TED2011
Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney
Anthony Atala：列印人類腎臟
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外科醫師 Anthony Atala 展示了一項未來可能用以解決器官捐贈問題的實驗初期成果：一個使用活細胞輸出可移植腎臟的 3D 印表機。十年前，Atala 醫師的年輕病人 Luke Massella 接受了以類似科技所製造的膀胱移植。今天，他本人亦將會出現在講台上。
Anthony Atala - Surgeon
Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs. Full bio
Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
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現今其實存在著一個重大的醫療健康危機，
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
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那就是可供移植人體器官的短缺。
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
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事實上，我們活得更長久了；
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
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現代醫學對於讓我們活得更長久
00:24
of making us live longer,
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居功厥偉。
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
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問題是：當我們老化，
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
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我們器官衰竭的機率也增加。
00:31
and so currently
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因此現今，
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
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可供使用的器官並不足夠。
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
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事實上，過去十年間，
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
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需要接受器官移植的病人數量倍增，
00:40
while in the same time,
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但同時，
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
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真正的器官移植術例卻幾乎沒有增加。
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
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因此，這已經是公眾醫療健康的危機了，
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
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也因此，這也是我們為什麼需要進行這個領域研究的原因，
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
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我們稱這個研究領域為 — 再生醫學。
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
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它其實牽涉了許多不同的區域，
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
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你可以使用，例如說：支架、
00:55
biomaterials --
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生物材料 --
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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它們就好像男裝或女裝襯衫上面的一塊布料 --
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
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但是這些是由可以真正植入病人體內的專門材料所製成，
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
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它們無害地在你體內，協助你再生與癒合。
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
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或是我們可以單獨使用細胞，
01:08
either your very own cells
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不管是你自體本身的細胞，
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
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或是不同的幹細胞群。
01:12
Or we can use both.
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或者我們兩者兼用；
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
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事實上，我們可以將生物材料
01:16
and the cells together.
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與細胞一起使用。
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
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這就是今日這個領域的現況。
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
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但事實上，這並不是一個新興的領域。
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
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非常有趣地，
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
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這裡有一本早在 1938 年出版的書。
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
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書名叫做《器官培養》
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
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第一作者是 Alexis Carrel ，一名諾貝爾獎得主。
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
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他實際上發明了一些
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
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今日縫合血管仍在使用的技術。
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
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我們今日所使用的某些血管嫁接法
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
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就是 Alexis 設計的。
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
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但是我想要你們注意一下他的共同作者：
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
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查爾斯•林白
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
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是的，就是那個飛越大西洋的林白，
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
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他的後半輩子
01:53
working with Alexis
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都跟著 Alexis 一起
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
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在紐約的洛克斐勒醫學研究機構（現為洛克斐勒大學）
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
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進行器官培養的研究。
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
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那麼，如果這個領域已經存在了這麼多年，
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
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為什麼臨床的突破這麼的少？
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
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這其實跟許多不同的難題有關。
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
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但如果讓我來列出三大心目中的難題，
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
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第一個將會是材料的設計，
02:10
that could go in your body
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一個能夠進入你的身體
02:12
and do well over time.
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並且長時間穩定無害的材料。
02:14
And many advances now,
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這方面現今已經有了很多的進展，
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
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我們可以相當迅速的做到這點。
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
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第二個難題是細胞，
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
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我們無法獲得足量的病人細胞，並在病人體外進行培養。
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
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在過去的廿年間，基本上我們克服了這個難題。
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
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許多科學家現在可以培養許多不同種類的細胞 --
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
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更何況我們還有幹細胞。
02:30
But even now, 2011,
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但是就算現在，2011 年，
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
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仍然有部分特定的細胞，我們就是無法從病人身上培養。
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
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肝臟細胞，神經細胞，胰臟細胞 --
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
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就算是今天，我們仍然無法培養這些細胞。
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
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第三個難題就是血管結構，
02:45
the actual supply of blood
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能夠真正的供給血液
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
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給這些器官或組織
02:51
once we regenerate them.
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讓它們在人工再生後得以存活。
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
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現在我們已經可以使用生物材料了。
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
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這就是生物材料。
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
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我們可以對它們進行編織、接合，或是我們可以將它們做成你看到的這樣。
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
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這其實像台棉花糖機，
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
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你們看到水花噴進去，
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
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這就像是棉花糖的細絲ㄧ般，
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
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組成了這個結構，這個管狀的結構，
03:09
which is a biomaterial
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這就是接下來
03:11
that we can then use
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我們可以用來
03:13
to help your body regenerate
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幫助你身體再生的生物材料，
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
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而我們所使用的原料，是你自身的細胞。
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
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這就是我們在這邊所做的。
03:20
This is actually a patient
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這是一位病人，
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
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他的某個器官病變壞死了，
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
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我們製造出這些智慧型生物材料，
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
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並使用這些智慧型材料
03:29
to replace and repair
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來取代並修復
03:32
that patient's structure.
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病人自身的結構。
03:34
What we did was we actually
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我們事實上
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
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使用生物材料來當做橋樑，
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
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因此器官內的細胞
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
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可以在橋樑上走動，好比說，
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
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然後幫忙跨越缺口
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
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使組織再生。
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
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然後在這邊你們看到了同一位病患治療後六個月
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
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的 X 光片，你們可以看到再生的組織，
03:51
which is fully regenerated
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當你在顯微鏡下仔細觀察後，
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
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你可以發現它已經完全癒合了。
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
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我們也可以只利用細胞。
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
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這些是我們所獲得的細胞。
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
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這些是我們從特定來源所製造出來的幹細胞，
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
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我們可以使它們變為心藏細胞，
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
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接著它們在培養基中開始跳動。
04:08
So they know what to do.
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因此它們知道該做什麼，
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
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細胞們經由遺傳而知道它們該做什麼，
04:12
and they start beating together.
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然後它們開始一起跳動。
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
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今日，許多臨床試驗
04:16
are using different kinds of stem cells
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使用了不同種類的幹細胞
04:18
for heart disease.
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來治療心臟疾病。
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
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因此這個成果事實上已經在病人身上使用了，
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
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又或者，如果我們將使用更大型的結構
04:25
to replace larger structures,
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來替換更大的器官，
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
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我們可以使用病人自身的細胞，
04:29
or some cell population,
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或是一部分細胞群、
04:31
and the biomaterials,
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生物材料和
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
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支架構造等等一起使用。
04:35
So the concept here:
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所以這裡的概念是：
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
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如果你有一個生病或是破損的器官，
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
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我們從這器官上取下一個非常小片的組織，
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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比一張郵票的一半還小。
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
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然後我們使這些細胞分離，
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
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我們在體外培養這些細胞。
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
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然後我們拿取一個支架，是生物材料製成的，
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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一樣，看起來就跟你們男裝或女裝襯衫的一小片一樣。
04:56
we then shape that material,
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然後我們使用這個材質來塑型，
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
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然後使用這些細胞包覆這個物質，
05:01
one layer at a time --
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一次一層 --
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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就跟烘培千層糕一般，好比說。
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
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然後我們將它放入一個類似烘箱的裝置中，
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
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然後我們就能創造出這結構
05:10
and bring it out.
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並且取出它。
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
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這是一個我們所製造的
05:14
that we've engineered,
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心臟辦膜。
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
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你可以在這邊看到，我們有心臟辦膜的結構，
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
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然後我們在其上種滿了細胞，
05:22
and then we exercise it.
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然後我們讓它做運動。
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
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所以你可以看到這些葉瓣不斷的開合 --
05:26
of this heart valve
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那是這個心臟辦膜的葉瓣，
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
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這個心臟瓣膜還在實驗性試用階段，
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
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嘗試著用它來做更進一步的研究。
05:35
Another technology
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另一個我們已經
05:37
that we have used in patients
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在病人身上實際使用的科技
05:39
actually involves bladders.
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事實上與膀胱有關。
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
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我們從病人身上取下一片非常小的膀胱組織 --
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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比一張郵票的一半還小。
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
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然後我們在體外培養這些細胞，
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
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拿取支架，以細胞包覆支架 --
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
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這些細胞來自病人自身，屬於兩種不同的細胞類型。
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
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然後我們將之放入這個類似烘箱的裝置，
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
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這裝置內的環境條件，與人體內部一樣 --
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
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攝氏 35 度，含氧量 95%。
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
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數周後，你就得到了一個我們可以用來移植回病人身上
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
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屬於病人的人工器官。
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
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對這些特定的病人來說，我們事實上只是將這些材料給接合起來。
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
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雖然我們使用了 3D 立體影像分析技術，
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
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但事實上我們是手工製作這些生物材料。
06:18
But we now have better ways
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但是我們現在有了更好的方法
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
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來利用細胞製造這些結構。
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
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我們現在使用某種科技，
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
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對於實心臟器，舉例來說，
06:28
like the liver,
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像是肝臟，
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
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我們拿取被丟棄不要的肝臟。
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
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如你所知，很多器關事實上是被丟棄的，沒有使用的。
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
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所以我們能夠使用這些肝臟的結構，
06:38
which are not going to be used,
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反正也沒有人要用這些肝臟，
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
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然後我們將其放入類似洗衣機的裝置，
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
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在那，肝臟細胞將會被洗去。
06:46
Two weeks later,
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兩週後，
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
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你就得到了一個看起來像是肝臟的東西，
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
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你將它捧在手心，感覺就是個肝臟，
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
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但是它不含任何細胞，它只是肝臟的骨架。
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
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然後我們現在可以重新將細胞散佈在肝臟上，
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
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保存血管的樹狀結構。
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
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因此事實上我們先將血管的樹狀結構
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
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浸置在病人自己的血管細胞中，
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
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然後我們再將肝臟細胞滲透到薄壁組織中。
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
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現在我們能夠展示
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
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就這過去一個月
07:13
just this past month
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使用這種科技
07:15
using this technology.
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創造人類肝臟組織的成果。
07:19
Another technology that we've used
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我們所使用的另一項科技是 —
07:21
is actually that of printing.
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事實上是列印器官。
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
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這就是一個桌上型噴墨印表機，
07:26
but instead of using ink,
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但是不同於使用墨水匣，
07:28
we're using cells.
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我們使用細胞。
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
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在這邊，你可以看到其噴頭
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
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正在運作並列印出這構造。
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
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印出這整個構造大約需耗時四十分鐘，
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
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這邊有一個立體升降台，
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
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當每次噴頭經過的時候，
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
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會一層一層的往下降。
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
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最終，你將可以得到這整個結構。
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
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你可以簡單的將這構造從印表機上取下並移植它。
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
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這是一小塊骨頭，
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
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在這張投影片中，我會展示給你們看，
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
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這就是使用桌上型印表機所製造，
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
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然後如你們在這邊所看到的一般，移植到這邊。
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
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所有這些移植的新骨頭，
08:01
using these techniques.
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都是使用這些科技。
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
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另一個我們現在正在評估地更先進的技術，
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
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我們的新一代科技，
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
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是更繁複的印表機。
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
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這個我們目前正在設計的特別印表機，
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
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將會直接在病人身體上列印。
08:18
So what you see here --
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因此你在這邊看到的 --
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
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我知道聽起來很可笑，
08:22
but that's the way it works.
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但這就是它運作的方式。
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
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因為在現實生活中，你會希望的是 --
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
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你希望病人躺在床上，帶著病灶，
08:30
and you have a scanner,
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而你拿著掃描器，
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
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基本上就像個平板掃描器。
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
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就是你在這裡右手邊所看到的，
08:36
You see a scanner technology
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你看到了掃描器技術，
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
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首先掃描病人的傷口，
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
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然後變成噴頭回來，
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
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直接就在病人身上
08:47
on the patients themselves.
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列印出你所需要的組織層。
08:49
This is how it actually works.
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這就是它運作的方式。
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
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這是掃描器
08:53
scanning the wound.
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掃描傷口的過程。
08:55
Once it's scanned,
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一旦掃描完成，
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
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它就將訊息轉換成正確的細胞層，
08:59
where they need to be.
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並將它們列印在應該在的地方。
09:01
And now you're going to see here
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在這邊你將會看到
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
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一小段在一個代表性傷口上的
09:05
in a representative wound.
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真實的操作示範。
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
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我們實際上是使用凝膠來做這個示範，因此你可以將膠狀材質剝下。
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
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因此一旦這些細胞被列印在病人身上
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
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它們將會待在它們應該在的位置。
09:15
And this is actually new technology
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而且事實上這是一項
09:17
still under development.
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仍在發展的新科技。
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
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我們也正在研發更繁複的印表機。
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
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因為在現實世界中，我們最大的難題是
09:25
are the solid organs.
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實心器官。
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
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我不知道你們是否了解這點，
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
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但是在器官移植等待者名單上約 90% 的病人
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
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事實上是在等待腎臟。
09:36
Patients are dying every day
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每天都有病患撐不下去而過世，
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
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因為我們沒有足夠的這些器官流通。
09:41
So this is more challenging --
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因此這是一個比
09:43
large organ, vascular,
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大型器官，血管更大的難題。
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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血管的供給充足，
09:47
a lot of cells present.
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有很多的血管細胞能夠被取得。
09:49
So the strategy here is --
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因此我們的策略是 --
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
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這是一個電腦斷層掃描，一個 X 光照片 --
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
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然後一層層堆疊起來，
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
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使用電腦化形態影像分析
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
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來重建 3D 立體影像，
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
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來獲得病人自身腎臟的資訊。
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
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我們便能夠真正地看到它們，
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
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360 度旋轉
10:07
to analyze the kidney
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分析這個腎臟，
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
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而不遺漏任何空間上的特性，
10:13
and we then are able
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然後我們就能
10:15
to actually take this information
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使用這些資訊，
10:17
and then scan this
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以電腦化的輸出格式
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
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來掃描這個腎臟。
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
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我們一層層的檢視這個器官，
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
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仔細地分析每一層構造。
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
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然後我們可以將這個資訊送到，如你這裡所見，
10:31
through the computer
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經過電腦
10:33
and actually design the organ
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然後為病人
10:35
for the patient.
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設計器官。
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
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這裡是印表機的實體，
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
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這是正在列印的實況。
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
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事實上，我們將印表機帶到現場來了，
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
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所以，當我們今天在演講的時候，
10:49
you can actually see the printer
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你事實上可以看到印表機
10:52
back here in the back stage.
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就在這裡的後台。
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
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這就是我們帶來的印表機實機，
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
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它正在列印出你們在這裡所看到的
10:59
that you see here.
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腎臟的構造，
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
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列印出一個腎臟約費時七小時，
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
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你們所看到的這個大概已經列印了三小時了。
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
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Dr. Kang 現在正走上講台，
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
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我們要給你們看一下一顆這種列印出來的腎臟，
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
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這是我們今天稍早所列印出來的。
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
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讓我戴上手套。
11:26
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:28
Go backwards.
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回到剛剛話題～
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
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這些手套對我來說有點小，但終於戴好了～
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
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你們可以看到這個腎臟，
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
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就是這顆稍早所列印出來的腎臟。
11:43
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
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有較高的一致性。
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
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Dr. Kang 參與我們的這項研究計畫，
12:06
and part of our team.
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是我們研究團隊的一份子。
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
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謝謝你。 Dr. Kang，我非常感激。
12:11
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
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事實上這是新一代的機種，
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
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這就是你們在講台上所看到的印表機，
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
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這也是我們正在研究中的新科技。
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
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事實上，我們從事這個研究計畫的歷史已經很久了。
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
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我將要跟你們分享一段影片，
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
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是關於我們已經應用在病人身上一陣子了的科技。
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
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這是一個非常短的短片 --
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
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大約只有卅秒 --
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
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關於一個真正接受了這種器官的病人。
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
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（影片）Luke Massella：我那時病得很重，幾乎無法下床，
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
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無法去上學，生活很悲慘。
12:45
I couldn't go out
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不能出去玩，
12:47
and play basketball at recess
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體育課時只要打籃球
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
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就會覺得我快要昏倒。
12:51
when I got back inside.
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就算回到教室，
12:53
I felt so sick.
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仍然覺得很難過。
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
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我所面對的是幾乎篤定的終生血液透析治療，
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
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我甚至不想去思考我的未來會是什麼樣子，
13:01
if I was on that.
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如果我一輩子都要依靠治療。
13:03
So after the surgery,
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因此當手術過後，
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
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對我來說，生命變得美好多了，
13:07
I was able to do more things.
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我能夠做更多的事了，
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
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上高中時，我甚至能去練習摔角。
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
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還成為了摔角隊長，真棒！
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
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我能像個正常小孩般跟朋友相處，
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
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而且因為醫生們使用我自己的細胞來建造這個膀胱，
13:20
it's going to be with me.
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它將會永遠跟我在一起，
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
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一輩子，所以一切都搞定了。
13:25
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
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Juan Enriquez: 這些實驗有時候能夠成功，
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
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而當它們真的成功的時候是非常酷的。
14:07
Luke, come up please.
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Luke，請到台上。
14:14
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
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Luke，昨天晚上前，
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
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你與 Tony 醫師的最後一次見面是多久前？
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
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LM: 十年前，當我動手術的時候 --
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
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能再見面真是很棒。
14:38
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:40
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
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JE: 跟我們說說你現在在做什麼？
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
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LM: 我現在是康乃狄克大學的學生，
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
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現在大二，主修大眾傳播、電視與媒體。
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
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基本上嘗試著像個正常的孩子般過日子，
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
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那是我一直希望的長大方式。
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
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但是非常難達成，當我有先天性的脊柱分裂症，
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
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而且我的兩顆腎臟與膀胱皆無法作用。
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
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我經歷了大約 16 場手術，
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
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仍然看起來毫無希望，
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
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才十歲就已經腎衰竭。
15:12
And this surgery came along
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直到我動了這個手術，
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
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基本上是這個手術造就了今天的我，
15:16
and saved my life.
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拯救了我的生命。
15:18
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
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JE: 而且 Tony 醫師完成了上百起這種術例？
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
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LM: 我所知道的是，他在他實驗室裡面工作非常努力，
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
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常常有些瘋狂的發明。
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
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我知道我是進行這類手術的前十位術例，
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
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但當我才十歲的時候，我並不明白這有多了不起。
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
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我只是個小孩子，那時我心裡的想法就好像:
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
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「對，我要，我要動這個手術。」
15:47
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
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只要是能改善健康的我都會去做，
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
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但是我並不明白這件事情的重要性，直到我大了些，
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
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然後了解了他所從事之工作的偉大之處。
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
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JE: 當你接到這通意外的電話 --
16:01
Tony's really shy,
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Tony 很害羞，
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
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我們花了很多時間才說服
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
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讓一個像 Tony 這麼謙虛的人，
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
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允許我們將 Luke 帶來這邊。
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
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那麼 Luke ，當你去跟你的傳播老師 --
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
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你主修傳播 --
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
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你跟他們請假來參加 TED，
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
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也許跟傳播有擦上一點點邊，
16:18
and what was their reaction?
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他們的反應是什麼？
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
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LM: 大多數我的老師們都全力支持，
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
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他們說：「記得帶相片回來，
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
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當影片上網的時候記得跟我分享」以及「我真為你感到高興」
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
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有一些比較固執，
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
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但我仍然必須與他們溝通，
16:33
I pulled them aside.
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終於讓他們答應。
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
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JE: 能與你見面是我的榮幸。
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
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非常謝謝你。（LM: 非常謝謝你）
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
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JE: 謝謝你，Tony。
16:45
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anthony Atala - SurgeonAnthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs.
Why you should listen
Anthony Atala is the director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, where his work focuses on growing and regenerating tissues and organs. His team engineered the first lab-grown organ to be implanted into a human -- a bladder -- and is developing experimental fabrication technology that can "print" human tissue on demand.
In 2007, Atala and a team of Harvard University researchers showed that stem cells can be harvested from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. This and other breakthroughs in the development of smart bio-materials and tissue fabrication technology promises to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Anthony Atala | Speaker | TED.com