TED2011
Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney
Anthony Atala: Printanje ljudskog bubrega
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Kirurg Antony Atala demonstrira rani stadij eksperimenta koji bi mogao riješiti problem donacije organa za transplantaciju: 3D printer koji koristi žive stanice za ispis bubrega koji se može presaditi. Koristeći sličnu tehnologiju, mladi pacijent Dr. Atalae, Luke Massella primio je proizvedeni mokraćni mjehur prije 10 godina; prikazan tijekom predavanja
Anthony Atala - Surgeon
Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs. Full bio
Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
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Živimo u dobu velike zdravstvene krize
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
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u smislu nedostatka organa.
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
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Činjenica je kako živimo duže.
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
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Medicina je učinila jako puno
00:24
of making us live longer,
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produživši naš životni vijek,
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
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i problem nastaje, kada starimo,
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
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naši organi propadaju,
00:31
and so currently
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i trenutno
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
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nema dovoljno organa.
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
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U stvari, u posljednjih 10 godina,
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
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broj zahtjeva za transplantaciju organa se udvostručio,
00:40
while in the same time,
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dok se u isto vrijeme,
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
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trenutni broj transplantacijskih postupaka minorno povećao.
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
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Trenutno je to javna zdravstvena kriza.
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
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Dakle, u ovo područje ulazi
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
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ono što nazivamo područje obnovljive medicine.
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
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Ono doista uključuje mnoga različita područja.
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
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Možemo koristiti, zapravo, premosnice,
00:55
biomaterials --
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biološke materijale --
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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koji su kao dijelovi vaše košulje ili majice --
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
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ali specijalni materijali koje zapravo možete presaditi pacijentu
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
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koji će biti prihvatljivi i pomoći u obnavljanju.
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
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Ili možemo upotrijebiti samo stanice,
01:08
either your very own cells
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također vaše vlastite stanice
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
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ili različite kulture matičnih stanica.
01:12
Or we can use both.
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Ili možemo upotrijebiti obje vrste stanica.
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
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Možemo upotrijebiti, biološke materijale
01:16
and the cells together.
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i stanice, zajedno.
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
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I na toj je razini ovo područje danas.
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
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Ali to uopće nije novo područje.
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
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Zanimljivost je, ovo je knjiga
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
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koja je objavljena davne 1938. godine.
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
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Pod nazivom ''Kultura organa"
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
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Prvi autor, Alexis Carrel, dobitnik je Nobelove nagrade.
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
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On je ustvari upotrijebio neke od ovih tehnologija
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
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koje koristimo danas pri šivanju krvnih žila,
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
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i neke za presađivanje krvnih žila, a kojima se također danas koristimo,
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
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je ustvari izumio Alexis.
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
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Ali ovdje želim istaknuti njegovog koautora:
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
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Charles Lindbergha.
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
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To je isti onaj Charles Linbergh
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
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koji je uložio svoj život
01:53
working with Alexis
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radeći sa Alexisom
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
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kroz Rockefeller Institute u New York-u.
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
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na području kulture organa.
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
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Dakle, ako je ovo područje poznato tako dugo,
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
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zašto ima tako malo kliničkog napretka.
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
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I to je doista povezano s mnogim različitim izazovima.
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
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Ali bih naglasio tri glavna izazova,
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
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prvi se odnosi na vrstu materijala
02:10
that could go in your body
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koji se može presaditi u tijelo
02:12
and do well over time.
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i koji će funkcionirati cijelo vrijeme.
02:14
And many advances now,
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Za sada napredujemo,
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
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i činimo to prilično lako.
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
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Drugi veliki izazov su stanice.
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
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Nismo mogli uzgojiti dovoljno vaših stanica izvan tijela.
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
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U posljednjih 20 godina, gotovo smo to riješili.
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
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Mnogi znanstvenici su sada u mogućnosti uzgojiti mnoštvo različitih tipova stanica.
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
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Dodatno imamo i matične stanice.
02:30
But even now, 2011,
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Ali čak i sada, 2011. godine,
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
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postoje određene stanice pacijenata koje ne možemo uzgojiti.
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
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Jetrene stanice, živčane stanice, stanice gušterače
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
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još uvijek ih nismo u mogućnosti uzgojiti.
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
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I treći veliki izazov je prokrvljenost, vaskularizacija,
02:45
the actual supply of blood
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odnosno opskrba krvlju
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
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koja bi omogućila organima ili tkivima opstanak
02:51
once we regenerate them.
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u trenutku kada ih obnovimo.
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
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Dakle, danas upotrebljavamo biološke materijale.
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
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Ovo je biološki materijal.
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
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Možemo ga savijati, ispreplitati, ili učiniti s njim kao što vidite ovdje.
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
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Ovo je kao aparat za izradu šećerne vune.
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
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Vidite kako raspršena tekućina ulazi.
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
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Izgleda kao vlakna šećerne vune
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
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tvoreći ovu strukturu, u obliku tube,
03:09
which is a biomaterial
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koja je biološki materijal
03:11
that we can then use
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koji možemo upotrijebiti
03:13
to help your body regenerate
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kako bismo pomogli tijelu u obavljanju
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
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koristeći pri tome vaše vlastite stanice.
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
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I upravo smo to i učinili.
03:20
This is actually a patient
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Ovo je pacijent
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
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s odumrlim organom,
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
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i tada smo izradili jedan od ovih pametnih bioloških materijala,
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
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koji smo upotrijebili
03:29
to replace and repair
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za zamjenu i obnavljanje
03:32
that patient's structure.
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pacijentove strukture.
03:34
What we did was we actually
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Ono što smo učinili jest
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
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upotreba biološkog materijala kao mosta
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
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kako bi stanice organa
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
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mogle prelaziti taj most, ako želite,
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
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i pomoći u premošćivanju tog rascjepa
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
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kako bi obnovile tkivo.
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
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I vidite tog pacijenta šest mjeseci kasnije
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
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gdje RTG snimka prikazuje tkivo,
03:51
which is fully regenerated
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koje je potpuno obnovljeno
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
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što se potvrdilo mikroskopskom analizom.
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
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Također, možemo upotrijebiti, samo stanice.
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
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Ovo su stanice koje smo dobili.
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
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To su matične stanice koje smo stvorili iz različitih izvora,
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
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i možemo ih usmjeriti kako bi postale srčane stanice,
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
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koje su počele otkucavati unutar kulture.
04:08
So they know what to do.
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One znaju što trebaju činiti.
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
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Stanice genetski znaju što trebaju činiti,
04:12
and they start beating together.
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i počele su otkucavati zajedno.
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
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Danas, mnoge kliničke studije
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are using different kinds of stem cells
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upotrebljavaju različite vrste matičnih stanica
04:18
for heart disease.
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za srčana oboljenja.
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
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Dakle, to se danas koristi.
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
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Ili ako upotrebljavamo veće strukture
04:25
to replace larger structures,
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za zamjenu većih struktura,
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
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koristimo pacijentove vlastite stanice,
04:29
or some cell population,
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ili neku drugu vrtu stanica,
04:31
and the biomaterials,
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i biološke materijale,
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
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zajedno s premosnicama.
04:35
So the concept here:
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Princip je slijedeći:
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
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ukoliko imate odumrli ili ozlijeđen organ,
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
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uzimamo vrlo male djelove tog tkiva,
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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manje od polovice veličine poštanske marke.
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
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Tada razdijelimo stanice na vrste,
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
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i uzgojimo ih izvan tijela.
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
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Onda upotrijebimo prijemosnice, biološke materijale,
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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ponovno, izgleda slično kao djelić vaše košulje ili majice,
04:56
we then shape that material,
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onda smo uobličili materijal,
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
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i upotrijebili smo stanice kako bismo prekrili materijal
05:01
one layer at a time --
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sloj po sloj,
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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nalik na pečenje kolača u slojevima, ako želite.
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
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Smjestili smo ih u uređaj, nalik na pećnicu,
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
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i stvorili smo strukturu
05:10
and bring it out.
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i izvadili ju van.
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
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Ovo je u stvari srčani zalistak
05:14
that we've engineered,
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koji smo načinili,
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
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i možete vidjeti ovdje, imamo strukturu srčanog zaliska
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
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i prekrili smo ga stanicama,
05:22
and then we exercise it.
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i onda smo ga rastezali.
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
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Vidite valvule koje se otvaraju i zatvaraju,
05:26
of this heart valve
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ovog srčanog zaliska
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
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koji se upotrebljava pokusno
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
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za buduća istraživanja.
05:35
Another technology
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Druga tehnologija
05:37
that we have used in patients
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koju smo upotrebljavali na pacijentima
05:39
actually involves bladders.
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uključuje mokračni mjehur.
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
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Uzeli smo male djelove pacijentovog mokračnog mjehura
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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manje od polovice veličine poštanske marke.
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
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Tada smo stanice uzgojili izvan tijela,
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
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uzeli premosnice, prekrili ih stanicama,
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
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vlastitim pacijentovim stanicama, s dvije različite vrste.
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
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Stavili ih u uređaj poput pećnice.
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
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Ima iste uvjete kao ljudsko tijelo --
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
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37 stupnjeva celzijusovih, 95 posto kisika.
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
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Nekoliko tjedana kasnije, imate proizveden organ
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
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koji smo u mogućnosti presaditi pacijentu.
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
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Za ove pacijente, ustvari smo načinili ove materijale.
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
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Koristili smo trodimenzionalnu analizu,
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
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ali smo materijale izradili ručno.
06:18
But we now have better ways
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Sada imamo bolji način
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
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za napraviti ove strukture sa stanicama.
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
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Sada upotrebljavamo drugu tehnologiju,
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
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za solidne organe, na primjer,
06:28
like the liver,
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za jetru,
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
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uzimamo odumrlu jetru.
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
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Kao što znate, većina organa je ustvari odumrla, nije upotrebljiva.
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
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Dakle, uzimamo ovu jetrenu strukturu,
06:38
which are not going to be used,
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koja je neupotrebljiva,
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
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i stavljamo ju u uređaj poput perilice
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
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koja će isprati stanice.
06:46
Two weeks later,
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Dva tjedna kasnije,
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
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imamo nešto nalik strukturi jetre.
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
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To je ustvari jetra,
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
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ali bez stanica; samo kostur jetre.
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
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I tada možemo ponovno prožeti jetru stanicama
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
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čuvajući pri tome krvožilnu strukturu.
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
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Dakle, prvo prožimamo krvožilnu strukturu
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
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s pacijentovim vlastitim krvožilnim stanicama,
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
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tada usađujemo jetreni parenhim s jetrenim stanicama.
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
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I sada smo u mogućnosti prikazati
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
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stvaranje tkiva ljudske jetre
07:13
just this past month
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proteklih nekoliko mjeseci
07:15
using this technology.
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koristeći ovu tehnologiju.
07:19
Another technology that we've used
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Druga tehnologija koju smo koristili
07:21
is actually that of printing.
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je ustvari printanje.
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
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Ovo je stolni tintni printer,
07:26
but instead of using ink,
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ali umjesto tinte,
07:28
we're using cells.
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koristimo stanice.
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
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I ovdje ustvari možete vidjeti glavu printera
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
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kako printajući izgrađuje ovu strukturu,
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
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i potrebno je otprilike oko 40 minuta za printanje ove strukture.
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
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A ovo je 3D podizač
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
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koji ustvari stvara strukturu u slojevima
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
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svaki put kada glava printera prođe.
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
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I naposljetku dobivate gotovu strukturu.
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
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Izvadite strukturu iz printera i presadite ju.
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
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Ovo je dio kosti
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
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koji ću vam pokazati na ovoj slici
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
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koja je stvoren s ovim stolnim printerom
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
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i presađena kao što vidite ovdje.
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
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To je bila posve nova kost koja je presađena
08:01
using these techniques.
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tako da smo koristili ovu tehnologiju.
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
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Druga, naprednija tehnolgija koju trenutno razvijamo,
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
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naša slijedeća generacija tehnologije,
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
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jesu sofisticiraniji printeri.
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
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Ovaj poseban printer koji izrađujemo sada
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
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je onaj kojim printamo izravno na pacijentu.
08:18
So what you see here --
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Ono što vidite ovdje,
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
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znam kako zvuči neobično,
08:22
but that's the way it works.
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ali na ovaj način to funkcionira.
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
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Jer u stvarnosti, što želimo postići
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
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kada imate pacijenta u krevetu s ranom,
08:30
and you have a scanner,
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uzmete čitač,
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
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u osnovi kao plošni čitač.
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
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To možete vidjeti ovdje s desne strane.
08:36
You see a scanner technology
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Vidite tehnologiju čitača
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
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koji prvo očita pacijentovu ranu
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
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i tada izrađuje glavu printera
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
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koja printa slojeve točno onako kako pristaje
08:47
on the patients themselves.
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na samog pacijenta.
08:49
This is how it actually works.
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Ovako to funkcionira.
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
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Ovdje čitač prelazi preko,
08:53
scanning the wound.
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očitavajući ranu.
08:55
Once it's scanned,
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Jedanput kada skenira,
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
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šalje informacije o točnim slojevima stanica
08:59
where they need to be.
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koje nedostaju.
09:01
And now you're going to see here
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I sada ovdje vidite
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
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prikaz kako to funkcionira
09:05
in a representative wound.
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na ovoj pokaznoj rani.
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
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I to radimo s gelom tako da možete podizati materijale od gela.
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
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Kada su ove stanice jedanput na pacijentu
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
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one će se prilijepiti točno tamo gdje trebaju biti.
09:15
And this is actually new technology
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I ovo je nova tehnologija
09:17
still under development.
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koju još razvijamo.
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
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Također radimo na još sofisticiranijoj tehnologiji printera.
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
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Jer u stvarnosti, naš najveći izazov
09:25
are the solid organs.
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su solidni organi.
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
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Ne znam jeste li svjesni činjenice,
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
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kako 90 posto pacijenata s transplantacijske liste
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
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čeka bubreg.
09:36
Patients are dying every day
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Pacijenti umiru svaki dan
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
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jer nemamo dovoljno solidnih organa za presađivanje.
09:41
So this is more challenging --
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Dakle ima više izazova
09:43
large organ, vascular,
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veliki organi, krvne žile,
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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s mnoštvom krvnih žila koje ih opskrbljuju,
09:47
a lot of cells present.
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s monoštvom stanica.
09:49
So the strategy here is --
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Strategija je slijedeća
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
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ovo je CT skener, sa X-zrakama
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
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i idemo sloj po sloj,
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
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koristeći računalni morfološki slikovni prikaz
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
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i 3D prikaz
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
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kako bismo dobili pacijentov vlastiti bubreg.
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
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U mogućnosti smo to slikovito vidjeti,
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
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rotirati za 360 stupnjeva
10:07
to analyze the kidney
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analizirati bubreg
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
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sa svim njegovim anatomsko-fiziološkim karakteristikama,
10:13
and we then are able
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i tada smo u mogućnosti
10:15
to actually take this information
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upotrijebiti ovako dobivene informacije
10:17
and then scan this
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očitati ih
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
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i printati u kompjuteriziranom obliku.
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
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Činimo to sloj po sloj kroz organ,
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
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analizirajući svaki sloj kako prelazimo organ,
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
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i tada šaljemo informacije, kao što vidite ovdje,
10:31
through the computer
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putem računala
10:33
and actually design the organ
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i stvarno stvaramo organ
10:35
for the patient.
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za pacijenta.
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
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Ovdje je prikazan printer.
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
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I ovdje je prikazano printanje.
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
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U stvari, imamo printer upravo ovdje.
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
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Dok smo razgovarali danas,
10:49
you can actually see the printer
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vidite printer
10:52
back here in the back stage.
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ovdje iza govornice.
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
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Ovo je upravo taj printer sada,
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
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i printa strukturu bubrega
10:59
that you see here.
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kao što možete vidjeti.
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
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Potrebno je otprilike sedam sati za printanje bubrega,
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
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a ovo je isprintano za otprilike tri sata do sada.
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
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Dr. Kang je otišao sada iza govornice,
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
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i pokazat ćemo vam jedan od ovih bubrega
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
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koje smo isprintali danas malo ranije.
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
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Stavit ću rukavice.
11:26
Thank you.
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Hvala.
11:28
Go backwards.
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Vratimo se unatrag.
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
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Dakle, ove su mi rukavice male, ali evo nas.
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
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Vidite bubreg
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
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koji smo isprinali danas.
11:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
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Vidite čvrstoću.
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
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Ovo je Dr. Kang koji radi s nama na ovom projektu
12:06
and part of our team.
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kao član tima.
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
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Hvala vam, Dr. Kang. Cjenim to.
12:11
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
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Ovo je nova generacija.
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
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Ovo je printer kakav možete vidjeti ovdje iza govornice.
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
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I ovo je nova tehnologija na kojoj trenutno radimo.
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
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U stvarnosti, sada već imamo dugu povijest.
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
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Pokazat ću vam film
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
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u svijetlu tehnologije koju koristimo na pacijentima već neko vrijeme.
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
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Ovo je zaista kratak film
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
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samo 30-ak sekundi
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
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s pacijentom koji je primio takav organ.
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
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(Film) Luke Massella: Bio sam jako bolestan. Jedva sam se mogao dići iz kreveta.
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
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Izostajao sam iz škole. Bilo je to doista teško.
12:45
I couldn't go out
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Nisam mogao izlaziti van
12:47
and play basketball at recess
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i igrati košarku za vrijeme odmora
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
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bez osjećaja potpune iscrpljenosti
12:51
when I got back inside.
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kada se vratim.
12:53
I felt so sick.
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Osjećao sam se jako bolesno.
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
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Suočio sam se s dijalizom,
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
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i ne želim uopće pomišljati kako bi moj život izgledao
13:01
if I was on that.
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na taj način.
13:03
So after the surgery,
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Nakon operacije,
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
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život je postao puno bolji.
13:07
I was able to do more things.
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Mogao sam raditi mnoge stvari.
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
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Bio sam u stanju hrvati se u srednjoj školi.
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
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Postao sam kapetan momčadi, i to je bilo fantastično.
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
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Postao sam normalno dijete kao moji prijatelji.
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
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I zato što su koristili moje vlastite stanice za izgradnju mog mokračnog mjehura
13:20
it's going to be with me.
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postao je dio mene.
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
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Dobio sam ga za cijeli život, sada sam potpun.
13:25
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
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Juan Enriquez: Ovaj pokus ponekad uspije,
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
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I doista je prekrasno kada uspije.
14:07
Luke, come up please.
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Luke, molim te dođi gore.
14:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
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Dakle Luke, osim sinoć,
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
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kada si zadnji put vidio Tony-ja.
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
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LM: Prije deset godina, na operaciji
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
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i doista je predivno vidjeti ga.
14:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:40
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
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JE: Reci nam malo o tome što sada radiš.
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
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LM: Sada studiram na University of Connecticut.
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
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Student sam komunikacija, televizijskih i masovnih medija,
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
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i ustvari trudim se živjeti normalan život,
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
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koji sam oduvijek želio u djetinstvu.
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
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Ali to je bilo teško kada sam rođen s deformitetom (spina bifida)
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
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i moji bubrezi i mokračni mjehur nisu funkcionirali.
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
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Prošao sam kroz 16 operacija,
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
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i čini se nestvarnim
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
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kada imate bubrežnih poteškoća sa 10 godina.
15:12
And this surgery came along
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I onda je došla ova operacija
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
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i učinila me ovakvim kakav sam danas
15:16
and saved my life.
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i spasila moj život.
15:18
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
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JE: A Tony je učinio stotine ovakvih?
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
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LM: Ono što ja znam, on doista naporno radi u svom laboratoriju
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
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i čini ove lude stvari.
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
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Znam kako sam jedan od prvih deset osoba koje su imale ovakvu operaciju.
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
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I kada sam imao 10 godina, stvarno nisam shvaćao kako je ovo nevjerovatno.
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
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Bio sam dječak, i to je bilo ovako,
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
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"To. Imao sam ju. Imao sam tu operaciju."
15:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
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Sve ono što sam želi jest da mi bude bolje,
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
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i nisam shvaćao kako je to sve nevjerovatno dok nisam odrastao
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
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i shvatio ove nevjerovatne stvari koje on radi.
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
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JE: Kada si dobio ovaj poziv --
16:01
Tony's really shy,
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Tony je doista sramežljiv,
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
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i trebalo je dosta uvjeravanja
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
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za pridobiti nekoga tako skromnog kao Tony
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
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da nam dopusti da pozovemo Luke-a.
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
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Dakle Luke, otišao si svojim profesorima s komunikacija --
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
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ti se usmjeravaš u komunikacije --
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
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i zatražio si ih dozvolu za dolazak na TED,
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
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što ima i vrlo malo veze s komunikacijama,
16:18
and what was their reaction?
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koja je bila njihova reakcija?
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
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LM: Većina mojih profesora je bila suglasna,
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
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i rekli su, "Donesi slike
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
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i pokaži nam film online," I bit ćemo sretni zbog tebe."
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
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Bilo ih je nekoliko koji su bili malo tvrdolglavi,
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
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ali sam razgovarao s njima.
16:33
I pulled them aside.
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Nisam se obazirao.
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
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JE: Dakle, čast mi je i zadovoljstvo upoznati te.
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
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Hvala ti puno. (LM: Hvala vam puno.)
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
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JE: Hvala ti, Tony.
16:45
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anthony Atala - SurgeonAnthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs.
Why you should listen
Anthony Atala is the director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, where his work focuses on growing and regenerating tissues and organs. His team engineered the first lab-grown organ to be implanted into a human -- a bladder -- and is developing experimental fabrication technology that can "print" human tissue on demand.
In 2007, Atala and a team of Harvard University researchers showed that stem cells can be harvested from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. This and other breakthroughs in the development of smart bio-materials and tissue fabrication technology promises to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Anthony Atala | Speaker | TED.com