TEDxBoston
Geraldine Hamilton: Body parts on a chip
Geraldine Hamilton: Dijelovi tijela na cipu
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Relativno je lako zamisliti novu medicinu, bolji lijek za neku bolest. Ali je tesko testirati ga, to moze odgoditi dostupnost lijeka godinama. U ovom detaljnom govoru, Geraldine Hamilton nam objasnjava kako njen laboratorij kreira organe i dijelove tijela na cipu, jednostavne strukture sa svim dijelovima neophodnim za testiranje novog lijeka--pa cak i lijekova po narudbi za odredenu osobu. (Snimio TEDxBoston)
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcher
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio
Geraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We have a global health challenge
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Danas imamo jedan globalni zdravstveni izazov
00:14
in our hands today,
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na nasim ledima,
00:16
and that is that the way we currently
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a to je da je nacin na koji trenutno
00:19
discover and develop new drugs
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otkrivamo i razvijamo nove lijekove
00:22
is too costly, takes far too long,
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preskup, traje predugo,
00:26
and it fails more often than it succeeds.
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i mnogo cesce nas razocara nego sto obraduje.
00:30
It really just isn't working, and that means
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Jednostavno ne funkcionise, a to znaci
00:33
that patients that badly need new therapies
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da pacijenti ne dobivaju terapiju koja im je
00:36
are not getting them,
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prijeko potrebna
00:38
and diseases are going untreated.
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a bolesti se ne liječe.
00:41
We seem to be spending more and more money.
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Cini mi se da se trosi sve vise i vise novaca.
00:44
So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D,
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Tako da za svaku milijardu dolara koju potrosimo za istrazivanje i razvoj
00:48
we're getting less drugs approved into the market.
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manje lijekova dobije dozvolu za koristenje.
00:52
More money, less drugs. Hmm.
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Vise novaca, manje lijekova. Hmm.
00:55
So what's going on here?
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Pa sta se to desava?
00:57
Well, there's a multitude of factors at play,
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Pa, u igri su mnostvo faktora,
01:00
but I think one of the key factors
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ali mislim da je kljucni faktor
01:02
is that the tools that we currently have
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taj da su alati koji su nam danas
01:04
available to test whether a drug is going to work,
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dostupni za utvrdivanje da li je lijek djelotvoran,
01:08
whether it has efficacy,
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da li je uspjesan,
01:10
or whether it's going to be safe
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i da li ce biti siguran za upotrebu
01:12
before we get it into human clinical trials,
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prije nego ga pocnemo testirati na ljudima,
01:15
are failing us. They're not predicting
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nedovoljni. Ne mogu predvidjeti
01:17
what's going to happen in humans.
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sta ce se desiti u ljuskom organizmu.
01:21
And we have two main tools available
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Ono sto imamo dostupno za upotrebu su
01:23
at our disposal.
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dva alata.
01:25
They are cells in dishes and animal testing.
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Celije u posudicama i testiranje na zivotinjama.
01:29
Now let's talk about the first one, cells in dishes.
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Porazgovarajmo o prvom, celije u posudicama.
01:33
So, cells are happily functioning in our bodies.
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Pa, celije sasvim uredno funkcionisu u nasim tijelima.
01:36
We take them and rip them out
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Mi ih izvadimo, otrgnemo
01:38
of their native environment,
throw them in one of these dishes,
throw them in one of these dishes,
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iz njihovog prirodnog okruzenja,
ubacimo u jednu od ovih posudica,
ubacimo u jednu od ovih posudica,
01:41
and expect them to work.
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i ocekujemo da i dalje funkcionisu.
01:42
Guess what. They don't.
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Ali pogadate: to ne funkcionise.
01:45
They don't like that environment
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Celije ne vole tu sredinu
01:46
because it's nothing like
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koja ne lici na sredinu
01:48
what they have in the body.
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u ljudskom organizmu.
01:51
What about animal testing?
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A testiranje na zivotinjama?
01:53
Well, animals do and can provide
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Zivotinje mogu i pruzaju nam
01:55
extremely useful information.
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izuzetno korisne informacije.
01:58
They teach us about what happens
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Na njima ucimo sta se desava
01:59
in the complex organism.
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u kompleksnim organizmima.
02:02
We learn more about the biology itself.
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Ucimo vise o samoj biologiji.
02:05
However, more often than not,
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Medutim, cesto se desi da
02:08
animal models fail to predict
what will happen in humans
what will happen in humans
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ovo testiranje ne moze predvidjeti
sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu
sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu
02:12
when they're treated with a particular drug.
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kada budu podvrgnuti terapiji sa odredenim lijekom.
02:15
So we need better tools.
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Zato nam trebaju bolji alati.
02:17
We need human cells,
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Potrebne su nam ljudske celije,
02:19
but we need to find a way to keep them happy
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ali moramo naci nacin da ih drzimo u prirodnoj sredini
02:22
outside the body.
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van nasih tijela.
02:24
Our bodies are dynamic environments.
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Nasa tijela su dinamicka okruzenja.
02:26
We're in constant motion.
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Konstantno se krecemo.
02:28
Our cells experience that.
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Nase celije to osjete.
02:31
They're in dynamic environments in our body.
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U nasim tijelima, one su u dinamickom okruzenju.
02:33
They're under constant mechanical forces.
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Pod stalnim su mehanickim uticajima.
02:36
So if we want to make cells happy
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Ukoliko zelimo da kreiramo jedno
02:39
outside our bodies,
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takvo okruzenje,
02:40
we need to become cell architects.
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moramo da postanemo arhitekti celija.
02:42
We need to design, build and engineer
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Treba da dizajniramo, izgradimo i planiramo
02:47
a home away from home for the cells.
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dom van doma za celije.
02:50
And at the Wyss Institute,
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Mi, na ViS institutu,
02:52
we've done just that.
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smo ucinili upravo to,
02:54
We call it an organ-on-a-chip.
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i nazvali smo ga organ-na-cipu.
02:57
And I have one right here.
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I upravo imam jedan ovdje.
02:58
It's beautiful, isn't it?
But it's pretty incredible.
But it's pretty incredible.
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Prelijep je, zar ne?
Ali je i prilicno nevjerovatan.
Ali je i prilicno nevjerovatan.
03:01
Right here in my hand is a breathing, living
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Ovdje, u mojoj ruci, se nalaze ziva, ljudska
03:06
human lung on a chip.
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pluca na cipu koja disu.
03:08
And it's not just beautiful.
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I nisu samo lijepa na izgled.
03:11
It can do a tremendous amount of things.
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Sa njima se moze uciniti mnogo toga.
03:13
We have living cells in that little chip,
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U ovom malom cipu imamo zive celije,
03:17
cells that are in a dynamic environment
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celije koje se nalaze u dinamicnom okruzenju
03:19
interacting with different cell types.
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koje medusobno djeluju sa drugim tipovima celija.
03:22
There's been many people
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Mnogi ljudi su
03:24
trying to grow cells in the lab.
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pokusali da uzgajaju celije u laboratoriju.
03:26
They've tried many different approaches.
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Probali su razne pristupe.
03:29
They've even tried to grow
little mini-organs in the lab.
little mini-organs in the lab.
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Cak su pokusali da uzgoje
male mini organe u laboratoriju.
male mini organe u laboratoriju.
03:32
We're not trying to do that here.
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To nije ono sto mi ovdje pokusavamo.
03:33
We're simply trying to recreate
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Jednostavno pokusavamo da rekonstruisemo
03:35
in this tiny chip
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u ovom malom cipu
03:37
the smallest functional unit
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najmanju funkcionalnu jedinicu
03:40
that represents the biochemistry,
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koja simulira biohemiju,
03:43
the function and the mechanical strain
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funkciju i mehanicka opterecenja
03:46
that the cells experience in our bodies.
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kojima su podvrgnute celije u nasim tijelima.
03:49
So how does it work? Let me show you.
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Kako to radimo? Pokazat cu vam.
03:52
We use techniques from the computer chip
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Koristimo tehniku industrije za proizvodnju
03:55
manufacturing industry
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racunarskih cipova
03:56
to make these structures at a scale
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da bi izgradili ove strukture na razini
03:59
relevant to both the cells and their environment.
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relevantnoj i celijama i njihovom okruzenju.
04:02
We have three fluidic channels.
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Tu se nalaze tri kanala za tecnosti.
04:04
In the center, we have a porous, flexible membrane
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U centru se nalazi porozna, fleksibilna membrana
04:07
on which we can add human cells
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na koju mozemo postaviti ljudske celije
04:09
from, say, our lungs,
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recimo iz nasih pluca,
04:11
and then underneath, they had capillary cells,
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a ispod njih se nalaze kapilarne celije,
04:13
the cells in our blood vessels.
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celije u nasim krvnim zilama.
04:15
And we can then apply mechanical forces to the chip
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Zatim mozemo na cip aplicirati mehanicke sile
04:19
that stretch and contract the membrane,
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koje rastezu i skupljaju membranu,
04:22
so the cells experience the same mechanical forces
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tako da celije osjecaju iste mehanicke sile
04:25
that they did when we breathe.
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kako i kad disemo.
04:28
And they experience them how they did in the body.
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Dozivljavaju ih na isti nacin kao i u tijelu.
04:31
There's air flowing through the top channel,
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Kroz gornji kanal prolazi vazduh,
04:34
and then we flow a liquid that contains nutrients
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a kroz krvne kanale ulijevamo tecnost
04:37
through the blood channel.
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koja sadrzi hranjive sastojke.
04:40
Now the chip is really beautiful,
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Da cip je zaista divan,
04:42
but what can we do with it?
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ali sta mozemo sa njim postici?
04:44
We can get incredible functionality
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Mozemo postici izuzetnu funkcionalnost
04:47
inside these little chips.
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unutar ovog malog cipa.
04:49
Let me show you.
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Pokazat cu vam.
04:50
We could, for example, mimic infection,
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Na primjer, mogli bismo simulirati infekciju,
04:53
where we add bacterial cells into the lung.
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tako sto dodamo celije bakterija u pluca.
04:56
then we can add human white blood cells.
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A zatim dodamo ljudska bijela krvna zrnca.
04:59
White blood cells are our body's defense
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Bijela krvna zrnca su nacin na koji se nasa tijela brane
05:02
against bacterial invaders,
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od invazivnih bakterija,
05:03
and when they sense this
inflammation due to infection,
inflammation due to infection,
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i kada osjete upalu izazvanu infekcijom,
05:06
they will enter from the blood into the lung
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iz krvi ce da udu u pluca
05:09
and engulf the bacteria.
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i okruziti bakteriju.
05:11
Well now you're going to see this happening
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Sada cemo to vidjeti uzivo
05:13
live in an actual human lung on a chip.
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na ljudskim plucima na cipu.
05:17
We've labeled the white blood cells
so you can see them flowing through,
so you can see them flowing through,
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oznacili smo bijela krvna zrnca
kako biste ih lakse uocili dok prolaze,
kako biste ih lakse uocili dok prolaze,
05:20
and when they detect that infection,
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a kada uoce infekciju,
05:22
they begin to stick.
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pocnu prijanjati.
05:24
They stick, and then they try to go into the lung
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Prijanjaju, a onda pokusavaju da produ iz krvne zile
05:28
side from blood channel.
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na stranu gdje su pluca.
05:29
And you can see here, we can actually visualize
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A kao sto mozete vidjeti ovdje, mozemo si vizualizovati
05:33
a single white blood cell.
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i samo jedno bijelo krvno zrnce.
05:37
It sticks, it wiggles its way through
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Prijanjaju, probija svoj put kroz
05:39
between the cell layers, through the pore,
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slojeve celija, kroz pore,
05:41
comes out on the other side of the membrane,
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izlazi na drugu stranu membrane,
05:44
and right there, it's going to engulf the bacteria
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i upravo sada ce da okruzi bakteriju
05:47
labeled in green.
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koja je markirana zelenom bojom.
05:49
In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
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Taj mali cip vam je omogucio da budete svjedoci
05:52
one of the most fundamental responses
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jednom od najosnovnijih reakcija
05:55
our body has to an infection.
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koje nase tijelo ima na infekciju.
05:57
It's the way we respond to -- an immune response.
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Tako nase tijelo reaguje--imuna reakcija.
06:01
It's pretty exciting.
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Poprilicno uzbudljivo.
06:03
Now I want to share this picture with you,
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Zelim vam sada pokazati ovu sliku,
06:06
not just because it's so beautiful,
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ne zato sto je divna,
06:08
but because it tells us an enormous
amount of information
amount of information
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vec zato sto nam pruza ogromnu
kolicinu informacija
kolicinu informacija
06:11
about what the cells are doing within the chips.
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o tome sta celije rade unutar cipa.
06:14
It tells us that these cells
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Vidimo da celije
06:16
from the small airways in our lungs,
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iz malih disnih puteva u plucima,
06:19
actually have these hairlike structures
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ustvari imaju ove male dlakice
06:20
that you would expect to see in the lung.
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koje biste ocekivali da vidite u plucima.
06:22
These structures are called cilia,
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Te strukture se zovu cilija,
06:24
and they actually move the mucus out of the lung.
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i one pomazu u izbacivanju sluzi iz pluca.
06:27
Yeah. Mucus. Yuck.
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Da, Sluz. Bljak.
06:28
But mucus is actually very important.
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Ali sluz je ustvari veoma vazna.
06:31
Mucus traps particulates, viruses,
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Sluz hvata cestice, viruse,
06:33
potential allergens,
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potencijalne alergene,
06:35
and these little cilia move
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a cilije kretanjem
06:36
and clear the mucus out.
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izbacuju sluz vani.
06:39
When they get damaged, say,
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Ako se ostete, recimo
06:41
by cigarette smoke for example,
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dimom iz cigarete na primjer,
06:43
they don't work properly,
and they can't clear that mucus out.
and they can't clear that mucus out.
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ne rade kako trebaju,
i nisu ustanju izbaciti sluz.
i nisu ustanju izbaciti sluz.
06:46
And that can lead to diseases such as bronchitis.
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A to vodi do bolesti poput bronhitisa.
06:50
Cilia and the clearance of mucus
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Cilije i izbacivanje sluzi
06:52
are also involved in awful diseases like cystic fibrosis.
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su takoder kljucni kod groznih bolesti poput cisticne fibroze.
06:57
But now, with the functionality
that we get in these chips,
that we get in these chips,
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Ali sada, zahvaljujuci funkcionalnosti u ovim cipovima,
07:00
we can begin to look
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mozemo poceti da trazimo
07:02
for potential new treatments.
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potencijalne nove tretmane.
07:05
We didn't stop with the lung on a chip.
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Nismo se zaustavili samo na plucima na cipu.
07:07
We have a gut on a chip.
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Imamo crijevo na cipu.
07:08
You can see one right here.
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Evo jednoga.
07:10
And we've put intestinal human cells
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Postavili smo ljudske crijevne celije
07:14
in a gut on a chip,
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u ovo crijevo na cipu,
07:16
and they're under constant peristaltic motion,
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i one su pod stalnim peristaltickim kretanjem,
07:18
this trickling flow through the cells,
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ovaj protok kroz celije,
07:22
and we can mimic many of the functions
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i mozemo imitirati mnoge funkcije
07:24
that you actually would expect to see
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koje bi inace ocekivali da vidite
07:26
in the human intestine.
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u ljudskom crijevu.
07:28
Now we can begin to create models of diseases
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Tako da sada mozemo poceti da kreiramo modele bolesti
07:32
such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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poput bolesti upaljenog crijeva.
07:34
This is a disease that affects
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Ovo je bolest koja muci
07:36
a large number of individuals.
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veliki broj ljudi.
07:38
It's really debilitating,
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Oslabljuje organizam,
07:40
and there aren't really many good treatments for it.
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a ne postoji bas mnogo dobrih tretmana.
07:44
Now we have a whole pipeline
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Imamo cijeli niz
07:46
of different organ chips
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razlicitih organa na cipu
07:49
that we are currently working on in our labs.
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na kojima trenutno radimo u nasim laboratorijama.
07:52
Now, the true power of this technology, however,
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Ali prava snaga ove tehnologije ustvari dolazi
07:56
really comes from the fact
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iz cinjenice
07:58
that we can fluidically link them.
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da ih sve mozemo fluidno povezati.
08:00
There's fluid flowing across these cells,
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Posto kroz ove celije tece tecnost,
08:02
so we can begin to interconnect
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mozemo poceti da povezijemo
08:04
multiple different chips together
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razlicite cipove
08:07
to form what we call a virtual human on a chip.
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kako bismo formirali ono sto mi zovemo virtualni covjek na cipu.
08:12
Now we're really getting excited.
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Sada ste stvarno uzbudeni.
08:15
We're not going to ever recreate
a whole human in these chips,
a whole human in these chips,
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Nikada necemo kreirati citavo ljudsko bice na ovim cipovima,
08:19
but what our goal is is to be able to recreate
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ali nas gol je da budemo ustanju kreirati
08:23
sufficient functionality
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dovoljnu funkcionalnost
08:25
so that we can make better predictions
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kako bismo bolje mogli predvidjeti
08:27
of what's going to happen in humans.
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sta ce se desiti u ljudskom organizmu.
08:29
For example, now we can begin to explore
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Na primjer, mozemo poceti istrazivati
08:32
what happens when we put
a drug like an aerosol drug.
a drug like an aerosol drug.
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sta ce se desiti kada ubacimo neki inhalatorni lijek.
08:36
Those of you like me who have asthma,
when you take your inhaler,
when you take your inhaler,
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Oni od vas koji imaju astmu poput mene, kada uzmete inhaler,
08:39
we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs,
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mozemo istraziti kako lijek ulazi u pluca,
08:42
how it enters the body,
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kako ulazi u tijelo,
08:43
how it might affect, say, your heart.
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i kako moze uticati, recimo, na srce.
08:45
Does it change the beating of your heart?
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Da li mijenja otkucaje srca?
08:47
Does it have a toxicity?
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Da li je toksican?
08:49
Does it get cleared by the liver?
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Da li ga jetra ocisti iz organizma?
08:51
Is it metabolized in the liver?
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Da li metabolira u jetri?
08:53
Is it excreted in your kidneys?
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Da li se izlucuje u vase bubrege?
08:55
We can begin to study the dynamic
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Mozemo poceti da izucava dinamican
08:57
response of the body to a drug.
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odgovor tijela na lijek.
09:00
This could really revolutionize
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Ovo bi mogla biti revolucija
09:01
and be a game changer
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i promjena nacina dosadasnjeg rada
09:03
for not only the pharmaceutical industry,
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ne samo za farmaceutsku industriju,
09:06
but a whole host of different industries,
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vec za citav niz raznih industrija,
09:08
including the cosmetics industry.
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ukljucujuci i kozmeticku industriju.
09:11
We can potentially use the skin on a chip
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Mogli bismo koristiti kozu na cipu
09:14
that we're currently developing in the lab
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kojutrenutno razvijamo u laboratoriji
09:16
to test whether the ingredients in those products
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kako bismo testirali da li su sastojci u ovim preparatima
09:18
that you're using are actually
safe to put on your skin
safe to put on your skin
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koje koristite stvarno sigurni za nanosenje na kozu
09:21
without the need for animal testing.
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i to bez potrebe za testiranjem na zivotinjama.
09:24
We could test the safety
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Mogli bismo testirati sigurnost
09:26
of chemicals that we are exposed to
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hemikalija kojima smo izloceni
09:28
on a daily basis in our environment,
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svaki dan u nasoj okolini,
09:30
such as chemicals in regular household cleaners.
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poput hemikalija koje se nalaze u obicnim sredstvima za ciscenje.
09:34
We could also use the organs on chips
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Takoder bismo mogli koristiti organe na cipu
09:37
for applications in bioterrorism
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za testiranje izlocenosto biohemikalijama
09:40
or radiation exposure.
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ili radijaciji.
09:43
We could use them to learn more about
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Mogli bismo ih koristiti da nesto vise naucimo
09:46
diseases such as ebola
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o bolestima poput ebole
09:49
or other deadly diseases such as SARS.
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ili drugim smrtonosnim bolestima poput SARS-a.
09:53
Organs on chips could also change
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Organi na cipu bi takoder mogli promijeniti
09:55
the way we do clinical trials in the future.
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nacin na koji cemo u buducnosti raditi klinicka ispitivanja.
09:58
Right now, the average participant
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Trenutno, prosjecan ucesnik
10:01
in a clinical trial is that: average.
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u klinickom istrazivanju je upravo to: prosjecan.
10:04
Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female.
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Obicno je srednjih godina, cesto zena.
10:07
You won't find many clinical trials
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Necete naci puno klinickih ispitivanja
10:10
in which children are involved,
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u koja su ukljucena djeca,
10:11
yet every day, we give children medications,
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iako djeci svakodnevno dajemo lijekove,
10:15
and the only safety data we have on that drug
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a jedine sigurnosne cinjenice koje imamo o tom lijeku
10:19
is one that we obtained from adults.
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potjece od ipitivanja na odraslima.
10:22
Children are not adults.
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Djeca nisu odrasli.
10:23
They may not respond in the same way adults do.
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Mozda nece reagovati na isti nacin kao i odrasli.
10:27
There are other things like genetic differences
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Zatim druge razlike u populaciji,
10:29
in populations
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poput genetskih
10:30
that may lead to at-risk populations
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koje mogu dovesti do rizika od
10:34
that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction.
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nezeljene reakcije na lijek.
10:37
Now imagine if we could take cells
from all those different populations,
from all those different populations,
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Zamislite kada bismo mogli sakupiti celije svih ovih razlicitih populacija,
10:40
put them on chips,
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staviti ih u cipove,
10:42
and create populations on a chip.
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i stvoriti populacije na cipovima.
10:44
This could really change the way
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To bi stvarno moglo promijeniti nacin
10:46
we do clinical trials.
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na koji vrsimo klinicka istrazivanja.
10:48
And this is the team and the people
that are doing this.
that are doing this.
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Ovo je tim ljudi koji to rade.
10:51
We have engineers, we have cell biologists,
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Imamo inzinjere, histologe,
10:54
we have clinicians, all working together.
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klinicare, i svi rade zajedno.
10:58
We're really seeing something quite incredible
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Sudjelujemo u necemu zaista izvanrednom
11:00
at the Wyss Institute.
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na ViS institutu.
11:02
It's really a convergence of disciplines,
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To je takvo uskladivanje disciplina,
11:04
where biology is influencing the way we design,
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gdje bilogija utice na nacin na koji dizajniramo,
11:07
the way we engineer, the way we build.
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na nacin na koji stvaramo.
11:10
It's pretty exciting.
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Uzbudljivo je.
11:12
We're establishing important industry collaborations
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Uspostavljamo veoma vaznu industrijsku saradnju
11:15
such as the one we have with a company
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poput ove koju imamo sa kompanijom
11:18
that has expertise in large-scale
digital manufacturing.
digital manufacturing.
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koja ima iskustvo u proizvodnji digitalne opreme na veliko.
11:22
They're going to help us make,
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Pomocice nam da napravimo
11:24
instead of one of these,
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samo jedan ovaj,
11:26
millions of these chips,
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milione ovakvih cipova
11:27
so that we can get them into the hands
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kako bismo ih napravili dostupnim
11:29
of as many researchers as possible.
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sto vecem broju istrazivaca.
11:32
And this is key to the potential of that technology.
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A to je kljucni potencijal ove tehnologije.
11:36
Now let me show you our instrument.
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A sada cu vam pokazati nas instrument.
11:39
This is an instrument that our engineers
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Ovo je instrument za kojeg nasi inzinjeri
11:41
are actually prototyping right now in the lab,
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upravo sada izraduju prototip u laboratoriju,
11:43
and this instrument is going to give us
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a on ce nam omoguciti
11:45
the engineering controls that we're going to require
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strucne kontrole koje su nam potrebne
11:48
in order to link 10 or more organ chips together.
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kako bismo povezalo 10 ili vise organ cipova zajedno.
11:52
It does something else that's very important.
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Radi jos nesto veoma vazno.
11:54
It creates an easy user interface.
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Posjeduje jednostavan interfejs za korisnike.
11:57
So a cell biologist like me can come in,
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Histolog poput mene moze doci,
12:00
take a chip, put it in a cartridge
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2008
staviti cip u kasetu
12:02
like the prototype you see there,
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poput prototipa kojeg ovdje vidite
12:04
put the cartridge into the machine
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staviti kasetu u masinu
12:06
just like you would a C.D.,
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kao sto biste vi stavili CD,
12:08
and away you go.
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i to je to.
12:09
Plug and play. Easy.
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Ukljuci i pokreni. Jednostavno.
12:12
Now, let's imagine a little bit
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A sada razmislimo malo
12:14
what the future might look like
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kakva bi nam mogla biti buducnost
12:15
if I could take your stem cells
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kada bih mogla uzeti vase maticne celije
12:18
and put them on a chip,
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i staviti ih na cip,
12:19
or your stem cells and put them on a chip.
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ili vase maticne celije i staviti ih na cip.
12:22
It would be a personalized chip just for you.
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To bi bio presonalizovan cip samo za vas.
12:26
Now all of us in here are individuals,
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Svi smo mi ovdje individue,
12:29
and those individual differences mean
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a te individualne razlike znace
12:32
that we could react very differently
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da bi mogli veoma razlicito reagovati
12:34
and sometimes in unpredictable ways to drugs.
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a ponekade. i na ne predvidljiv nacin na lijekove.
12:39
I myself, a couple of years back,
had a really bad headache,
had a really bad headache,
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Licno sma, prije nekoliko godina, imala veoma jake glavobolje,
12:43
just couldn't shake it, thought,
"Well, I'll try something different."
"Well, I'll try something different."
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kojih se nisam mogla rijesiti, pa sam odlucila iprobati nesto drugo.
12:46
I took some Advil. Fifteen minutes later,
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Uzela sam ibuprofen. Petnaest minuta kasnije,
12:48
I was on my way to the emergency room
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bila sam na putu za hitno pomoc
12:50
with a full-blown asthma attack.
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sa napadom astme u punom zamahu.
12:52
Now, obviously it wasn't fatal,
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Ocigledno je da nije bila smrtonosna,
12:53
but unfortunately, some of these
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ali nazalost, neke od ovih
12:57
adverse drug reactions can be fatal.
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nezeljenih reakcija na lijekove moze biti fatalna.
13:00
So how do we prevent them?
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Kako to mozemo sprijeciti?
13:02
Well, we could imagine one day
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Mozemo zamisliti da cemo jednog dana
13:05
having Geraldine on a chip,
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imati Geraldine na cipu,
13:07
having Danielle on a chip,
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imati Danijelu na cipu,
13:09
having you on a chip.
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imati tebe na cipu.
13:10
Personalized medicine. Thank you.
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Personalizovana medicina. Hvala vam.
13:13
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Geraldine Hamilton - Bio researcherGeraldine Hamilton builds organs and body parts on a chip -- to test new, custom cures.
Why you should listen
Geraldine Hamilton’s career spans from academic research to biotech start-ups to pharma. Her research focus has been on the development and application of human-relevant in-vitro models for drug discovery. She was one of the founding scientists, VP of Scientific Operations and Director of Cell Products, in a start-up biotech company (CellzDirect), that successfully translated and commercialized technology from academic research to supply the pharmaceutical industry with hepatic cell products and services for safety assessment and drug-metabolism studies.
Hamilton received her Ph.D. in cell biology/toxicology from the University of Hertfordshire (England) in conjunction with GlaxoSmithkline, followed by a post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of North Carolina. Her current research interests and prior experience include: organs on-a-chip, toxicology and drug metabolism, liver cell biology, mechanisms regulating gene expression and differentiation, regulation of nuclear receptors and transcriptional activation in hepatocytes by xenobiotics, human cell isolation and cryopreservation techniques.
Geraldine Hamilton | Speaker | TED.com