TEDxSummit
Fahad Al-Attiya: A country with no water
Fahad Al-Attiya: Et land uden vand
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Forestil dig et land med masser af energikilder - olie og gas, solskin, vind (og penge) - men som mangler det vigtigste element for liv: vand.
Infrastrukturingeniør Fahad Al-Attiya taler om uventede måder hvorpå den lille mellemøstlige nation Qatar skaffer sig vand.
Fahad Al-Attiya - Food security expert
Fahad Al-Attiya's job is to maintain food security in Qatar, a country that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food. Full bio
Fahad Al-Attiya's job is to maintain food security in Qatar, a country that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Salaam alaikum.
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Salaam alaikum.
00:19
Welcome to Doha.
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Velkommen til Doha.
00:21
I am in charge of making this country's food secure.
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Jeg er ansvarlig for dette lands fødevaresikkerhed.
00:24
That is my job for the next two years,
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Det er mit job de næste to år
00:26
to design an entire master plan,
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at udforme en masterplan,
00:28
and then for the next 10 years to implement it --
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og de næste ti år skal den så implementeres -
00:32
of course, with so many other people.
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selvfølgelig sammen med en masse andre mennesker.
00:34
But first, I need to talk to you about a story, which is my story,
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Først og fremmest må jeg fortælle jer en historie, som er min historie,
00:39
about the story of this country that you're all here in today.
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som også er historien om det land, I befinder jer i lige nu.
00:43
And of course, most of you have had three meals today,
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Selvfølgelig har de fleste af jer i dag allerede fået tre måltider,
00:46
and probably will continue to have after this event.
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og vil også få det efter dette arrangement.
00:51
So going in, what was Qatar in the 1940s?
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Så til at begynde med, hvordan var Qatar i 1940erne?
00:55
We were about 11,000 people living here.
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Der var omkring 11.000 indbyggere her.
00:59
There was no water. There was no energy, no oil, no cars, none of that.
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Der var ingen vand, ingen energi, ingen olie, ingen biler, intet af alt det.
01:06
Most of the people who lived here
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De fleste, der levede her
01:08
either lived in coastal villages, fishing,
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boede enten i kystbyerne og fiskede,
01:10
or were nomads who roamed around with the environment trying to find water.
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eller de var nomader, som rejste rundt og søgte efter vand.
01:16
None of the glamour that you see today existed.
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Der var intet af alt det glamour, I ser i dag.
01:20
No cities like you see today in Doha or Dubai or Abu Dhabi or Kuwait or Riyadh.
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Der var ingen byer som i dag i Doha, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait eller Riyadh.
01:25
It wasn't that they couldn't develop cities.
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Det var ikke fordi, de ikke kunne udvikle byer.
01:27
Resources weren't there to develop them.
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Der var bare ingen ressourcer til det.
01:29
And you can see that life expectancy was also short.
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Og I kan se, at den forventede levetid var lav.
01:32
Most people died around the age of 50.
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De fleste døde omkring 50-årsalderen.
01:34
So let's move to chapter two: the oil era.
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Så lad os gå videre til kapitel 2: olieæraen.
01:38
1939, that's when they discovered oil.
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Det var i 1939, de opdagede olie.
01:41
But unfortunately, it wasn't really fully exploited commercially
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Men desværre blev det ikke kommercielt fuldt udnyttet
01:46
until after the Second World War.
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før efter 2. verdenskrig.
01:48
What did it do?
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Hvad betød det?
01:51
It changed the face of this country, as you can see today and witness.
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Det ændrede dette lands udseende, som I kan se i dag med egne øjne.
01:54
It also made all those people who roamed around the desert --
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Det betød også, at ørkennomaderne,
01:58
looking for water, looking for food,
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der rejste rundt i søgen efter vand og mad
02:01
trying to take care of their livestock -- urbanize.
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til deres husdyr, bosatte sig i byerne.
02:05
You might find this strange,
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I vil sikkert synes, det er mærkeligt,
02:07
but in my family we have different accents.
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men i min familie har vi forskellige accenter.
02:11
My mother has an accent that is so different to my father,
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Min mor har en accent, der meget forskellig fra min fars,
02:15
and we're all a population of about 300,000 people in the same country.
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og vi er i alt ca. 300.000 mennesker i det samme land.
02:20
There are about five or six accents in this country as I speak.
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Der er lige nu omkring fem eller seks accenter i dette land.
02:23
Someone says, "How so? How could this happen?"
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Nogle spørger: "Hvorfor? Hvordan kunne det ske?"
02:27
Because we lived scattered.
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Fordi vi levede langt fra hinanden.
02:29
We couldn't live in a concentrated way simply because there was no resources.
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Vi kunne ikke leve på et lille område, fordi der ganske enkelt ikke var ressourcer til det.
02:34
And when the resources came, be it oil,
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Og da ressourcerne var der, f.eks. olie,
02:38
we started building these fancy technologies
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begyndte vi at bygge de nye smarte teknologier
02:41
and bringing people together because we needed the concentration.
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og bringe folk sammen, fordi det var nødvendigt.
02:45
People started to get to know each other.
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Folk begyndte at lære hinanden at kende.
02:47
And we realized that there are some differences in accents.
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Og vi opdagede, at der var visse forskelle i accenterne.
02:51
So that is the chapter two: the oil era.
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Så det er kapitel 2: olieæraen.
02:54
Let's look at today.
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Lad os kigge på nutiden.
02:56
This is probably the skyline that most of you know about Doha.
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Denne skyline er sikkert det, som de fleste af jer kender til Doha.
03:01
So what's the population today?
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Så hvor mange er vi i dag?
03:02
It's 1.7 million people.
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Der er 1,7 mio. indbyggere.
03:04
That is in less than 60 years.
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Det er i løbet af mindre end 60 år.
03:07
The average growth of our economy is about 15 percent for the past five years.
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Den gns. økonomiske vækst er omkring 15% i de sidste 5 år.
03:13
Lifespan has increased to 78.
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Levetiden er steget til 78 år.
03:16
Water consumption has increased to 430 liters.
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Vandforbruget er steget til 430 liter
03:21
And this is amongst the highest worldwide.
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og er blandt de højeste i verden.
03:24
From having no water whatsoever
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Vi er gået fra at have intet vand overhovedet
03:26
to consuming water to the highest degree, higher than any other nation.
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til at forbruge mere vand end alle andre lande
03:32
I don't know if this was a reaction to lack of water.
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Jeg ved ikke, om det er en reaktion på mangel på vand.
03:35
But what is interesting about the story that I've just said?
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Men hvad er interessant ved det, jeg lige har fortalt?
03:42
The interesting part is that we continue to grow
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Det er, at vi havde en vækst
03:45
15 percent every year for the past five years without water.
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på 15% hvert år i de sidste fem år uden vand.
03:51
Now that is historic. It's never happened before in history.
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Dét er historisk. Det er aldrig indtruffet tidligere.
03:56
Cities were totally wiped out because of the lack of water.
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Der er byer, der er blevet slettet fra landkortet pga. mangel på vand
04:00
This is history being made in this region.
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Det er historie, som skabes i denne region.
04:03
Not only cities that we're building,
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Det er ikke bare byer, vi bygger,
04:05
but cities with dreams and people who are wishing to be scientists, doctors.
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men byer med drømme og folk, der ønsker at blive videnskabsfolk eller læger,
04:10
Build a nice home, bring the architect, design my house.
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som vil skabe et godt hjem og få en arkitekt til designe deres hus.
04:13
These people are adamant that this is a livable space when it wasn't.
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Disse mennesker er stensikre på, at det er et beboeligt sted, selvom det ikke var det.
04:19
But of course, with the use of technology.
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Men blev det vha. teknologi selvfølgelig.
04:21
So Brazil has 1,782 millimeters per year of precipitation of rain.
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Brasilien har 1.782 mm nedbør pr. år.
04:28
Qatar has 74, and we have that growth rate.
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Qatar har 74 mm med den vækstrate.
04:31
The question is how.
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Spørgsmålet er hvordan.
04:33
How could we survive that?
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Hvordan kunne vi overleve det?
04:36
We have no water whatsoever.
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Vi har overhovedet intet vand.
04:38
Simply because of this gigantic, mammoth machine called desalination.
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Svaret er et gigantisk stort system kaldet afsaltning.
04:44
Energy is the key factor here. It changed everything.
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Energi er nøglen her. Det ændrede alt.
04:48
It is that thing that we pump out of the ground, we burn tons of,
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Det er det, som vi pumper op af undergrunden, og som vi afbrænder tonsvis af,
04:53
probably most of you used it coming to Doha.
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de fleste af jer forbrugte det sikkert for at komme til Doha.
04:56
So that is our lake, if you can see it.
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Så det er vores sø, hvis I kan se den.
04:59
That is our river.
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Det er vores flod.
05:01
That is how you all happen to use and enjoy water.
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Sådan kan vi alle bruge og nyde godt af vandet.
05:06
This is the best technology that this region could ever have: desalination.
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Det er den bedste teknologi, som denne region nogensinde kunne få: afsaltning.
05:13
So what are the risks?
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Så hvilke risici er der?
05:15
Do you worry much?
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Er vi meget bekymrede?
05:16
I would say, perhaps if you look at the global facts,
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Jeg ville sige, at hvis man kigger på de globale data,
05:20
you will realize, of course I have to worry.
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så vil man forstå, at jeg er nødt til at bekymre mig.
05:23
There is growing demand, growing population.
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Der er større efterspørgsel og en større befolkning.
05:25
We've turned seven billion only a few months ago.
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For et par måneder siden blev vi 7 mia. mennesker.
05:29
And so that number also demands food.
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Og det antal skal også brødfødes.
05:32
And there's predictions that we'll be nine billion by 2050.
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Der er forudsigelser, der siger, at vi er 9 mia. i 2050.
05:35
So a country that has no water
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Så et land uden vand
05:38
has to worry about what happens beyond its borders.
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er nødt til at bekymre sig om, hvad der sker udenlands.
05:42
There's also changing diets.
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Der er også nye madvaner.
05:44
By elevating to a higher socio-economic level,
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Idet man kommer op på et højere socioøkonomisk niveau,
05:48
they also change their diet.
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skifter man også madvaner.
05:50
They start eating more meat and so on and so forth.
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Man begynder at spise mere kød og så fremdeles.
05:53
On the other hand, there is declining yields
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På den anden side falder udbyttet
05:56
because of climate change and because of other factors.
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pga. klimaforandringer og andre faktorer.
05:59
And so someone has to really realize when the crisis is going to happen.
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Så nogen er nødt til at finde ud af, hvornår krisen opstår.
06:04
This is the situation in Qatar, for those who don't know.
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Det er situationen i Qatar, for dem, der ikke ved det.
06:07
We only have two days of water reserve.
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Vi har kun vandreserver til to dage.
06:11
We import 90 percent of our food,
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Vi importerer 90% af vores fødevarer,
06:13
and we only cultivate less than one percent of our land.
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og vi dyrker mindre end 1% af vores land.
06:17
The limited number of farmers that we have
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Det begrænsede antal landmænd, vi har,
06:19
have been pushed out of their farming practices
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er blevet nødt til at ændre deres praksis
06:23
as a result of open market policy and bringing the big competitions, etc., etc.
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som en konsekvens af åbne markeder og fri konkurrence osv. osv.
06:28
So we also face risks.
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Der er altså også risici for os.
06:32
These risks directly affect the sustainability of this nation and its continuity.
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Disse risici påvirker direkte denne nations bæredygtighed fremover.
06:39
The question is, is there a solution?
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Spørgsmålet er, om der er en løsning.
06:41
Is there a sustainable solution?
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Er der en bæredygtig løsning?
06:43
Indeed there is.
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Ja, det er der i hvert fald.
06:45
This slide sums up thousands of pages of technical documents
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Denne slide er et resume af tusindvis af tekniske dokumenter.
06:50
that we've been working on over the past two years.
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som vi har arbejdet på de sidste to år.
06:52
Let's start with the water.
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Lad os starte med vandet.
06:54
So we know very well -- I showed you earlier -- that we need this energy.
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Vi ved ganske udmærket, som jeg viste jer før, at vi har brug for energi.
06:57
So if we're going to need energy, what sort of energy?
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Så når nu vi har brug for energi, hvilken slags så?
07:00
A depletable energy? Fossil fuel?
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En traditionel ressource? Fossile brændstoffer?
07:03
Or should we use something else?
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Eller skulle vi bruge noget helt andet?
07:05
Do we have the comparative advantage to use another sort of energy?
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Har vi mulighed for at udnytte en anden form for energi?
07:09
I guess most of you by now realize that we do: 300 days of sun.
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Jeg tror, de fleste er jer nu er klar over, at det har vi med 300 soldage.
07:13
And so we will use that renewable energy to produce the water that we need.
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Så vi vil bruge denne vedvarende energi til at producere det vand, vi har behov for.
07:18
And we will probably put 1,800 megawatts of solar systems
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Vi vil sandsynligvis opsætte solcellesystemer med 1.800 MW,
07:23
to produce 3.5 million cubic meters of water.
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som kan producere 3,5 mio. kubikmeter vand.
07:26
And that is a lot of water.
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Og det er rigtig meget vand.
07:28
That water will go then to the farmers,
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Det vand føres hen til landmændene,
07:30
and the farmers will be able to water their plants,
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og landmændene kan vande deres planter og
07:33
and they will be able then to supply society with food.
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kan derefter forsyne samfundet med fødevarer.
07:37
But in order to sustain the horizontal line --
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Men for at kunne understøtte den vandrette linje -
07:39
because these are the projects, these are the systems that we will deliver --
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for det er de projekter og systemer, vi skal levere -
07:42
we need to also develop the vertical line:
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så er vi nødt til at udvikle den lodrette linje:
07:45
system sustenance, high-level education, research and development,
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systemunderstøttelse, et veludviklet uddannelsessystem, forskning og udvikling,
07:50
industries, technologies, to produce these technologies for application, and finally markets.
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industrier, anvendelige teknologier, og til slut markeder.
07:55
But what gels all of it, what enables it, is legislation, policies, regulations.
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Det, som muliggør alt dette, er lovgivningen, politikkerne, reglerne.
08:01
Without it we can't do anything.
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Foruden det kan vi intet gøre.
08:03
So that's what we are planning to do.
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Så det er det, vi regner med at gøre.
08:05
Within two years we should hopefully be done with this plan
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Indenfor to år er vi forhåbentlig færdige med denne plan
08:09
and taking it to implementation.
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og er klar til at implementere den.
08:11
Our objective is to be a millennium city, just like many millennium cities around:
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Vores mål er at blive en tusindårsby, ligesom mange andre jorden rundt:
08:17
Istanbul, Rome, London, Paris, Damascus, Cairo.
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Istanbul, Rom, London, Paris, Damaskus, Kairo.
08:24
We are only 60 years old, but we want to live forever
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Vi er kun 60 år gamle, men vi vil gerne leve for evigt
08:28
as a city, to live in peace.
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som en by i fred og ro.
08:33
Thank you very much.
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Mange tak.
08:35
(Applause)
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(Klapsalver)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fahad Al-Attiya - Food security expertFahad Al-Attiya's job is to maintain food security in Qatar, a country that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food.
Why you should listen
Fahad Bin Mohammed Al-Attiya has his work cut out for him: His home, Qatar, has found itself a newly oil-rich country with an economy growing at an average rate of 15 percent a year, with a rapidly expanding population. That burst in population has been accompanied by a huge surge in water consumption. So what's so strange about that? -- Qatar has virtually no water. In comparison to Brazil's annual 1782 mm of rain, Qatar's annual rainfall is 74 mm.
Al-Attiya is the Chairman of Qatar’s National Food Security Programme, and he is tasked with making food secure -- and keeping it that way -- in a place that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food. He hopes that his program's innovations in sustainable agriculture, especially in arid regions, can help other countries deal with dwindling food supplies due to extreme climate change.
Fahad Al-Attiya | Speaker | TED.com