TED2011
Jack Horner: Building a dinosaur from a chicken
Jack Horner: Stvaranje dinosaura od pileta
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Poznati paleontolog Jack Horner svoju je karijeru proveo pokušavajući rekonstruirati dinosaura. Pronašao je fosile s iznimno dobro očuvanim krvnim žilama i mekim tkivom, ali nikada očuvanu DNK. U novom pristupu, uzima žive potomke dinosaura (piliće) i genetskim inženjeringom dovodi do reaktivacije svojstva predaka – uključujući zube, repove te također i ruke – da bi napravio “Pilesaurusa”.
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was growing up in Montana,
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Dok sam odrastao u Montani,
00:19
I had two dreams.
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imao sam dva sna.
00:22
I wanted to be a paleontologist,
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Želio sam biti paleontolog,
00:24
a dinosaur paleontologist,
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paleontolog za dinaosaure
00:26
and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur.
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i želio sam imati dinosaura kao kućnog ljubimca.
00:29
And so that's what I've been striving for
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I to je ono za čime sam težio
00:32
all of my life.
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cijeli svoj život.
00:35
I was very fortunate
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Bio sam veoma uspješan
00:37
early in my career.
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u svojoj ranoj karijeri.
00:39
I was fortunate
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Imao sam sreće
00:41
in finding things.
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u pronalaženju stvari.
00:43
I wasn't very good at reading things.
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Nisam bio dobar u čitanju stvari.
00:45
In fact, I don't read much of anything.
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Ustvari, gotovo ništa ne čitam.
00:48
I am extremely dyslexic,
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Iznimno sam disleksičan
00:50
and so reading is the hardest thing I do.
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pa mi je čitanje najteža stvar koju radim.
00:53
But instead, I go out and I find things.
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Ali umjesto toga, odem van i pronađem stvari.
00:56
Then I just pick things up.
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Zatim samo pokupim stvari.
00:58
I basically practice for finding money on the street.
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Gotovo sam ispraksiran za pronalaženje novca na ulici.
01:01
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:03
And I wander about the hills,
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I lutam brdima.
01:05
and I have found a few things.
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I pronašao sam par stvari.
01:08
And I have been fortunate enough
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I bio sam dovoljno sretan
01:11
to find things like the first eggs in the Western hemisphere
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da pronađem stvari poput prvih jaja na zapadnoj hemisferi
01:16
and the first baby dinosaurs in nests,
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i prve bebe dinosaura u gnijezdima,
01:20
the first dinosaur embryos
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prve embrije dinosaura
01:22
and massive accumulations of bones.
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i masivne akumulacije kosti.
01:26
And it happened to be at a time
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I to se dogodilo baš u vrijeme
01:28
when people were just starting to begin to realize
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kada su ljudi počeli shvaćati
01:32
that dinosaurs weren't the big, stupid, green reptiles
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da dinosauri nisu bili veliki, glupi, zeleni reptili
01:36
that people had thought for so many years.
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kao što su ljudi mislili mnogo godina.
01:39
People were starting to get an idea
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Ljudi su počeli shvaćati
01:41
that dinosaurs were special.
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da su dinosauri bili posebni.
01:43
And so, at that time,
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I tako sam u to vrijeme
01:46
I was able to make some interesting hypotheses
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bio u mogućnosti sastaviti nekoliko zanimljivih hipoteza
01:49
along with my colleagues.
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sa svojim kolegama.
01:51
We were able to actually say
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Bili smo u mogućnosti reći
01:53
that dinosaurs -- based on the evidence we had --
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da su dinosauri -- na temelju dokaza koje smo imali --
01:56
that dinosaurs built nests
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da su dinosauri radili skrovišta
01:59
and lived in colonies
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i živjeli u kolonijama
02:02
and cared for their young,
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i brinuli se za svoju mladunčad,
02:04
brought food to their babies
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nosili hranu bebama
02:06
and traveled in gigantic herds.
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i putovali u golemim krdima.
02:09
So it was pretty interesting stuff.
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Bile su to prilično zanimljive stvari.
02:12
I have gone on to find more things
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Otišao sam potražiti još stvari
02:15
and discover that dinosaurs really were very social.
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i otkrio da su dinosauri bili vrlo društveni.
02:19
We have found a lot of evidence
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Pronašli smo mnogo dokaza
02:22
that dinosaurs changed
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da su se dinosauri promijenili
02:24
from when they were juveniles to when they were adults.
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otkad su bili mladi do toga kad su postali odrasli.
02:26
The appearance of them would have been different --
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Izgled bi im bio drugačiji --
02:29
which it is in all social animals.
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kao što i je kod svih društvenih životinja.
02:31
In social groups of animals,
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U socijalnim grupama životinja,
02:33
the juveniles always look different than the adults.
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mladi uvijek izgledaju drugačije od odraslih.
02:36
The adults can recognize the juveniles;
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Odrasli mogu prepoznati mlade,
02:38
the juveniles can recognize the adults.
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mladi mogu prepoznati odrasle.
02:40
And so we're making a better picture
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I tako imamo bolju sliku .
02:43
of what a dinosaur looks like.
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toga kako su dinosauri izgledali.
02:45
And they didn't just all chase Jeeps around.
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I nisu svi samo ganjali džipove nakolo.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:50
But it is that social thing
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Ali ta je socijalna stvar
02:53
that I guess attracted Michael Crichton.
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pretpostavljam privukla Michaela Crichtona.
02:57
And in his book, he talked about the social animals.
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U svojoj knjizi, on govori o društvenim životinjama.
03:01
And then Steven Spielberg, of course,
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I zatim Steven Spielberg, naravno,
03:03
depicts these dinosaurs
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prikazuje te dinosaure
03:05
as being very social creatures.
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kao veoma socijalna bića.
03:08
The theme of this story is building a dinosaur,
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Tema ove priče je stvaranje dinosaura
03:10
and so we come to that part of "Jurassic Park."
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i tu dolazimo do dijela “Jurskog parka”.
03:14
Michael Crichton really was one of the first people
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Michael Crichton je zaista bio jedan od prvih ljudi
03:17
to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life.
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koji je govorio o oživljavanju dinosaura.
03:21
You all know the story, right.
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Svi znate priču, zar ne?
03:23
I mean, I assume everyone here has seen "Jurassic Park."
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Hoću reći, pretpostavljam da ste svi ovdje gledali “Jurski park".
03:26
If you want to make a dinosaur,
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Ako želite napraviti dinosaura,
03:28
you go out, you find yourself a piece of petrified tree sap --
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izađete van, nađete si komad biljnog soka okamenjenog drveta --
03:32
otherwise known as amber --
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poznatiji kao jantar --
03:34
that has some blood-sucking insects in it,
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koji u sebi ima insekte koji piju krv,
03:37
good ones,
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one dobre
03:39
and you get your insect and you drill into it
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i dobijete svog insekta, izbušite ga
03:42
and you suck out some DNA,
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i izvučete nešto DNK,
03:44
because obviously all insects that sucked blood in those days
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zato što su očito svi insekti koji su pili krv u tim danima,
03:47
sucked dinosaur DNA out.
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usisali i dinosaursku DNK.
03:50
And you take your DNA back to the laboratory
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I uzmete DNK u laboratorij
03:53
and you clone it.
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te ga klonirate.
03:56
And I guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg,
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I pretpostavljam da ga ubrizgate u nojevo jaje
03:59
or something like that,
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ili tako nešto.
04:01
and then you wait,
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I nakon toga čekate,
04:03
and, lo and behold, out pops a little baby dinosaur.
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gledate i promatrate, a van iskoči mala beba dinosaura.
04:06
And everybody's happy about that.
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I svi su sretni zbog toga.
04:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:12
And they're happy over and over again.
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I oni su sretni i sretni i sretni.
04:14
They keep doing it; they just keep making these things.
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Nastavljaju to raditi; jednostavno izmišljaju te stvari.
04:17
And then, then, then, and then ...
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I onda, i onda, i onda i onda ...
04:21
Then the dinosaurs, being social,
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Onda dinosauri, koji su socijalni,
04:24
act out their socialness,
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pokazuju tu svoju društvenost.
04:27
and they get together,
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I druže se
04:29
and they conspire.
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i kuju zavjere.
04:32
And, of course, that's what makes Steven Spielberg's movie --
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I naravno, to je ono što čini film Stevena Spielberga --
04:36
conspiring dinosaurs chasing people around.
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dinosauri koji kuju zavjere jure ljude naokolo.
04:39
So I assume everybody knows
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Pretpostavljam da svi znaju
04:41
that if you actually had a piece of amber and it had an insect in it,
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da kada bi zaista imali komadić jantara u kojem bi unutra bio insekt
04:44
and you drilled into it,
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i kad bi ga izbušili
04:47
and you got something out of that insect,
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i izvadili nešto iz tog insekta
04:49
and you cloned it, and you did it over and over and over again,
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i klonirali i kad bi to učinili mnogo puta,
04:52
you'd have a room full of mosquitos.
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imali bi sobu punu komaraca.
04:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:56
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
05:01
And probably a whole bunch of trees as well.
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I vrlo vjerojatno hrpu stabala.
05:04
Now if you want dinosaur DNA,
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A sada, ako želite DNK dinosaura,
05:06
I say go to the dinosaur.
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predlažem da odete do dinosaura.
05:09
So that's what we've done.
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I to je ono što sam učinio.
05:11
Back in 1993 when the movie came out,
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1993. godine kada je film izašao
05:13
we actually had a grant from the National Science Foundation
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dobili smo odobrenje od Fundacije Nacionalne Znanosti
05:16
to attempt to extract DNA from a dinosaur,
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da pokušamo izvaditi DNK iz dinosaura.
05:19
and we chose the dinosaur on the left,
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Izabrali smo dinosaura s lijeve strane,
05:22
a Tyrannosaurus rex, which was a very nice specimen.
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Tyrannosaurusa Rexa, koji je bio veoma lijep primjerak.
05:25
And one of my former doctoral students,
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Jedna od mojih bivših doktorskih studenata,
05:27
Dr. Mary Schweitzer,
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Dr. Mary Schweitzer
05:29
actually had the background
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je zapravo imala pozadinu
05:31
to do this sort of thing.
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za rad s ovakvim stvarima.
05:33
And so she looked into the bone of this T. rex,
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Pa je pogledala u kost ovog T-rexa,
05:36
one of the thigh bones,
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jednu od bedrenih kosti,
05:38
and she actually found
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i zapravo je pronašla
05:40
some very interesting structures in there.
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neke veoma zanimljive strukture unutra.
05:43
They found these red circular-looking objects,
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Pronašli su te crvene stvari koje izgledaju kao krug.
05:47
and they looked, for all the world,
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Izgledale su
05:49
like red blood cells.
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kao crvene krvne stanice.
05:51
And they're in
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I nalaze se u
05:53
what appear to be the blood channels
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nečemu što se čini da su krvni kanali
05:55
that go through the bone.
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koji idu kroz kost.
05:57
And so she thought, well, what the heck.
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Pa je pomislila, zašto ne?
06:00
So she sampled some material out of it.
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Pa je uzorkovala nešto materijala iz toga.
06:03
Now it wasn't DNA; she didn't find DNA.
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To nije bila DNK; nije pronašla DNK.
06:06
But she did find heme,
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Ali je pronašla hem
06:09
which is the biological foundation
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koji je biološka osnova
06:11
of hemoglobin.
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hemoglobina.
06:13
And that was really cool.
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I to je bilo zaista sjajno.
06:15
That was interesting.
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To je bilo zanimljivo.
06:17
That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old heme.
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To je bio -- ovdje imamo 65 milijuna godina star hem.
06:22
Well we tried and tried
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Pa smo pokušavali i pokušavali
06:24
and we couldn't really get anything else out of it.
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no nismo mogli dobiti ništa drugo iz toga.
06:26
So a few years went by,
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Tako je prošlo nekoliko godina
06:28
and then we started the Hell Creek Project.
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dok nismo započeli projekt Hell Creek.
06:30
And the Hell Creek Project was this massive undertaking
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Projekt Hell Creek je bio masivno poduzimanje
06:33
to get as many dinosaurs as we could possibly find,
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da bi dobili što više dinosaura koje smo mogli naći
06:36
and hopefully find some dinosaurs
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i nadali smo se da ćemo naći neke dinosaure
06:38
that had more material in them.
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koji su imali više materijala u sebi.
06:41
And out in eastern Montana
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Vani, u istočnoj Montani
06:44
there's a lot of space, a lot of badlands,
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ima mnogo prostora, mnogo pustinjskih predjela,
06:46
and not very many people,
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a nema mnogo ljudi.
06:48
and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuff.
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Odete tamo i nađete puno toga.
06:50
And we did find a lot of stuff.
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I našli smo puno toga.
06:52
We found a lot of Tyrannosaurs,
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Pronašli smo mnogo Tyrannosaurusa,
06:54
but we found one special Tyrannosaur,
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ali smo pronašli i jednog posebnog Tyrannosaurusa
06:56
and we called it B-rex.
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i nazvali ga B-rex.
06:58
And B-rex was found
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B-rex je pronađen
07:00
under a thousand cubic yards of rock.
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ispod tisuću kubičnih metara kamenja.
07:02
It wasn't a very complete T. rex,
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To nije bio potpuni T - rex
07:05
and it wasn't a very big T. rex,
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i nije bio veoma veliki T - rex,
07:08
but it was a very special B-rex.
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ali je bio veoma poseban B-rex.
07:11
And I and my colleagues cut into it,
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Pa smo moje kolege i ja zarezali u njega
07:13
and we were able to determine,
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i bili smo u mogućnosti odrediti
07:15
by looking at lines of arrested growth, some lines in it,
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gledajući linije spriječenog rasta, neke linije unutar toga,
07:18
that B-rex had died at the age of 16.
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da je B-rex uginuo sa 16 godina.
07:21
We don't really know how long dinosaurs lived,
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Nismo znali koliko su dinosauri dugo živjeli,
07:24
because we haven't found the oldest one yet.
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zato što još nismo pronašli najstarijeg.
07:26
But this one died at the age of 16.
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Ali ovaj je uginuo sa 16 godina.
07:29
We gave samples to Mary Schweitzer,
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Dali smo uzorke Mary Schweitzer
07:31
and she was actually able to determine
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i ona je zapravo mogla odrediti
07:33
that B-rex was a female
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da je B-rex bio ženka
07:35
based on medullary tissue
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zbog moždanskog tkiva
07:37
found on the inside of the bone.
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koje je našla unutar kosti.
07:39
Medullary tissue is the calcium build-up,
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Moždansko tkivo je izgrađeno od kalcija,
07:42
the calcium storage basically,
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u osnovi je skladište kalcija,
07:44
when an animal is pregnant,
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kada je životinja trudna,
07:46
when a bird is pregnant.
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kada je ptica trudna.
07:48
So here was the character
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Ovdje je bio lik
07:50
that linked birds and dinosaurs.
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koji je povezivao ptice i dinosaure.
07:52
But Mary went further.
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Ali Mary je otišla dalje.
07:54
She took the bone, and she dumped it into acid.
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Uzela je kost i stavila ju u kiselinu.
07:57
Now we all know that bones are fossilized,
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Svi znamo da su te kosti fosilizirane
08:00
and so if you dump it into acid,
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i ako je bacite u kiselinu,
08:02
there shouldn't be anything left.
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ne bi trebalo ostati ništa.
08:04
But there was something left.
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Ali ovdje je nešto ostalo.
08:06
There were blood vessels left.
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Ostale su krvne žile.
08:09
There were flexible, clear blood vessels.
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Fleksibilne, čiste krvne žile.
08:13
And so here was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur.
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I ovdje je bilo prvo meko tkivo dinosaura.
08:16
It was extraordinary.
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Bilo je izvanredno.
08:18
But she also found osteocytes,
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Također je našla i osteocite,
08:21
which are the cells that laid down the bones.
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stanice od kojih su sačinjene kosti.
08:24
And try and try, we could not find DNA,
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Pokušaj za pokušajem, no nismo mogli pronaći DNK,
08:28
but she did find evidence of proteins.
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ali je pronašla dokaz proteina.
08:31
But we thought maybe --
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Mislili smo da možda --
08:34
well, we thought maybe
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pa mislili smo da se materijal možda
08:36
that the material was breaking down after it was coming out of the ground.
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raspao nakon što smo ga pokupili sa zemlje.
08:39
We thought maybe it was deteriorating very fast.
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Mislili smo da je možda veoma brzo propadao.
08:41
And so we built a laboratory
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Pa smo napravili laboratorij
08:43
in the back of an 18-wheeler trailer,
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na kamionu
08:46
and actually took the laboratory to the field
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i vozili laboratorij na polje
08:49
where we could get better samples.
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kako bismo dobili bolje uzorke.
08:51
And we did. We got better material.
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I jesmo. Dobili smo bolje uzorke.
08:54
The cells looked better.
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Stanice su izgledale bolje.
08:56
The vessels looked better.
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Žile su izgledale bolje.
08:58
Found the protein collagen.
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Zatim kolagen.
09:00
I mean, it was wonderful stuff.
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Mislim, bile su to fantastične stvari.
09:03
But it's not dinosaur DNA.
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Ali to nije DNK dinosaura.
09:07
So we have discovered
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Pa smo otkrili
09:09
that dinosaur DNA, and all DNA,
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da se DNK dinosaura, kao i sva DNK
09:11
just breaks down too fast.
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jednostavno prebrzo raspada.
09:13
We're just not going to be able
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Jednostavno nećemo moći
09:15
to do what they did in "Jurassic Park."
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učiniti ono što su oni učinili u “Jurskom parku”.
09:18
We're not going to be able to make a dinosaur
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Nećemo moći napraviti dinosaura
09:21
based on a dinosaur.
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na temelju dinosaura.
09:24
But birds are dinosaurs.
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Ali ptice su dinosauri.
09:29
Birds are living dinosaurs.
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Ptice su živi dinosauri.
09:32
We actually classify them
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Zapravo ih klasificiramo
09:34
as dinosaurs.
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kao dinosaure.
09:36
We now call them non-avian dinosaurs
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Sada ih zovemo ne-ptičji dinosauri
09:38
and avian dinosaurs.
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i ptičji dinosauri.
09:40
So the non-avian dinosaurs
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Ne-ptičji dinosauri
09:42
are the big clunky ones that went extinct.
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su oni veliki nezgrapni koji su izumrli.
09:44
Avian dinosaurs are our modern birds.
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Ptičji dinosauri su naše moderne ptice.
09:47
So we don't have to make a dinosaur
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Dakle, ne moramo napraviti dinosaura
09:49
because we already have them.
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jer ga već imamo.
09:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:58
I know, you're as bad as the sixth-graders.
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Znam da ste grozni poput klinaca iz šestog razreda.
10:02
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:04
The sixth-graders look at it and they say, "No."
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Klinci iz šestog razreda gledaju i govore, “Ne”.
10:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:09
"You can call it a dinosaur,
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“Možete to zvati dinosaurom,
10:11
but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool."
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ali pogledajte velociraptora: velociraptor je super”.
10:14
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:16
"The chicken is not."
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“Kokoš nije”.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:20
So this is our problem,
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Dakle, to je naš problem,
10:22
as you can imagine.
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kao što možete zamisliti.
10:25
The chicken is a dinosaur.
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Pile je dinosaur.
10:27
I mean it really is.
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Hoću reći da zaista je.
10:29
You can't argue with it
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Ne možete se prepirati oko toga
10:31
because we're the classifiers and we've classified it that way.
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jer smo mi klasifikatori i tako smo to klasificirali.
10:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
10:41
But the sixth-graders demand it.
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Ali klinci iz šestog razreda zahtijevaju.
10:43
"Fix the chicken."
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“Popravi kokoš”.
10:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:47
So that's what I'm here to tell you about:
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I ovdje sam da bih vam rekao:
10:49
how we are going to fix a chicken.
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kako ćemo popraviti kokoš.
10:52
So we have a number of ways
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Dakle, imamo brojne načine
10:55
that we actually can fix the chicken.
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na koje možemo popraviti kokoš.
11:00
Because evolution works,
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Jer evolucija stvarno djeluje,
11:02
we actually have some evolutionary tools.
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zaista imamo neke alate za evoluciju.
11:05
We'll call them biological modification tools.
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Zvat ćemo ih alatima biološke modifikacije.
11:08
We have selection.
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Imamo selekciju.
11:10
And we know selection works.
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I znamo kako selekcija uspijeva.
11:12
We started out with a wolf-like creature
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Počeli smo sa stvorenjima nalik na vukove
11:15
and we ended up with a Maltese.
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i završili s malteškim psima.
11:18
I mean, that's --
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Mislim, to je --
11:21
that's definitely genetic modification.
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to je definitivno genetska modifikacija.
11:25
Or any of the other funny-looking little dogs.
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Ili bilo koji drugi mali pas smiješnog izgleda.
11:30
We also have transgenesis.
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Također imamo i transgenezu.
11:32
Transgenesis is really cool too.
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Transgeneza je također super.
11:34
That's where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it in another one.
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Njome izvadite gen iz jedne životinje i ubacite ga u drugu.
11:37
That's how people make GloFish.
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Tako su ljudi napravili fluorescentnu ribu.
11:40
You take a glow gene
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Izvadite fluorescentni gen
11:43
out of a coral or a jellyfish
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iz koralja ili meduze
11:47
and you stick it in a zebrafish,
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i stavite ga u ribu zebricu
11:49
and, puff, they glow.
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i hopa -- one svijetle.
11:51
And that's pretty cool.
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I to je super.
11:53
And they obviously make a lot of money off of them.
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I očito su zaradili mnogo novaca na tome.
11:56
And now they're making Glow-rabbits
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Sada rade fluorescentne zečeve
11:58
and Glow-all-sorts-of-things.
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i fluoresciraju razne stvari.
12:00
I guess we could make a glow chicken.
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Pretpostavljam da bismo mogli napraviti fluorescentnu kokoš.
12:03
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:05
But I don't think that'll satisfy the sixth-graders either.
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Ali sumnjam da će to zadovoljiti šestaše.
12:08
But there's another thing.
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Ali postoji još jedna stvar.
12:10
There's what we call atavism activation.
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To zovemo aktivacijom atavizma.
12:13
And atavism activation
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Aktivacija atavizma
12:15
is basically --
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je u principu --
12:17
an atavism is an ancestral characteristic.
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atavizam je nasljedna karakteristika.
12:21
You heard
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Čuli ste
12:23
that occasionally children are born with tails,
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da su ponekad djeca rođena s repovima
12:26
and it's because it's an ancestral characteristic.
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i to je zato što je to nasljedna osobina.
12:30
And so there are a number of atavisms
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Tako dakle postoje brojni atavizmi
12:33
that can happen.
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koji se mogu dogoditi.
12:35
Snakes are occasionally born with legs.
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Zmije se ponekad izlegu s nogama.
12:38
And here's an example.
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I ovdje imamo jedan primjer.
12:40
This is a chicken with teeth.
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Ovo je pile sa zubima.
12:43
A fellow by the name of Matthew Harris
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Kolega imenom Mattew Harris
12:45
at the University of Wisconsin in Madison
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s Fakulteta Winsconsin u Madisonu
12:48
actually figured out a way to stimulate
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je zapravo shvatio način na koji se može potaknuti
12:51
the gene for teeth,
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gen za zube
12:54
and so was able to actually turn the tooth gene on
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pa je u principu bio u mogućnosti „upaliti“ gen za zube
12:57
and produce teeth in chickens.
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i stvoriti zube kod kokoši.
13:00
Now that's a good characteristic.
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To je dobra karakteristika.
13:03
We can save that one.
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Tu možemo zadržati.
13:06
We know we can use that.
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Znamo da to možemo iskoristiti.
13:08
We can make a chicken with teeth.
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Sada možemo stvoriti kokoš sa zubima.
13:12
That's getting closer.
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To je približavanje.
13:14
That's better than a glowing chicken.
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To je bolje od fluorescentne kokoši.
13:16
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:18
A friend of mine, a colleague of mine,
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Moj prijatelj i kolega,
13:20
Dr. Hans Larsson at McGill University,
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doktor Hans Larsson na McGill sveučilištu
13:22
is actually looking at atavisms.
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zapravo proučava atavizme.
13:24
And he's looking at them
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Proučava ih
13:26
by looking at the embryo genesis of birds
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na način da proučava ptičju embriogenezu
13:29
and actually looking at how they develop,
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i zaista gleda kako se razvijaju.
13:32
and he's interested in how birds actually lost their tail.
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Zainteresiran je za to kako su ptice zapravo izgubile svoj rep.
13:36
He's also interested in the transformation
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Također je zainteresiran za transformaciju
13:38
of the arm, the hand, to the wing.
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ruke, šake u krilo.
13:41
He's looking for those genes as well.
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Proučava i te gene.
13:43
And I said, "Well, if you can find those,
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I ja sam mu rekao, „Pa ako možeš naći te,
13:46
I can just reverse them
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ja ih mogu samo preokrenuti
13:48
and make what I need to make for the sixth-graders."
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i pretvoriti ih u ono što mi treba za šestaše“.
13:51
And so he agreed.
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Pa se složio.
13:53
And so that's what we're looking into.
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I sada to proučavamo.
13:55
If you look at dinosaur hands,
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Ako pogledate dinosaurove ruke,
13:57
a velociraptor
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velociraptor
13:59
has that cool-looking hand with the claws on it.
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ima ruku koja super izgleda i ima kandže.
14:01
Archaeopteryx, which is a bird, a primitive bird,
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Archaeopteryx, koji je ptica, primitivna ptica
14:04
still has that very primitive hand.
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još uvijek ima veoma primitivnu ruku.
14:07
But as you can see, the pigeon,
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Ali kao što možete vidjeti, golub
14:09
or a chicken or anything else, another bird,
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ili kokoš ili bilo što drugo, bilo koja druga ptica
14:11
has kind of a weird-looking hand,
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ima ruku veoma čudnog izgleda
14:14
because the hand is a wing.
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jer je ruka krilo.
14:16
But the cool thing is
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Ali super je
14:18
that, if you look in the embryo,
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to što dok pogledate embrij,
14:21
as the embryo is developing
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kako se embrij razvija
14:23
the hand actually looks
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ruka izgleda
14:26
pretty much like the archaeopteryx hand.
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prilično isto kao i ruka archaeopteryxa.
14:28
It has the three fingers, the three digits.
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Ima tri prsta, tri prsta ruke.
14:31
But a gene turns on that actually fuses those together.
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Ali čini se da ih gen zapravo spaja.
14:34
And so what we're looking for is that gene.
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I ono što tražimo je taj gen.
14:37
We want to stop that gene from turning on,
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Želimo zaustaviti taj gen
14:39
fusing those hands together,
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prilikom spajanja tih ruku
14:41
so we can get a chicken that hatches out with a three-fingered hand,
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tako da dobijemo kokoš koja će se izleći s rukom na kojoj su tri prsta
14:44
like the archaeopteryx.
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poput archaeopteryxa.
14:46
And the same goes for the tails.
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Isto je i s repom.
14:49
Birds have basically
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Ptice u principu
14:52
rudimentary tails.
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imaju rudimentarne repove.
14:54
And so we know
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I znamo
14:57
that in embryo,
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da se u embriju,
14:59
as the animal is developing,
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kako se životinja razvija,
15:01
it actually has a relatively long tail.
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nalazi relativno dugačak rep.
15:04
But a gene turns on
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Ali „upali“ se gen
15:06
and resorbs the tail, gets rid of it.
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i razgradi rep, riješi ga se.
15:09
So that's the other gene we're looking for.
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To je dakle drugi gen koji tražimo.
15:12
We want to stop that tail from resorbing.
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Želimo zaustaviti razgradnju tog repa.
15:16
So what we're trying to do really
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Ono što zaista pokušavamo napraviti
15:19
is take our chicken,
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je uzeti svoje pile,
15:22
modify it
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modificirati ga
15:24
and make the chickenosaurus.
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i napraviti pilesaurusa.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:29
It's a cooler-looking chicken.
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To je pile koje će bolje izgledati.
15:32
But it's just the very basics.
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Ali je to osnova.
15:35
So that really is what we're doing.
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To je ono što zaista radimo.
15:37
And people always say, "Why do that?
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I ljudi uvijek kažu, „Zašto to raditi?
15:39
Why make this thing?
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Zašto raditi takve stvari?
15:41
What good is it?"
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Koje je dobro u tome?“
15:43
Well, that's a good question.
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Pa, to je dobro pitanje.
15:45
Actually, I think it's a great way to teach kids
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Zapravo, mislim da je to odličan način kako naučiti djecu
15:47
about evolutionary biology
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nešto o evolucijskog biologiji
15:49
and developmental biology
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i razvojnoj biologiji
15:51
and all sorts of things.
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i raznim stvarima.
15:53
And quite frankly, I think
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I sasvim iskreno, mislim
15:56
if Colonel Sanders
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kad bi pukovnik Sanders
15:58
was to be careful how he worded it,
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bio pažljiv u tome kako bi to sročio,
16:01
he could actually advertise an extra piece.
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mogao bi zaista reklamirati ekstra komad.
16:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:08
Anyway --
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Kako god --
16:12
When our dino-chicken hatches,
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kada se izlegne naše dino-pile,
16:16
it will be, obviously, the poster child,
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bit će očito, dijete za poster
16:19
or what you might call a poster chick,
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ili ono što bi mogli nazvati poster komad,
16:22
for technology, entertainment and design.
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za tehnologiju, zabavu i dizajn.
16:25
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:27
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur diggerJack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.
Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com