TEDGlobal 2009
Marc Koska: 1.3m reasons to re-invent the syringe
Marc Koska: 1,3 milions de raons per a reinventar la xeringa.
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La reutilització de xeringues, molt habitual en les clíniques amb poc pressupost, mata 1,3 milions de persones cada any. Marc Koska ens il·lustra sobre aquest problema global tan devastador amb fets, fotografies i filmacions amb càmera oculta. I ens ensenya la seva solució: una xeringa de baix cost que no es pot tornar a fer servir.
Marc Koska - Inventor
Marc Koska wants to improve health care in the developing world by re-designing dangerous medical tools -- and offering education to practitioners in under-funded clinics. Full bio
Marc Koska wants to improve health care in the developing world by re-designing dangerous medical tools -- and offering education to practitioners in under-funded clinics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
Twenty-five-and-a-quarter years ago I read
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Fa vint-i-cinc anys i tres mesos vaig llegir
00:20
a newspaper article which said
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al diari un article que deia
00:22
that one day syringes would be
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que un dia les xeringues serien
00:25
one of the major causes of the spread of AIDS,
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una de les causes més importants de l'expansió de la SIDA,
00:27
the transmission of AIDS.
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de la transmissió de la SIDA.
00:29
I thought this was unacceptable. So I decided to do something about it.
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Vaig pensar que això era inacceptable. I vaig decidir fer-hi alguna cosa.
00:33
Sadly, it's come true. Malaria, as we all know,
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Malauradament, ha esdevingut una realitat. La malària, com tots sabem,
00:36
kills approximately one million people a year.
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mata aproximadament un milió de persones cada any.
00:39
The reuse of syringes now exceeds that
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La reutilització de xeringues ja sobrepassa això
00:41
and kills 1.3 million people a year.
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i mata 1,3 milions de persones cada any.
00:46
This young girl and her friend
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Aquesta nena i la seva amiga
00:48
that I met in an orphanage in Delhi
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que em vaig trobar a un orfenat a Delhi,
00:50
were HIV positive from a syringe.
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eren VIH positiu per una xeringa.
00:55
And what was so sad about this particular story
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I el que era més trist d'aquesta història en particular
00:58
was that once their parents had found out --
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era que quan els seus pares se'n van assabentar,
01:01
and don't forget, their parents took them to the doctor --
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i no ho oblideu, els seus pares les van portar al metge,
01:05
the parents threw them out on the street.
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les van abandonar al carrer.
01:07
And hence they ended up in an orphanage.
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I per això van acabar a un orfenat.
01:10
And it comes from situations like this where
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I passa en situacions com aquesta en què hi ha
01:12
you have either skilled or unskilled practitioners,
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professionals qualificats o no,
01:15
blindly giving an injection to someone.
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que hi posen una injecció sense cura.
01:18
And the injection is so valuable,
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I la injecció és tan important,
01:21
that the people basically trust
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que la gent bàsicament creu
01:23
the doctor, being second to God, which I've heard many times,
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que el metge, que és com un ajudant de Déu, com he sentit a dir tantes vegades,
01:26
to do the right thing. But in fact they're not.
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fa bé les coses. Però de fet no és així.
01:29
And you can understand, obviously, the transmission problem
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I podeu comprendre, òbviament, els problemes de transmissió
01:31
between people in high-virus areas.
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entre persones en àrees amb alta presència del virus.
01:35
This video we took undercover,
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Aquest vídeo que vam filmar d'amagat,
01:37
which shows you, over a half an hour period,
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us mostra com en un període de mitja hora,
01:39
a tray of medicines of 42 vials,
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els 42 vials que conté una safata
01:43
which are being delivered with only 2 syringes in a public hospital in India.
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són administrats amb només 2 xeringues en un hospital públic a l'Índia.
01:48
And over the course of half an hour, not one syringe
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I durant aquesta mitja hora, no vam filmar
01:50
was filmed being unwrapped.
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que desemboliquessin cap xeringa.
01:52
They started with two and they ended with two.
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Van començar amb dues, i van acabar amb dues.
01:55
And you'll see, just now, a nurse coming back to the tray,
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I veureu, justament ara, una infermera que torna cap a la safata,
01:58
which is their sort of modular station,
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que és com la seva estació modular,
02:01
and dropping the syringe she's just used
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tira la xeringa que acaba de fer servir
02:04
back in the tray for it to be picked up and used again.
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a la safata per tal que algú la torni a agafar i la torni a fer servir.
02:07
So you can imagine the scale of this problem.
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Podeu imaginar-vos quina és la magnitud del problema.
02:10
And in fact in India alone, 62 percent
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I de fet només a l'Índia, el 62 per cent
02:12
of all injections given
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de totes les injeccions que es donen
02:14
are unsafe.
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no són segures.
02:16
These kids in Pakistan don't go to school.
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Aquest nens del Pakistan no van a escola.
02:18
They are lucky. They already have a job.
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Estan de sort. Ja tenen una feina.
02:20
And that job is that they go around and pick up syringes
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I aquesta feina és anar d'aquí cap allà arreplegant xeringues
02:22
from the back of hospitals,
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del darrere dels hospitals,
02:24
wash them, and in the course of this,
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netejar-les, i durant el procés,
02:26
obviously picking them up they injure themselves.
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òbviament, es punxen en arreplegar-les.
02:29
And then they repackage them and sell them out on markets
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I després les tornen a embolicar i les venen en els mercats
02:32
for literally more money
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per, literalment, més diners
02:34
than a sterile syringe in the first place, which is quite bizarre.
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del que val una xeringa estèril nova.Cosa força estranya.
02:37
In an interesting photo, their father, while we were talking to him,
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En aquesta interessant fotografia, el seu pare, mentre parlàvem amb ell,
02:40
picked up a syringe and pricked his finger --
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va agafar una xeringa i es va punxar el dit,
02:42
I don't know whether you can see the drop of blood on the end --
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no sé si podeu veure la gota de sang a la punta,
02:45
and immediately whipped out a box of matches,
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i immediatament va treure una capsa de llumins,
02:48
lit one, and burned the blood off the end of his finger,
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en va encendre un, i es va cremar la sang de la punta del dit,
02:51
giving me full assurance
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mentre m'assegurava
02:53
that that was the way that you stopped the transmission of HIV.
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que aquesta era la manera d'aturar la transmissió del VIH.
02:57
In China, recycling is a major issue.
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A la Xina, el reciclatge és una qüestió important.
03:01
And they are collected en mass -- you can see the scale of it here --
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Les recullen en massa, aquí en podeu veure l'escala,
03:04
and sorted out, by hand, back into the right sizes,
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les trien a mà, les agrupen per mida,
03:08
and then put back out on the street.
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i després les tornen a posar en circulació.
03:10
So recycling and reuse
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És a dir que reciclar i reutilitzar
03:13
are the major issues here.
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són les qüestions més importants aquí.
03:15
But there was one interesting anecdote that I found in Indonesia.
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Però hi ha una anècdota interessant que vaig trobar a Indonèsia.
03:18
In all schools in Indonesia,
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A totes les escoles d'Indonèsia
03:20
there is usually a toy seller in the playground.
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sol haver-hi un venedor de joguines al pati.
03:22
The toy seller, in this case,
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El venedor de joguines, en aquest cas,
03:24
had syringes, which they usually do,
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tenia xeringues, com tenen normalment,
03:26
next door to the diggers, which is obviously
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al costat de les excavadores, que és
03:28
what you would expect.
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el que tots esperaríem.
03:30
And they use them, in the breaks, for water pistols.
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I les fan servir, a l'hora del pati, com a pistoles d'aigua.
03:32
They squirt them at each other, which is lovely and innocent.
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Es ruixen els uns als altres. És encantador i innocent.
03:34
And they are having great fun.
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I s'ho passen molt bé.
03:36
But they also drink from them
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Però també les fan servir per beure aigua
03:38
while they're in their breaks, because it's hot.
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a l'hora del pati, perquè fa calor.
03:40
And they squirt the water into their mouths.
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I es fan rajar l'aigua cap a la boca.
03:43
And these are used with traces of blood visible.
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I aquestes les feien servir amb restes visibles de sang.
03:48
So we need a better product. And we need better information.
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Així que necessitem un producte millor. I millor informació.
03:50
And I think, if I can just borrow this camera,
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I em sembla que, si em deixeu un moment aquesta càmera
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I was going to show you my invention,
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us ensenyaré el meu invent,
03:57
which I came up with.
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el que em vaig empescar.
04:00
So, it's a normal-looking syringe.
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Aparentment és una xeringa normal.
04:02
You load it up in the normal way. This is made
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S'omplen de la manera habitual. Es fabriquen
04:04
on existing equipment in 14 factories that we license.
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en equips preexistents de 14 fàbriques que tenen la nostra llicència.
04:08
You give the injection and then put it down.
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Poses la injecció i després la llances.
04:11
If someone then tries to reuse it,
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Si algú intenta tornar-la a fer servir,
04:13
it locks and breaks afterwards.
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es bloqueja i després es trenca.
04:15
It's very, very simple. Thank you.
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És molt senzill. Gràcies.
04:17
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
04:20
And it costs the same as a normal syringe.
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I val el mateix que una xeringa normal.
04:22
And in comparison, a Coca-Cola
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I en comparació, una Coca-Cola
04:24
is 10 times the price.
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val 10 vegades més.
04:26
And that will stop reusing a syringe 20 or 30 times.
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I això farà que no es pugui reutilitzar una xeringa 20 o 30 vegades.
04:29
And I have an information charity
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I tinc una institució benèfica per donar informació
04:31
which has done huge scale amount of work in India.
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que ha fet una immensa quantitat de feina a l'Índia.
04:35
And we're very proud of giving information to people,
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I estem molt orgullosos de donar informació a la gent.
04:38
so that little kids like this don't do stupid things.
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D'aquesta manera nens com aquests no fan disbarats.
04:40
Thank you very much.
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Moltes gràcies.
04:42
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marc Koska - InventorMarc Koska wants to improve health care in the developing world by re-designing dangerous medical tools -- and offering education to practitioners in under-funded clinics.
Why you should listen
In 1984, Marc Koska read an article that predicted HIV would spread widely through unsafe injections. He writes, "Appalled at the prospect of such an avoidable catastrophe, I decided there and then to try and do something about it." The prediction, sadly, turned out to be true: syringe reuse now accounts for 1.3 million deaths -- more than malaria. In the next years, Koska undertook the study of public health to find out what could be done. He determined that the design of syringes was the critical issue.
Today, Koska's solution to the problem, the K1 syringe -- it locks down after a single injection, preventing reuse -- is in use by millions. But he hasn't stopped there: In 2005, he founded a nonprofit, SafePoint, which aims to educate people in the developing world about the dangers of reusing any instruments that come into contact with blood.
Marc Koska | Speaker | TED.com