TED2011
Anthony Atala: Printing a human kidney
Entoni Atala (Anthony Atala) : Štampanje ljudskog bubrega
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3,095,211 views
Hirurg Entoni Atala demonstrira eksperiment, koji je još uvek u početnoj fazi i koji bi mogao jednog dana da reši problem doniranja organa. U pitanju je 3D štampač koji koristi žive ćelije za proizvodnju bubrega za transplataciju.
Koristeći sličnu tehnologiju, pacijent doktora Atale, Luk Masela je dobio veštački napravljenu bešiku pre 10 godina; njega upoznajemo na bini.
Anthony Atala - Surgeon
Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs. Full bio
Anthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
There's actually a major health crisis today
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Danas je velika kriza u zdravstvu
00:18
in terms of the shortage of organs.
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jer nema dovoljno organa.
00:20
The fact is that we're living longer.
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Činjenica je da živimo duže.
00:22
Medicine has done a much better job
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Medicina je mnogo uspešnija
00:24
of making us live longer,
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u produžavanju ljudskih života
00:26
and the problem is, as we age,
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i javlja se problem, kako starimo
00:28
our organs tend to fail more,
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naši organi više zakazuju
00:31
and so currently
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i trenutno
00:33
there are not enough organs to go around.
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nema dovoljno organa za presađivanje.
00:35
In fact, in the last 10 years,
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Zapravo, tokom poslednjih 10 godina,
00:37
the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled,
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broj pacijenata kojima je potreban organ se udvostručio,
00:40
while in the same time,
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dok je istovremeno,
00:42
the actual number of transplants has barely gone up.
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broj transplantanta jedva porastao.
00:45
So this is now a public health crisis.
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Ovo je kriza javnog zdravstva.
00:47
So that's where this field comes in
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Ovde stupa na scenu oblast
00:49
that we call the field of regenerative medicine.
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koju nazivamo regenerativna medicina.
00:51
It really involves many different areas.
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U stvari ona uključuje više različitih oblasti.
00:53
You can use, actually, scaffolds,
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Zapravo, mogu se koristiti premosnice,
00:55
biomaterials --
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biomaterijali,
00:57
they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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oni su kao parče vaše bluze ili košulje,
00:59
but specific materials you can actually implant in patients
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specijalni materijali koji se mogu presaditi u pacijenta
01:02
and they will do well and help you regenerate.
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i koji će pomoći da se regenerišete.
01:05
Or we can use cells alone,
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Ili možemo da koristimo samo ćelije
01:08
either your very own cells
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ili vaše sopstvene ćelije
01:10
or different stem cell populations.
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ili druge kulture matičnih ćelija.
01:12
Or we can use both.
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Ili možemo i jedno i drugo.
01:14
We can use, actually, biomaterials
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Možemo koristiti, zapravo, biomaterijale
01:16
and the cells together.
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i ćelije zajedno.
01:18
And that's where the field is today.
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To je u ovoj oblasti postignuto do danas.
01:21
But it's actually not a new field.
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Ali to u stvari nije nova oblast.
01:23
Interestingly, this is a book
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Zanimljivo je da je ova knjiga
01:25
that was published back in 1938.
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objavljena čak 1938.
01:28
It's titled "The Culture of Organs."
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Njen naziv je "Kultura organa".
01:30
The first author, Alexis Carrel, a Nobel Prize winner.
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Prvi autor, Aleksis Karel, je dobitnik Nobelove nagrade.
01:33
He actually devised some of the same technologies
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On je konstruisao neke od tehnologija
01:35
used today for suturing blood vessels,
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koje se i danas koriste u zašivanju krvnih sudova,
01:37
and some of the blood vessel grafts we use today
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kao i tehnike spajanja krvnih sudova koje i danas koristimo
01:40
were actually designed by Alexis.
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je zapravo osmislio Aleksis.
01:43
But I want you to note his co-author:
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Ali želim da istaknem njegovog koautora:
01:46
Charles Lindbergh.
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Čarlsa Lindberga.
01:48
That's the same Charles Lindbergh
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To je isti onaj Čarls Lindberg
01:51
who actually spent the rest of his life
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koji je proveo ostatak svog života
01:53
working with Alexis
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radeći sa Aleksisom
01:55
at the Rockefeller Institute in New York
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na Rokfeler Institutu u Njujorku,
01:57
in the area of the culture of organs.
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u domenu kultivisanja organa.
01:59
So if the field's been around for so long,
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Dakle, ako su ove grane nauke prisutne toliko dugo,
02:01
why so few clinical advances?
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zašto je klinički napredak tako mali?
02:03
And that really has to do to many different challenges.
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To je zbog mnogih izazova.
02:06
But if I were to point to three challenges,
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Ako bih morao da izdvojim samo tri,
02:08
the first one is actually the design of materials
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prvi izazov bi bio stvaranje materijala
02:10
that could go in your body
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koji bi mogli da se stave u telo
02:12
and do well over time.
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i da istraju tokom vremena.
02:14
And many advances now,
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Iako postoje mnogi napreci danas
02:16
we can do that fairly readily.
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jedva možemo da uradimo tako nešto.
02:18
The second challenge was cells.
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Drugi izazov su ćelije.
02:20
We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.
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Nismo mogli prikupiti dovoljno ćelija
za kultivisanje organa van tela.
za kultivisanje organa van tela.
02:23
Over the last 20 years, we've basically tackled that.
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Poslednjih 20 godina uglavnom smo se borili sa time.
02:26
Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.
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Sada, mnogi naučnici mogu da kultivišu različite vrste ćelija.
02:28
Plus we have stem cells.
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Na sve to, imamo i matične ćelije.
02:30
But even now, 2011,
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Ali čak i danas, 2011.
02:33
there's still certain cells that we just can't grow from the patient.
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postoje određene ćelije koje ne možemo da kultivišemo.
02:37
Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells --
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Ćelije jetre i pankreasa, nervne ćelije
02:40
we still can't grow them even today.
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i dan danas ne možemo da kultivišemo.
02:43
And the third challenge is vascularity,
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Treći izazov je vaskularnost,
02:45
the actual supply of blood
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snabdevanje organa krvlju
02:48
to allow those organs or tissues to survive
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koje omogućava tim organima da prežive
02:51
once we regenerate them.
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kada ih regenerišemo.
02:53
So we can actually use biomaterials now.
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Dakle, danas koristimo biomaterijale.
02:55
This is actually a biomaterial.
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Ovo je biomaterijal.
02:57
We can weave them, knit them, or we can make them like you see here.
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Možemo ih savijati, preplitati ili
koristiti u ovakvom stanju.
koristiti u ovakvom stanju.
03:00
This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
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Ovo je kao mašina za pravljenje šećerne vune.
03:03
You saw the spray going in.
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Videli ste sprej koji ulazi.
03:05
That was like the fibers of the cotton candy
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Izgleda kao vlakna šećerne vune koja,
03:07
creating this structure, this tubularized structure,
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stvara ovu strukturu nalik tubi,
03:09
which is a biomaterial
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koja je biomaterijal,
03:11
that we can then use
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koju zatim možemo da koristimo
03:13
to help your body regenerate
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u svrhu regeneracije tela
03:15
using your very own cells to do so.
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koristeći za to ćelije pacijenta.
03:18
And that's exactly what we did here.
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Upravo smo to ovde uradili.
03:20
This is actually a patient
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Ovo je pacijent,
03:22
who [was] presented with a deceased organ,
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kojem je ponuđen odbačeni organ,
03:24
and we then created one of these smart biomaterials,
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a mi smo stvorili jedan od ovih pametnih biomaterijala
03:27
and then we then used that smart biomaterial
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i tada smo iskoristili ovaj biomaterijal
03:29
to replace and repair
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da zamenimo i popravimo
03:32
that patient's structure.
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strukturu pacijentovog organa.
03:34
What we did was we actually
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Ono što smo uradili je
03:36
used the biomaterial as a bridge
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da smo koristili biomaterijal kao most,
03:38
so that the cells in the organ
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tako da ćelije u organu
03:40
could walk on that bridge, if you will,
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mogu da pređu taj most,
03:42
and help to bridge the gap
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i pomognu premošćavanje procepa
03:44
to regenerate that tissue.
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regeneracije tog tkiva.
03:46
And you see that patient now six months after
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Ovo je taj pacijent 6 meseci kasnije,
03:48
with an X-ray showing you the regenerated tissue,
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ovo je rendgenski snimak regenerisanog tkiva
03:51
which is fully regenerated
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koje je, kao što vidite, potpuno obnovljeno
03:53
when you analyze it under the microscope.
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kada ga analizirate ispod mikroskopa.
03:56
We can also use cells alone.
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Takođe, možemo da koristimo samo ćelije.
03:58
These are actually cells that we obtained.
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Ovo su ćelije koje smo dobili.
04:01
These are stem cells that we create from specific sources,
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Ovo su matične ćelije koje stvaramo iz određenog izvora
04:04
and we can drive them to become heart cells,
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i možemo da ih kultivišemo da postanu srčane ćelije
04:06
and they start beating in culture.
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i one počinju da kucaju u kulturi.
04:08
So they know what to do.
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One znaju šta treba da rade.
04:10
The cells genetically know what to do,
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Ćelije genetski znaju šta treba da rade
04:12
and they start beating together.
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i počinju da kucaju zajedno.
04:14
Now today, many clinical trials
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Danas, mnoga klinička istraživanja
04:16
are using different kinds of stem cells
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koriste razne vrste matičnih ćelija
04:18
for heart disease.
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za bolesti srca.
04:20
So that's actually now in patients.
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Dakle, to se danas primenjuje.
04:23
Or if we're going to use larger structures
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Ili, ako koristimo veće strukture
04:25
to replace larger structures,
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da bi zamenili veće strukture
04:27
we can then use the patient's own cells,
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onda koristimo pacijentove ćelije
04:29
or some cell population,
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ili neke populacije ćelija
04:31
and the biomaterials,
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i biomaterijale,
04:33
the scaffolds, together.
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zajedno s premosnicama.
04:35
So the concept here:
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Koncept je sledeći:
04:37
so if you do have a deceased or injured organ,
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ako imate organ koji je zatajio ili koji je povređen,
04:40
we take a very small piece of that tissue,
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mi uzimamo malu količinu tkiva,
04:42
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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manje od polovine veličine poštanske markice.
04:45
We then tease the cells apart,
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Tada razdvajamo ćelije,
04:48
we grow the cells outside the body.
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i kultivišemo ćelije izvan tela.
04:50
We then take a scaffold, a biomaterial --
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Tada uzimamo premosnice, biomaterijale,
04:53
again, looks very much like a piece of your blouse or your shirt --
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izgleda kao komad bluze ili majice,
04:56
we then shape that material,
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tada oblikujemo taj materijal,
04:58
and we then use those cells to coat that material
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i stavljamo te ćelije preko materijala
05:01
one layer at a time --
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sloj po sloj,
05:03
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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slično premazivanju kolača.
05:06
We then place it in an oven-like device,
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Tada sve to stavimo u mašinu sličnu rerni
05:08
and we're able to create that structure
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i u mogućnosti smo da kreiramo tu strukturu
05:10
and bring it out.
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i izvadimo je napolje.
05:12
This is actually a heart valve
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Ovo je srčani zalistak
05:14
that we've engineered,
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koji smo stvorili
05:16
and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve
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i kao što vidite, postoji struktura srčanog zaliska
05:19
and we've seeded that with cells,
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njega smo prekrili ćelijama,
05:22
and then we exercise it.
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a potom ga uvežbavali.
05:24
So you see the leaflets opening and closing --
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Vidite listiće kako se otvaraju i zatvaraju,
05:26
of this heart valve
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na ovom srčanom zalisku
05:28
that's currently being used experimentally
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koji se trenutno koristi u eksperimentalne svrhe
05:32
to try to get it to further studies.
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da bismo napredovali sa istraživanjem.
05:35
Another technology
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Drugi vid tehnologije
05:37
that we have used in patients
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koji smo koristili kod pacijenata
05:39
actually involves bladders.
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odnosi se na bešike.
05:41
We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient --
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Od pacijenta uzimamo mali komadić bešike,
05:44
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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opet, polovinu od veličine poštanske markice.
05:47
We then grow the cells outside the body,
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Opet, kultivišemo ćelije izvan tela,
05:49
take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells --
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uzimamo premosnice, prekrivamo ih ćelijama,
05:51
the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
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pacijentovim ćelijama, sa dva različita tipa ćelija.
05:54
We then put it in this oven-like device.
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Zatim, opet, stavimo u "rernu".
05:57
It has the same conditions as the human body --
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Rerna ima iste uslove kao ljudsko telo,
05:59
37 degrees centigrade, 95 percent oxygen.
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37 stepeni, 95% kiseonik.
06:02
A few weeks later, you have your engineered organ
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Nekoliko nedelja posle, imate svoj organ
06:05
that we're able to implant back into the patient.
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koji možemo da presadimo u pacijenta.
06:08
For these specific patients, we actually just suture these materials.
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Za ove pacijetne, mi samo "šijemo" ove materijale.
06:11
We use three-dimensional imagining analysis,
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Koristimo ove trodimenzionalne slike za analizu,
06:14
but we actually created these biomaterials by hand.
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ali biomaterijale pravimo ručno.
06:18
But we now have better ways
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Danas, postoje i bolji načini
06:20
to create these structures with the cells.
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za stvaranje struktura uz pomoć ćelija.
06:22
We use now some type of technologies,
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Danas koristimo vrste tehnologija,
06:26
where for solid organs, for example,
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gde za organe, kao što je
06:28
like the liver,
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jetra,
06:30
what we do is we take discard livers.
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uzimamo odbačene organe.
06:33
As you know, a lot of organs are actually discarded, not used.
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Kao što znate, mnogi organi se odbacuju, ne koriste se.
06:36
So we can take these liver structures,
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Dakle, možemo da koristimo ove strukture jetre
06:38
which are not going to be used,
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koje neće biti upotrebljene,
06:40
and we then put them in a washing machine-like structure
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stavljamo u mašine sličnim mašinama za pranje veša
06:44
that will allow the cells to be washed away.
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koje nam omogućavaju da ćelije budu isprane.
06:46
Two weeks later,
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Dve nedelje kasnije,
06:48
you have something that looks like a liver.
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dobijate nešto što liči na jetru.
06:50
You can hold it like a liver,
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Izgleda kao jetra,
06:52
but it has no cells; it's just a skeleton of the liver.
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ali nema ćelije, to je samo skelet jetre.
06:55
And we then can re-perfuse the liver with cells,
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Tada u te strukture ponovo ulivamo ćelije jetre,
06:59
preserving the blood vessel tree.
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brinući se o očuvanju krvnih sudova.
07:01
So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree
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Prvo ulivamo krv u krvne sudove
07:04
with the patient's own blood vessel cells,
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pacijentovim ćelijama,
07:06
and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.
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nakon čega jetrene ćelije postavljamo u parenhim.
07:09
And we now have been able just to show
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Do sada smo bili u mogućnosti da predstavimo
07:11
the creation of human liver tissue
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stvaranje tkiva ljudske jetre,
07:13
just this past month
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tokom proteklog meseca,
07:15
using this technology.
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koristeći ovu tehnologiju.
07:19
Another technology that we've used
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Druga vrsta tehnologije koju koristimo
07:21
is actually that of printing.
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je štampanje.
07:23
This is actually a desktop inkjet printer,
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Ovo ovde je običan štampač,
07:26
but instead of using ink,
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ali umesto mastila
07:28
we're using cells.
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koristimo ćelije.
07:30
And you can actually see here the printhead
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Ovde možete da vidite glavu štampača
07:32
going through and printing this structure,
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kako prelazi i stvara strukturu,
07:34
and it takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
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i za to je potrebno 40 minuta, da se stvori struktura.
07:36
And there's a 3D elevator
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Ovo je trodimenzionalni podizač
07:38
that then actually goes down one layer at a time
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koji se spušta i slaže sloj po sloj
07:40
each time the printhead goes through.
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svaki put kada glava štampača pređe jedan deo.
07:42
And then finally you're able to get that structure out.
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Nakon toga je moguće izvaditi stvorenu strukturu.
07:45
You can pop that structure out of the printer and implant it.
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Izvadi se struktura iz štampača i presadi se.
07:48
And this is actually a piece of bone
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Ovo je komad kosti
07:50
that I'm going to show you in this slide
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koji ću vam pokazati na ovoj slici
07:53
that was actually created with this desktop printer
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koji je stvoren uz pomoć ovog štampača
07:56
and implanted as you see here.
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i presađen, kao što to ovde vidite.
07:59
That was all new bone that was implanted
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To je potpuno nova kost koja je presađena
08:01
using these techniques.
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koristeći ovu tehniku.
08:04
Another more advanced technology we're looking at right now,
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Druga, mnogo naprednija tehnika koju ovde vidimo,
08:08
our next generation of technologies,
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tehnologija nove generacije,
08:10
are more sophisticated printers.
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jeste sofisticiranija vrsta štampača.
08:12
This particular printer we're designing now
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Ovaj određeni štampač je dizajniran
08:15
is actually one where we print right on the patient.
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da štampa direktno na pacijenta.
08:18
So what you see here --
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Dakle, ovde vidite,
08:20
I know it sounds funny,
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znam da zvuči čudno,
08:22
but that's the way it works.
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ali to je kako on funkcioniše.
08:24
Because in reality, what you want to do
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Jer u stvarnosti, ono što želimo da uradimo
08:27
is you actually want to have the patient on the bed with the wound,
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jeste da pacijentu koji leži u krevetu sa ranom,
08:30
and you have a scanner,
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i uz pomoć skenera
08:32
basically like a flatbed scanner.
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mi skeniramo telo.
08:34
That's what you see here on the right side.
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To je ono što vidite ovde sa desne strane.
08:36
You see a scanner technology
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Vidimo tehnologiju skeniranja
08:38
that first scans the wound on the patient
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skenirane slike rane na pacijentu
08:41
and then it comes back with the printheads
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zatim se vratimo sa glavama štampača
08:44
actually printing the layers that you require
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i štampamo slojeve koji su neophodni
08:47
on the patients themselves.
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direktno na pacijente.
08:49
This is how it actually works.
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To je kako ovo funkcioniše.
08:51
Here's the scanner going through,
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Evo skenera kako prolazi,
08:53
scanning the wound.
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skenirajući ranu.
08:55
Once it's scanned,
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Nakon što je rana skenirana,
08:57
it sends information in the correct layers of cells
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šalju se informacije za slojeve ćelija
08:59
where they need to be.
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i gde one treba da budu.
09:01
And now you're going to see here
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Ovde ćete da vidite
09:03
a demo of this actually being done
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demonstraciju kako se to radi
09:05
in a representative wound.
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na jednoj rani.
09:08
And we actually do this with a gel so that you can lift the gel material.
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Ovo radimo uz pomoć gela koji je moguće podizati.
09:11
So once those cells are on the patient
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Kada se te ćelije nađu na pacijentu
09:13
they will stick where they need to be.
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one će biti zalepljene tamo gde treba da budu.
09:15
And this is actually new technology
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Ovo je nova vrsta tehnologije
09:17
still under development.
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koju još uvek razvijamo.
09:20
We're also working on more sophisticated printers.
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Takođe radimo i na razvijanju sofisticiranijih štampača.
09:23
Because in reality, our biggest challenge
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Jer, naš najveći izazov
09:25
are the solid organs.
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su pravi organi.
09:27
I don't know if you realize this,
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Ne znam da li znate,
09:29
but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list
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ali 90% pacijenata na transplantacionoj listi
09:33
are actually waiting for a kidney.
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čeka na bubreg.
09:36
Patients are dying every day
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Pacijenti umiru svaki dan
09:38
because we don't have enough of those organs to go around.
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jer mi nemamo dovoljno bubrega za sve.
09:41
So this is more challenging --
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Ovo je malo veći izazov,
09:43
large organ, vascular,
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veliki vaskularni organ,
09:45
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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mnogo krvnih sudova,
09:47
a lot of cells present.
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mnogo ćelija.
09:49
So the strategy here is --
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Strategija ovde jeste,
09:51
this is actually a CT scan, an X-ray --
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ovo je rendgenski snimak,
09:53
and we go layer by layer,
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slažemo sloj po sloj
09:55
using computerized morphometric imaging analysis
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koristeći kompjuterizovanu morfometričku slikovnu analizu
09:57
and 3D reconstruction
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i trodimenzionalnu rekonstrukciju
09:59
to get right down to those patient's own kidneys.
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da bi došli do pacijentovih bubrega.
10:02
We then are able to actually image those,
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Tada imamo mogućnost da napravimo slike,
10:05
do 360 degree rotation
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360 stepeni rotacije,
10:07
to analyze the kidney
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da analiziramo bubreg
10:09
in its full volumetric characteristics,
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sa svim njegovim karakteristikama,
10:13
and we then are able
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tada smo u mogućnosti
10:15
to actually take this information
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da te informacije iskoristimo
10:17
and then scan this
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i skeniramo
10:19
in a printing computerized form.
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i štampamo u kompjuterizovanoj formi.
10:21
So we go layer by layer through the organ,
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Prolazimo sloj po sloj kroz organ,
10:24
analyzing each layer as we go through the organ,
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analizirajući svaki sloj organa,
10:27
and we then are able to send that information, as you see here,
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tada smo umogućnosti da te informacije pošaljemo
10:31
through the computer
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kroz kompjuter
10:33
and actually design the organ
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i zapravo dizajniramo organ
10:35
for the patient.
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za pacijenta.
10:37
This actually shows the actual printer.
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Ovo je štampač.
10:40
And this actually shows that printing.
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Ovo je štampanje.
10:42
In fact, we actually have the printer right here.
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Zapravo, doneli smo štampač.
10:46
So while we've been talking today,
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Dok smo ovde razgovarali,
10:49
you can actually see the printer
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možete da vidite štampač,
10:52
back here in the back stage.
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ovde iza bine.
10:55
That's actually the actual printer right now,
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Ovo je pravi štampač
10:57
and that's been printing this kidney structure
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i on štampa strukturu bubrega
10:59
that you see here.
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koji ovde vidite.
11:01
It takes about seven hours to print a kidney,
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Potrebno je 7 sati da se odštampa jedan bubreg,
11:03
so this is about three hours into it now.
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dakle na pola puta je.
11:06
And Dr. Kang's going to walk onstage right now,
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Doktor Kang će nam se sada pridružiti
11:09
and we're actually going to show you one of these kidneys
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i pokazaćemo vam jedan od ovih bubrega
11:12
that we printed a little bit earlier today.
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koji smo odštampali danas.
11:18
Put a pair of gloves here.
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Staviću rukavice.
11:26
Thank you.
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Hvala.
11:28
Go backwards.
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Idite unazad.
11:36
So, these gloves are a little bit small on me, but here it is.
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Rukavice su mi malo male, ali evo.
11:39
You can actually see that kidney
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Možete da vidite bubreg
11:41
as it was printed earlier today.
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koji smo danas odštampali.
11:43
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
11:59
Has a little bit of consistency to it.
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Ima čvrstoću.
12:03
This is Dr. Kang who's been working with us on this project,
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Ovo je doktor Kang koji radi sa nama
na ovom projektu
na ovom projektu
12:06
and part of our team.
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i koji je deo našeg tima.
12:08
Thank you, Dr. Kang. I appreciate it.
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Hvala vam doktore Kang. Hvala.
12:11
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
12:16
So this is actually a new generation.
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Ovo je u stvari nova generacija.
12:18
This is actually the printer that you see here onstage.
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Ovo je štampač koji vidite ovde na sceni.
12:20
And this is actually a new technology we're working on now.
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A ovo je nova vrsta tehnologije koju razvijamo.
12:24
In reality, we now have a long history of doing this.
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U stvarnosti, ovo već jako dugo radimo.
12:28
I'm going to share with you a clip
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Želim da vam pokažem nešto
12:30
in terms of technology we have had in patients now for a while.
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što se tiče tehnologije koju već koristimo na pacijentima.
12:33
And this is actually a very brief clip --
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Ovo je kratki video zapis,
12:35
only about 30 seconds --
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samo 30 sekundi,
12:37
of a patient who actually received an organ.
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o pacijentu koji je dobio organ.
12:40
(Video) Luke Massella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
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(Video) Luk Masela: Bio sam stvarno bolestan.
Jedva sam ustajao iz kreveta.
Jedva sam ustajao iz kreveta.
12:42
I was missing school. It was pretty much miserable.
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Nisam išao u školu i bio sam zaista jadan.
12:45
I couldn't go out
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Nisam mogao da izlazim
12:47
and play basketball at recess
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i igram košarku za vreme odmora,
12:49
without feeling like I was going to pass out
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a da ne osećam da ću da padnem u nesvest
12:51
when I got back inside.
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kada se vratim nazad unutra.
12:53
I felt so sick.
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Osećao sam se tako bolesno.
12:56
I was facing basically a lifetime of dialysis,
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Ceo život bih proveo na dijalizi
12:59
and I don't even like to think about what my life would be like
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i ne želim ni da mislim o tome kakav bi mi život bio
13:01
if I was on that.
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da se to desilo.
13:03
So after the surgery,
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Posle operacije,
13:05
life got a lot better for me.
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život mi je postao mnogo bolji.
13:07
I was able to do more things.
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Bio sam u mogućnosti da radim mnoge stvari.
13:09
I was able to wrestle in high school.
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Mogao sam da se bavim rvanjem u školi.
13:11
I became the captain of the team, and that was great.
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Postao sam kapiten tima i to je bilo sjajno.
13:14
I was able to be a normal kid with my friends.
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Postao sam normalno dete.
13:17
And because they used my own cells to build this bladder,
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Koristili su moje ćelije da naprave bešiku,
13:20
it's going to be with me.
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ona ostaje sa mnom.
13:22
I've got it for life, so I'm all set.
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Imam je za ceo život, tako da je sve dobro.
13:25
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:03
Juan Enriquez: These experiments sometimes work,
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Huan Enrikez: Ovi eksperimenti ponekada uspevaju
14:05
and it's very cool when they do.
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i zaista je odlično što uspevaju.
14:07
Luke, come up please.
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Luk, dođi kod nas.
14:14
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:29
So Luke, before last night,
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Dakle Luk, pre prošle noći,
14:31
when's the last time you saw Tony?
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kada si poslednji put video Tonija?
14:33
LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery --
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LM: Pre deset godina, kada sam imao operaciju,
14:36
and it's really great to see him.
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i zaista je odlično videti ga.
14:38
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:40
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:46
JE: And tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
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HE: Reci nam, čime se baviš?
14:48
LM: Well right now I'm in college at the University of Connecticut.
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LM: Trenutno studiram na Univerzitetu u Konektikatu.
14:51
I'm a sophomore and studying communications, TV and mass media,
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Prva godina sam i studiram komunikacije, TV i mas medije
14:55
and basically trying to live life like a normal kid,
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i pokušavam da živim kao normalan čovek,
14:58
which I always wanted growing up.
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što sam želeo još od malena.
15:00
But it was hard to do that when I was born with spina bifida
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Ali to je bilo teško naročito kada se rodite sa spina bifidom
15:02
and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
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i kada vam bubrezi i bešika ne funkcionišu.
15:05
I went through about 16 surgeries,
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Preživeo sam 16 operacija
15:07
and it seemed impossible to do that
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i delovalo je nemoguće
15:09
when I was in kidney failure when I was 10.
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kada su mi bubrezi otkazali kao desetogodišnjaku.
15:12
And this surgery came along
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Tada se pojavila ova operacija
15:14
and basically made me who I am today
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i učinila da budem ono što sam danas
15:16
and saved my life.
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spasivši mi život.
15:18
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
15:29
JE: And Tony's done hundreds of these?
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HE: Toni je uradio stotine ovih operacija?
15:32
LM: What I know from, he's working really hard in his lab
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LM: Ono što znam jeste da on zaista vredno radi
15:35
and coming up with crazy stuff.
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i smišlja zaista neverovatne stvari.
15:37
I know I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
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Znam da sam bio jedan od prvih 10 ljudi
koji su imali ovu operaciju.
koji su imali ovu operaciju.
15:40
And when I was 10, I didn't realize how amazing it was.
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Kada sam imao 10 godina, nisam shvatao koliko je to sjajno.
15:43
I was a little kid, and I was like,
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Bio sam dete i mislio sam,
15:45
"Yeah. I'll have that. I'll have that surgery."
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"Ma da, može. Uradiću tu operaciju."
15:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
15:49
All I wanted to do was to get better,
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Samo sam hteo da mi bude bolje,
15:51
and I didn't realize how amazing it really was until now that I'm older
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i tek sada kada sam odrastao, shvatio sam
koliko je to sjajno
koliko je to sjajno
15:54
and I see the amazing things that he's doing.
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i koliko je zadivljujuće ono što on radi.
15:58
JE: When you got this call out of the blue --
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HE: Kada su te nazvali iznenada -
16:01
Tony's really shy,
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Toni se zacrveneo,
16:03
and it took a lot of convincing
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dugo smo ga ubeđivali
16:05
to get somebody as modest as Tony
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jer je Toni stvarno skroman,
16:07
to allow us to bring Luke.
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da dovede Luka.
16:10
So Luke, you go to your communications professors --
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Dakle Luk, otišao si kod svojih profesora,
16:12
you're majoring in communications --
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diplomiraćeš komunikacione nauke,
16:14
and you ask them for permission to come to TED,
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i pitao si ih da ti dopuste da dođeš ovde na TED
16:16
which might have a little bit to do with communications,
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što ima neke veze sa komunikacijama,
16:18
and what was their reaction?
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kakva je njihova rekacija bila?
16:21
LM: Most of my professors were all for it,
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LM: Većina mojih profesora me podržala,
16:23
and they said, "Bring pictures
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rekli su: "Donesi slike
16:26
and show me the clips online," and "I'm happy for you."
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i pokaži mi video zapise na internetu" i
"Srećni smo zbog tebe".
"Srećni smo zbog tebe".
16:29
There were a couple that were a little stubborn,
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Bilo je par njih koji su bili malo tvrdoglavi,
16:31
but I had to talk to them.
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pa sam morao da porazgovaram sa njima.
16:33
I pulled them aside.
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Pozvao sam ih na stranu.
16:36
JE: Well, it's an honor and a privilege to meet you.
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HE: Čast mi je da sam te upoznao.
16:38
Thank you so much. (LM: Thank you so much.)
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Hvala najlepše.
(LM: Hvala i Vama.)
(LM: Hvala i Vama.)
16:43
JE: Thank you, Tony.
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HE: Hvala i tebi Toni.
16:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anthony Atala - SurgeonAnthony Atala asks, "Can we grow organs instead of transplanting them?" His lab at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is doing just that -- engineering over 30 tissues and whole organs.
Why you should listen
Anthony Atala is the director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, where his work focuses on growing and regenerating tissues and organs. His team engineered the first lab-grown organ to be implanted into a human -- a bladder -- and is developing experimental fabrication technology that can "print" human tissue on demand.
In 2007, Atala and a team of Harvard University researchers showed that stem cells can be harvested from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women. This and other breakthroughs in the development of smart bio-materials and tissue fabrication technology promises to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Anthony Atala | Speaker | TED.com