roads.
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原因可能是當地使用鹽
來避免道路結冰。
來避免道路結冰。
03:55
Potentially, another source of this salt
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這些鹽份的另一個可能來源
03:58
could come from salty
industrial wastewaters.
industrial wastewaters.
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是含鹽的工業廢水。
04:02
So as you see, human activities
can convert our freshwater rivers
can convert our freshwater rivers
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如各位所見，人類活動
可以將淡水河流轉變成
可以將淡水河流轉變成
04:07
into water that's more like our oceans.
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更像是海水的水。
04:09
So we need to act and do something
before it's too late.
before it's too late.
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我們必須要在太遲之前採取行動。
04:14
And I have a proposal.
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我有一個提議。
04:16
We can take a three-step
river-defense mechanism,
river-defense mechanism,
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我們可以採用一個
三步驟的河流防禦機制，
三步驟的河流防禦機制，
04:21
and if industrial-water users
practice this defense mechanism,
practice this defense mechanism,
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如果工業水的使用者
能採用這種防禦機制，
能採用這種防禦機制，
04:26
we can put our rivers
in a much safer position.
in a much safer position.
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我們就能讓河流更安全。
04:30
This involves, number one,
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這機制的內容包括，第一，
04:33
extracting less water from our rivers
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導入水回收和再利用的做法，
04:35
by implementing water recycle
and reuse operations.
and reuse operations.
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來減少從河流取水。
04:40
Number two,
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第二，
04:41
we need to take the salt
out of these salty industrial wastewaters
out of these salty industrial wastewaters
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我們必須要鹽份
從工業廢水中取出，
從工業廢水中取出，
04:45
and recover it and reuse it
for other purposes.
for other purposes.
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把取出的鹽份再利用至其他地方。
04:49
And number three,
we need to convert salt consumers,
we need to convert salt consumers,
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第三，我們得要將目前
使用礦鹽的消費者轉變成
04:53
who currently source our salt from mines
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04:56
into salt consumers that source our salt
from recycled salt sources.
from recycled salt sources.
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使用回收鹽的消費者。
05:01
This three-part defense mechanism
is already in play.
is already in play.
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這個三步驟的防禦機制
已經在進行中了。
已經在進行中了。
05:05
This is what northern China
and India are implementing
and India are implementing
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北中國和印度正是採用這個機制
05:08
to help to rehabilitate the rivers.
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來協助河流恢復原狀。
05:11
But the proposal here
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但，我提出的提議
05:12
is to use this defense mechanism
to protect our rivers,
to protect our rivers,
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是要用這個防禦機制
來保護我們的河流，
來保護我們的河流，
05:16
so we don't need to rehabilitate them.
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讓我們根本不用將河流恢復原狀。
05:20
And the good news is,
we have technology that can do this.
we have technology that can do this.
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好消息是，我們有技術
可以做到這一點。
可以做到這一點。
05:23
It's with membranes.
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這項技術是用薄膜。
05:25
Membranes that can separate
salt and water.
salt and water.
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可以把鹽和水分離的薄膜。
05:29
Membranes have been around
for a number of years,
for a number of years,
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薄膜在很多年前就有了，
05:32
and they're based on polymeric materials
that separate based on size,
that separate based on size,
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採用的是聚合材料，
依據體積來做分離，
依據體積來做分離，
05:37
or they can separate based on charge.
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也可以依據電荷來做分離。
05:40
The membranes that are used
to separate salt and water
to separate salt and water
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用來將鹽和水分離的薄膜
05:43
typically separate based on charge.
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通常是根據電荷來做分離的。
05:46
And these membranes
are negatively charged,
are negatively charged,
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這些薄膜本身帶有負電，
05:49
and help to repel the negatively
charged chloride ions
charged chloride ions
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能協助排斥溶解的鹽中
05:52
that are in that dissolved salt.
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帶負電的氯離子。
05:55
So, as I said, these membranes
have been around for a number of years,
have been around for a number of years,
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我剛才說過，這些薄膜
在幾年前就有了，
在幾年前就有了，
06:00
and currently, they are purifying
25 million gallons of water every minute.
25 million gallons of water every minute.
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目前，
它們每分鐘能淨化
兩千五百萬加侖的水。
兩千五百萬加侖的水。
06:07
Even more than that, actually.
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實際上甚至還更多。
06:09
But they can do more.
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但它們能做的不只如此。
06:12
These membranes are based
under the principle of reverse osmosis.
under the principle of reverse osmosis.
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這些薄膜是以逆滲透原理為基礎。
06:17
Now osmosis is this natural process
that happens in our bodies --
that happens in our bodies --
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滲透是我們身體中
會發生的自然過程——
會發生的自然過程——
和我們細胞的運作有關。
06:22
you know, how our cells work.
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06:24
And osmosis is where you have two chambers
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滲透作用就是有兩個不同的空間，
06:27
that separate two levels
of salt concentration.
of salt concentration.
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將兩種不同鹽份濃度給區別開來。
06:31
One with low salt concentration
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一邊是低鹽份濃度，
06:33
and one with high salt concentration.
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另一邊是高鹽份濃度。
06:35
And separating the two chambers
is the semipermeable membrane.
is the semipermeable membrane.
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將兩個空間隔開的是
一片半透性的薄膜。
一片半透性的薄膜。
06:39
And under the natural osmosis process,
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在自然的滲透過程中，
06:42
what happens is the water naturally
transports across that membrane
transports across that membrane
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水會很自然地通過那片薄膜，
06:46
from the area of low salt concentration
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從低鹽份濃度的地方
到高鹽份濃度的地方，
到高鹽份濃度的地方，
06:48
to the area of high salt concentration,
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06:50
until an equilibrium is met.
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直到兩邊的濃度達到平衡。
06:54
Now reverse osmosis,
it's the reverse of this natural process.
it's the reverse of this natural process.
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逆滲透作用則是逆轉這個自然過程。
06:58
And in order to achieve this reversal,
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為了達成逆轉，
07:00
what we do is we apply a pressure
to the high-concentration side
to the high-concentration side
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我們要做的是施加壓力給
高鹽份濃度的那一邊，
高鹽份濃度的那一邊，
07:05
and in doing so, we drive the water
the opposite direction.
the opposite direction.
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這麼做就能讓水
往相反的方向行進。
往相反的方向行進。
07:09
And so the high-concentration side
becomes more salty,
becomes more salty,
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高鹽份濃度的那一邊，
鹽份會變得更高，
鹽份會變得更高，
07:12
more concentrated,
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濃度更高，
07:13
and the low-concentration side
becomes your purified water.
becomes your purified water.
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而低鹽份濃度的那一邊
就變成了淨化的水。
就變成了淨化的水。
07:18
So using reverse osmosis,
we can take an industrial wastewater
we can take an industrial wastewater
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利用逆滲透，我們可以
把 95% 的工業廢水轉換成純水，
07:23
and convert up to 95 percent of it
into pure water,
into pure water,
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07:27
leaving only five percent
as this concentrated salty mixture.
as this concentrated salty mixture.
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只留下 5% 高鹽份濃度的混合物。
07:33
Now, this five percent
concentrated salty mixture
concentrated salty mixture
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這 5% 高鹽份濃度的
混合物並不是廢物。
混合物並不是廢物。
07:36
is not waste.
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07:37
So scientists have also
developed membranes
developed membranes
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科學家也開發出一些
改造過的薄膜，
改造過的薄膜，
07:40
that are modified to allow
some salts to pass through
some salts to pass through
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讓某些鹽可以通過，
07:44
and not others.
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但其他的鹽不行。
07:46
Using these membranes,
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用這種薄膜，
07:48
which are commonly referred to
as nanofiltration membranes,
as nanofiltration membranes,
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也就是一般所謂的奈米過濾膜，
07:51
now this five percent
concentrated salty solution
concentrated salty solution
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這 5% 的高鹽份濃度溶液
07:54
can be converted
into a purified salt solution.
into a purified salt solution.
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就能被轉換成純化的鹽溶液。
07:58
So, in total, using reverse osmosis
and nanofiltration membranes,
and nanofiltration membranes,
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所以，總的來說，
有逆滲透作用和奈米過濾膜，
有逆滲透作用和奈米過濾膜，
08:03
we can convert industrial wastewater
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我們就能把工業廢水轉換
08:06
into a resource of both water and salt.
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成為水和鹽的資源。
08:10
And in doing so,
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這麼做，
08:12
achieve pillars one and two
of this river-defense mechanism.
of this river-defense mechanism.
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就能達成這個河流防禦機制的
第一和第二根支柱。
第一和第二根支柱。
08:17
Now, I've introduced this
to a number of industrial-water users,
to a number of industrial-water users,
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我曾向一些工業用水使用者
介紹過這個機制，
介紹過這個機制，
08:22
and the common response is,
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通常得到的反應是：
08:24
"Yeah, but who is going to use my salt?"
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「好，但，誰會要用我的鹽？」
08:28
So that's why pillar number three
is so important.
is so important.
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這就是為什麼
第三根支柱這麼重要。
第三根支柱這麼重要。
08:31
We need to transform folks
that are using mine salt
that are using mine salt
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我們必須要將使用
礦鹽的消費者轉型
礦鹽的消費者轉型
08:34
into consumers of recycled salt.
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成為使用回收鹽的消費者。
08:38
So who are these salt consumers?
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所以，誰是這些鹽的消費者？
08:41
Well, in 2018 in the United States,
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2018 年，在美國，
08:43
I learned that 43 percent of the salt
consumed in the US
consumed in the US
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我發現美國消費的鹽當中有 43%
08:48
was used for road salt deicing purposes.
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是用在防止道路結冰的用途上。
08:52
Thirty-nine percent
was used by the chemical industry.
was used by the chemical industry.
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39% 是化學業在使用。
08:55
So let's take a look
at these two applications.
at these two applications.
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所以，咱們來談談這兩種應用。
08:58
So, I was shocked.
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我很震驚。
09:01
In the 2018-2019 winter season,
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2018 年到 2019 年的冬季，
09:05
one million tons of salt
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一百萬噸的鹽
09:08
was applied to the roads
in the state of Pennsylvania.
in the state of Pennsylvania.
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被用在賓州的道路上。
09:13
One million tons of salt is enough
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一百萬噸的鹽足以
09:15
to fill two-thirds
of an Empire State Building.
of an Empire State Building.
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裝滿帝國大廈的三分之二。
09:19
That's one million tons of salt
mined from the earth,
mined from the earth,
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也就是從地球開採出了
一百萬噸的鹽，
一百萬噸的鹽，
09:22
applied to our roads,
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用在我們的道路上，
09:24
and then it washes off
into the environment and into our rivers.
into the environment and into our rivers.
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接著這些鹽就被沖刷掉，
進入我們的環境和河流。
進入我們的環境和河流。
09:29
So the proposal here
is that we could at least
is that we could at least
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所以我的提議是，我們至少可以
09:33
source that salt from a salty
industrial wastewater,
industrial wastewater,
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從含鹽的工業廢水中取得那些鹽，
09:36
and prevent that
from going into our rivers,
from going into our rivers,
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避免這些鹽進入我們的河流，
09:39
and rather use that to apply to our roads.
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把它們用在我們的道路上。
09:42
So at least when the melt happens
in the springtime
in the springtime
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至少，在春季開始融冰時，
09:44
and you have this high-salinity runoff,
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出現高鹽度逕流時，
09:47
the rivers are at least
in a better position
in a better position
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至少河流的狀況還會
09:50
to defend themselves against that.
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比較有抵禦的能力。
09:54
Now, as a chemist,
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身為化學家，
09:55
the opportunity though
that I'm more psyched about
that I'm more psyched about
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比較會讓我興奮的機會，
09:59
is the concept of introducing
circular salt into the chemical industry.
circular salt into the chemical industry.
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是把循環鹽導入
化學產業的這個概念。
化學產業的這個概念。
10:05
And the chlor-alkali industry is perfect.
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氯鹼業是個完美的對象。
10:10
Chlor-alkali industry
is the source of epoxies,
is the source of epoxies,
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氯鹼業是環氧樹脂的來源，
10:13
it's the source of urethanes and solvents
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也是氨基鉀酸酯、溶劑，
10:16
and a lot of useful products
that we use in our everyday lives.
that we use in our everyday lives.
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以及我們日常生活中
許多實用產品的來源。
許多實用產品的來源。
10:20
And it uses sodium chloride salt
as its key feed stack.
as its key feed stack.
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該產業使用氯化鈉鹽
當作它的主要進料。
當作它的主要進料。
10:25
So the idea here is,
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所以，這裡的想法是，
10:28
well, first of all,
let's look at linear economy.
let's look at linear economy.
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首先，咱們先來談談線性經濟。
10:30
So in a linear economy,
they're sourcing that salt from a mine,
they're sourcing that salt from a mine,
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在線性經濟中，鹽的來源是鹽礦，
10:34
it goes through this chlor-alkali process,
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它們會經過氯鹼過程，
10:36
made into a basic chemical,
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被製成基本的化學製品，
10:38
which then can get converted
into another new product,
into another new product,
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這些化學製品能被
轉換成其他新產品，
轉換成其他新產品，
10:40
or a more functional product.
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或者更有功能性的產品。
10:43
But during that conversion process,
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但在轉換的過程中，
10:46
oftentimes salt is regenerated
as the by-product,
as the by-product,
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通常，都會重新生成鹽，
可算是副產品，
可算是副產品，
10:49
and it ends up
in the industrial wastewater.
in the industrial wastewater.
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這些鹽最後會進入工業廢水中。
10:53
So, the idea is that we can
introduce circularity,
introduce circularity,
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所以，我的想法是導入循環，
10:58
and we can recycle the water and salt
from those industrial wastewater streams,
from those industrial wastewater streams,
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我們可以從工業廢水當中、
從工廠回收水和鹽，
11:03
from the factories,
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11:04
and we can send it to the front end
of the chlor-alkali process.
of the chlor-alkali process.
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再把它們送到氯鹼過程的前端。
11:10
Circular salt.
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循環鹽。
11:11
So how impactful is this?
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這會有多大的影響？
11:14
Well, let's just take one example.
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咱們用一個例子來說明。
11:16
Fifty percent of the world's
production of propylene oxide
production of propylene oxide
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全世界生產出的環氧丙烷，有 50%
11:20
is made through the chlor-alkali process.
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是透過氯鹼過程製造出來的。
11:23
And that's a total of about five million
tons of propylene oxide
tons of propylene oxide
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也就是全球每年總共
約五百萬噸的環氧丙烷。
11:28
on an annual basis, made globally.
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11:31
So that's five million tons of salt
mined from the earth
mined from the earth
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也就是從地球開採出
五百萬噸的鹽，
五百萬噸的鹽，
11:35
converted through the chlor-alkali process
into propylene oxide,
into propylene oxide,
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透過氯鹼過程轉換成環氧丙烷，
11:39
and then during that process,
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接著，在那過程中，
11:41
five million tons of salt
that ends up in wastewater streams.
that ends up in wastewater streams.
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五百萬噸的鹽最後
會進入到廢水中。
會進入到廢水中。
11:46
So five million tons
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五百萬噸的鹽可以
裝滿三棟帝國大廈。
裝滿三棟帝國大廈。
11:48
is enough salt to fill
three Empire State Buildings.
three Empire State Buildings.
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11:51
And that's on an annual basis.
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那還只是一年的量。
11:54
So you can see how circular salt
can provide a barrier
can provide a barrier
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這樣大家就可以了解，
為什麼循環鹽
為什麼循環鹽
可以協助我們的河流
抵禦過多的鹽排放。
抵禦過多的鹽排放。
11:59
to our rivers from this excessive
salty discharge.
salty discharge.
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12:04
So you might wonder,
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各位可能會納悶：
12:06
"Well, gosh, these membranes
have been around for a number of years,
have been around for a number of years,
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「啊，很多年前就有這些薄膜了，
12:10
so why aren't people implementing
wastewater reuse?
wastewater reuse?
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為什麼大家不去做廢水再利用？
12:14
Well, the bottom line is,
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嗯，基本上，
12:16
it costs money to implement
wastewater reuse.
wastewater reuse.
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做廢水再利用是要花錢的。
12:20
And second,
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第二，
12:21
water in these regions is undervalued.
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在這些區域，水的價值被低估了。
12:25
Until it's too late.
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直到太遲了。
12:27
You know, if we don't plan
for freshwater sustainability,
for freshwater sustainability,
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如果我們不規劃淡水永續性，
12:31
there are some severe consequences.
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將會有一些嚴重的後果。
12:34
You can just ask one of the world's
largest chemical manufacturers
largest chemical manufacturers
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你可以問世界上最大的化學製造商，
12:37
who last year took
a 280-million dollar hit
a 280-million dollar hit
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去年，他們因為德國
萊茵河水位過低，
萊茵河水位過低，
12:41
due to low river levels
of the Rhine River in Germany.
of the Rhine River in Germany.
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受到了兩億八千萬美金的衝擊。
12:45
You can ask the residents
of Cape Town, South Africa,
of Cape Town, South Africa,
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你可以問南非開普敦的居民，
12:49
who experienced a year-over-year drought
drying up their water reserves,
drying up their water reserves,
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他們遇到一年比一年嚴重的乾旱，
讓儲存的水被用盡，
讓儲存的水被用盡，
12:54
and then being asked
not to flush their toilets.
not to flush their toilets.
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接著被要求不可以沖馬桶。
12:58
So you can see,
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所以，各位能了解，
13:00
we have solutions here, with membranes,
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我們有使用薄膜的解決方案，
13:02
where we can provide pure water,
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用這個方案可以提供純水，
13:06
we can provide pure salt,
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可以提供純鹽，
13:09
using these membranes, both of these,
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用這些薄膜，兩者都能提供，
13:11
to help to protect our rivers
for future generations.
for future generations.
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為未來的世代保護我們的河流。
13:14
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:15
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tina Arrowood - Scientist, engineerBy combining science, circular thinking and disruptive innovation, Tina Arrowood helps envision a world in which fresh river water is not scarce, but well-managed.
Why you should listen
Tina Arrowood understands that water is the world’s most valuable resource -- and one of the most finite. Her knowledge and expertise fuels her desire to drive effective water management strategies forward and inspires her to innovate breakthrough solutions that promote water reuse and recycling. Alongside her colleagues at DuPont Water Solutions, Arrowood -- a PhD Physical Organic Chemist and Principal Research Scientist -- focuses on her energy and passion to advance membrane technologies that enable wastewater to be converted into clean water sources used for a wide-range of applications.
In 2016, Arrowood's team commercialized the first series of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration elements designed to address wastewater challenges. With the award-winning FILMTEC™ FORTILIFE™ element portfolio continuing to make waves in the industry to minimize water discharge, Arrowood is now focused on mitigating the threat salt poses to water systems. She continues to teach industrial water users around the world about her findings. While doing so, she gathers insight on new and emerging water treatment challenges that help inform and shape membrane research and development.
Tina Arrowood | Speaker | TED.com