TED2011
Paul Romer: The world's first charter city?
Paul Romer: Prvi čarter-grad na svijetu?
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2009. godine, Paul Romer je predstavio svoju ideju o "čarter-gradu" -- novoj vrsti grada s pravilima koja podupiru demokraciju i tržište. Ove godine, na TED2011, on priča o tome kako takav grad može postojati u Hondurasu ... uz malu pomoć svog vlastitog TED-govora.
Paul Romer - Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, World Bank
Paul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion. Full bio
Paul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
In 2007,
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2007. godine,
00:17
I decided that we needed to reconceptualize
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odlučio sam kako trebamo rekonceptualizirati
00:19
how we thought about economic development.
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način na koji razmišljamo o ekonomskom razvoju.
00:21
Our new goal should be
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Naš novi cilj bi trebao biti da,
00:23
that when every family thinks about where they want to live and work,
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kada svaka obitelj razmišlja o tome gdje želi živjeti i raditi,
00:26
they should be able to choose between
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omogućimo da ona može izabrati između
00:28
at least a handful
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bar par
00:30
of different cities
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različitih gradova
00:32
that were all competing to attract new residents.
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koji se međusobno natječu da privuku nove građane.
00:35
Now we're a long way away from that goal right now.
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Trenutno smo jako daleko od tog cilja.
00:38
There are billions of people in developing countries
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Postoje milijarde ljudi u razvijenim zemljama
00:41
who don't have even a single city that would be willing to welcome them.
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koji nemaju niti jedan grad koji bi bio voljan primiti ih.
00:44
But the amazing thing about cities
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Ali, odlična stvar u vezi gradova je
00:46
is they're worth so much more
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kako su oni vrijedni mnogo više
00:48
than it costs to build them.
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nego troškovi njihove izgradnje.
00:50
So we could easily supply the world
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Dakle, mi bismo mogli lako opskrbiti svijet
00:53
with dozens, maybe hundreds,
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s desecima ili čak stotinjak
00:55
of new cities.
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novih gradova.
00:57
Now this might sound preposterous to you
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To vam sada može zvučati apsurdno
00:59
if you've never thought about new cities.
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ako nikada niste razmišljali o novim gradovima.
01:01
But just substitute apartment building for cities.
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Ali samo zamislite zgrade sa stanovima kao gradove.
01:03
Imagine half the people who wanted to be in apartments already had them;
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Polovina ljudi koja je željela biti u stanovima je već živjela u stanovima;
01:06
the other half aren't there yet.
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dok druga polovina nije niti imala stanove.
01:08
You could try and expand the capacity
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Mogli bi probati i proširiti kapacitet
01:11
by doing additions on all the existing apartments.
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gradeći dodatke na svim postojećim stanovima.
01:14
But you know what you'd run into
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Ali ono sa čime bi se suočili
01:16
is those apartments and the surrounding areas
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jest to da ti stanovi i okružnice
01:18
have rules to avoid discomfort
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imaju pravila za izbjegavanje neudobnosti
01:20
and the distractions of construction.
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i ometanja gradnje.
01:23
So it's extremely hard to do all of those additions.
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Prema tome, iznimno je teško napraviti sve te dodatke.
01:25
But you could go out someplace brand new,
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Ali mogli biste izaći na neko potpuno novo mjesto,
01:27
build a brand new apartment building,
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izgraditi potpuno novu zgradu sa stanovima,
01:30
as long as the rules there
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toliko dugo dok su pravila tamo
01:32
were ones that facilitated construction
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takva da ubrzavaju i potiču gradnju,
01:34
rather than getting in the way.
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a ne da joj stoje na putu.
01:36
So I proposed
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Tako sam ja predložio
01:38
that governments create new reform zones
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da vlade stvore nove zone reformi
01:41
big enough to hold cities
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koje su dovoljno velike da uzdržavaju gradove
01:43
and gave them a name: charter cities.
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i dao sam im ime: čarter-gradovi.
01:46
Later I learned that at about this same time,
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Kasnije sam naučio da su, u otprilike isto vrijeme,
01:48
Javier and Octavio
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Javier i Octavio
01:50
were thinking about the challenge of reform
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razmišljali o izazovu reforme
01:52
in Honduras.
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u Hondurasu.
01:54
They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans every year
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Oni su znali da oko 75.000 Hunduraca svake godine
01:58
would leave to go to the United States,
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odlazi u Sjedinjene Države.
02:00
and they wanted to ask, what could they do
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Željeli su pitati što mogu učiniti
02:02
to make sure that those people could stay
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da osiguraju da ti ljudi mogu ostati
02:04
and do the same things in Honduras.
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i ostvariti iste stvari u Hondurasu.
02:07
At one point, Javier said to Octavio,
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U jednom trenutku, Javier je rekao Octaviu:
02:09
"What if we took some of our empty land --
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"Što ako bismo uzeli nešto naše prazne zemlje --
02:11
what if we just gave it to an embassy --
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što ako bismo to dali ambasadi --
02:13
give some to the U.S. embassy; give some to the Canadian embassy --
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dali bismo je ambasadi Sjedinjenih Država; dali bismo je Kanadskoj ambasadi --
02:16
and then if people want to go work
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i onda, ako ljudi žele raditi
02:18
under the rules of Canada or under the rules of the United States,
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unutar pravila Kanade ili Sjedinjenih Država,
02:20
they can go get jobs,
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mogli bi dobiti posao,
02:22
do everything they do on those embassy grounds
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raditi sve na posjedu te ambasade
02:24
that they would otherwise have to go to Canada or the U.S. to do?"
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za što bi inače otišli u Kanadu ili SAD?"
02:29
In the summer of 2009,
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U ljeto 2009.,
02:31
Honduras went through a wrenching constitutional crisis.
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Honduras je prošao kroz naglu upravnu krizu.
02:34
At the next regularly scheduled election,
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Na redovitim ugovorenim izborima koji su slijedili,
02:37
Pepe Lobo won in a landslide
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Pepe Lobo je odnio pobijedu
02:39
on a platform that promised reform,
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na platformi koja je obećavala reformu,
02:42
but reconciliation as well.
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ali također i usklađenje.
02:45
He asked Octavio to be his chief of staff.
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On je pitao Octavia da bude njegov šef osoblja.
02:49
Meanwhile, I was getting ready
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U međuvremenu, ja sam se pripremao
02:51
to give a talk at TEDGlobal.
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održati govor na TEDGlobal-u.
02:53
Through a process of refinement,
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Kroz proces usavršavanja,
02:55
trial and error, a lot of user testing,
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pokušaja i pogrešaka, puno korisničkog isprobavanja,
02:58
I tried to boil this complicated concept of charter city
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želio sam doći do osnove tog kompliciranog koncepta
03:01
down to the bare essentials.
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čarter-grada.
03:05
The first point was the importance of rules,
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Prva stavka bila je važnost pravila,
03:07
like those rules that say
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poput onih pravila koja govore da
03:09
you can't come in and disturb all the existing apartment holders.
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ne smiješ doći i uznemiravati sve postojeće stanovnike.
03:12
We pay a lot of attention to new technologies,
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Mi obraćamo veliku pozornost na nove tehnologije,
03:14
but it takes technologies and rules to get progress,
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ali potrebne su tehnologije i pravila da se dođe do napretka.
03:17
and it's usually the rules that hold us back.
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I obično su pravila ta koja nas sputavaju.
03:21
In the fall of 2010, a friend from Guatemala
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U jesen 2010., moj prijatelj iz Gvatemale
03:24
sent Octavio a link to the TEDTalk.
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je poslao Octaviu poveznicu za TED govor.
03:27
He showed it to Javier.
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Pokazao je govor Javieru.
03:29
They called me.
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Nazvali su me.
03:31
They said, "Let's present this to the leaders of our country."
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Rekli su: "Pokažimo ovo predvodnicima države."
03:34
So in December we met in Miami,
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U prosincu smo otišli u Miami,
03:37
in a hotel conference room.
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u konferencijsku sobu hotela.
03:39
I tried to explain this point
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Pokušao sam objasniti
03:41
about how valuable cities are,
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kako su gradovi vrijedni,
03:43
how much more valuable they are than they cost.
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koliko mnogo više vrijede nego što koštaju.
03:45
And I used this slide
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Koristio sam slajd
03:47
showing how valuable the raw land is
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koji je pokazivao koliko je vrijedna gola zemlja
03:49
in a place like New York City:
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u mjestu kao što je New York City.
03:51
notice, land that's worth thousands of dollars, in some cases,
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U nekim slučajevima, zemlja je vrijedna tisuće dolara,
03:54
per square meter.
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po metru kvadratnom.
03:56
But it was a fairly abstract discussion,
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Ali to je bila prilično apstraktna rasprava,
03:59
and at some point when there was a pause,
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i u jednom trenutku kada je bila stanka,
04:02
Octavio said,
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Octavio je rekao,
04:04
"Paul, maybe we could watch the TEDTalk."
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"Paul, možda bismo mogli pogledati TED govor."
04:07
(Laughing)
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(Pljesak)
04:09
So the TEDTalk laid out in very simple terms,
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Tako da je TED govor iznio na veoma jednostavan način,
04:12
a charter city is a place
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kako je čarter-grad mjesto
04:14
where you start with uninhabited land,
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gdje možeš započeti s nenaseljenom zemljom,
04:17
a charter that specifies the rules that will apply there
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čarterom (čarter - darovnica) koja određuje pravila koja će se ondje provoditi
04:20
and then a chance for people to opt in,
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s prilikom koju možeš dati ljudima da biraju između više opcija,
04:22
to go live under those rules or not.
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hoće li živjeti unutar tih pravila ili ne.
04:26
So I was asked by the president of Honduras
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Predsjednik Hondurasa mi je rekao
04:29
who said that we need to do this project,
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da trebamo učiniti ovaj projekt,
04:31
this is important,
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da je to važno,
04:33
this could be the way forward for our country.
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i da bi to mogao biti put za napredak naše države.
04:36
I was asked to come to Tegucigalpa
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Zamolio me da dođem u Tegucigalpu
04:38
and talk again on January fourth and fifth.
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i ponovno održim govor 4. i 5. siječnja.
04:41
So I presented
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Pa sam održao
04:43
another fact-filled lecture
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još jedno činjenično predavanje
04:45
that included a slide like this,
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koje je uključivalo slajd poput ovog,
04:47
which tried to make the point that, if you want to create a lot of value in a city,
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koji je pokušavao objasniti ukazanje da, ako želiš izgraditi puno vrijednosti u gradu,
04:50
it has to be very big.
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on mora biti jako velik.
04:52
This is a picture of Denver,
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Ovo je slika Denvera
04:54
and the outline is the new airport that was built in Denver.
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a ova kontura je nova zračna luka koja je izgrađena u Denveru.
04:56
This airport alone
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Samo ta zračna luka
04:58
covers more than 100 square kilometers.
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pokriva više od 100 kvadratnih kilometara.
05:00
So I was trying to persuade the Hondurans,
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Pokušavao sam uvjeriti Hondurance da,
05:02
if you build a new city,
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ako gradiš novi grad,
05:04
you've got to start with a site that's at least 1,000 square kilometers.
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moraš početi s lokacijom veličine najmanje 1000 kilometara kvadratnih.
05:07
That's more than 250 hundred-thousand acres.
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To je više od 250 stotina tisuća jutara.
05:13
Everybody applauded politely.
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Svi su uljudno zapljeskali.
05:15
The faces in the audience
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Lica u publici
05:17
were very serious and attentive.
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su bila veoma ozbiljna i pozorna.
05:20
The leader of the congress came up on stage and said,
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Vođa kongresa je došao na pozornicu i rekao:
05:23
"Professor Romer, thank you very much for your lecture,
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"Profesore Romer, puno vam hvala na vašem predavanju,
05:26
but maybe we could watch the TEDTalk.
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ali možda bismo mogli pogledati TED govor.
05:29
I've got it here on my laptop."
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Imam ga ovdje na laptopu."
05:33
So I sat down, and they played the TEDTalk.
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Sjeo sam, a oni su pustili TED govor.
05:36
And it got to the essence,
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I došlo je do osnove,
05:38
which is that a new city could offer new choices for people.
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a koja je da bi novi grad mogao ponuditi nove izbore za ljude.
05:41
There would be a choice of a city which you could go to
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Postojao bi izbor grada u koji biste mogli ići
05:43
which could be in Honduras,
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koji bi bio u Hondurasu,
05:45
instead of hundreds of miles away in the North.
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umjesto na stotinama milja dalekom Sjeveru.
05:47
And it also involved new choices for leaders.
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I uključivao bi nove izbore za rukovoditelje.
05:49
Because the leaders in the government there in Honduras
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Zato što bi glavari u vladi tamo u Hondurasu
05:52
would need help from partner countries,
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trebali pomoć od zemalja-suradnika
05:54
who could benefit from partner countries
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koje bi bile povlaštene od zemalja-suradnika
05:56
who help them set up the rules in this charter and the enforcement,
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koje njima pomažu izložiti pravila u darovnici i provedbi,
05:59
so everybody can trust
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tako da svi mogu vjerovati
06:01
that the charter really will be enforced.
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da ugovor zaista može biti proveden.
06:04
And the insight of President Lobo
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Uvid predsjednika Loboa
06:06
was that that assurance of enforcement
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je bio taj da je osiguranje provedbe,
06:09
that I was thinking about
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o kojoj sam ja razmišljao,
06:11
as a way to get the foreign investors to come in and build the city
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kao načinu pomoću kojeg bi se dobilo strane ulagače da dođu i izgrade grad,
06:14
could be equally important for all the different parties in Honduras
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jednako važno za sve stranke u Hondurasu
06:17
who had suffered for so many years
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koje su patile tolikih godina
06:19
from fear and distrust.
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od straha i nepovjerenja.
06:21
We went and looked at a site.
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Otišli smo i pogledali lokaciju.
06:23
This picture's from there.
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Ovo je slika lokacije.
06:25
It easily could hold a thousand square kilometers.
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Lako bi mogla imati tisuću kvadratnih kilometara.
06:28
And shortly thereafter, on January 19th,
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Kratko nakon toga, 19. siječnja,
06:31
they voted in the congress to amend their constitution
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oni su glasali u kongresu za izmjenu njihovog uređenja
06:34
to have a constitutional provision
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za proviziju uređenja,
06:36
that allows for special development regions.
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koja dozvoljava posebna područja za razvoj.
06:38
In a country which had just gone through this wrenching crisis,
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U zemlji koja je upravo prošla kroz naglu krizu,
06:41
the vote in the congress in favor of this constitutional amendment
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glas u kongresu za pristanak te upravne izmjene
06:44
was 124 to one.
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je bio 124 prema jedan.
06:47
All parties, all factions in society, backed this.
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Sve stranke i sve grupe su poduprle izmjenu.
06:50
To be part of the constitution, you actually have to pass it twice in the congress.
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Ako nešto želi postati dio uređenja, mora proći dva puta u kongresu.
06:53
On February 17th they passed it again
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17. veljače je opet prošlo u kongresu
06:56
with another vote of 114 to one.
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s ponovnim glasom od 114 prema jedan.
06:59
Immediately after that vote,
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Odmah nakon tog glasanja,
07:01
on February 21st to the 24th,
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od 21. do 24. veljače,
07:04
a delegation of about 30 Hondurans
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delegacija od otprilike 30 Honduranaca
07:06
went to the two places in the world
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je otišla na dva mjesta na svijetu
07:08
that are most interested in getting into the city building business.
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koja su najviše zainteresirana u stavljanje grada u građevinski posao.
07:10
One is South Korea.
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Jedno takvo mjesto je Južna Koreja.
07:12
This is a picture of a big, new city center
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Ovo je slika velikog, novog gradskog centra
07:14
that's being built in South Korea --
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koji se gradi u Južnoj Koreji --
07:16
bigger than downtown Boston.
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veći je nego centar Bostona.
07:18
Everything you see there was built in four years,
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Sve ovo što vidite je izgrađeno u četiri godine,
07:20
after they spent four years getting the permits.
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nakon što su proveli četiri godine u dobivanju dozvola.
07:24
The other place that's very interested in city building is Singapore.
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Drugo mjesto koje ima veliko zanimanje za izgradnju grada je Singapur.
07:26
They've actually built two cities already in China
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Oni su zapravo već izgradili dva grada u Kini
07:28
and are preparing the third.
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i pripremaju treći.
07:30
So if you think about this practically,
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Dakle, ako mislite praktično o ovome,
07:32
here's where we are.
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evo gdje smo mi.
07:34
They've got a site; they're already thinking about this site for the second city.
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Imaju mjesto; oni već razmišljaju o ovom mjestu za drugi grad.
07:37
They're putting in place a legal system
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Stavljaju mjesto u zakonski sustav
07:39
that could allow for managers to come in,
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koji bi omogućio da dođu menadžeri
07:41
and also an external legal system.
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i također da se ostvari vanjski zakonski sustav.
07:43
One country has already volunteered to let its supreme court
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Jedna zemlja je već dobrovoljno sudjelovala da dopusti da njen nadležni sud
07:46
be the court of final appeal for the new judicial system there.
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bude najpoželjniji model za pravni sustav u gradu.
07:49
There's designers and builders of cities
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Postoje dizajneri i građevinari gradova
07:51
who are very interested.
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koji su jako zainteresirani.
07:53
They even can bring with them some financing.
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Oni čak mogu sa sobom donijeti nešto financija.
07:55
But the one thing you know they've already solved
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Ali jedna stvar je, znate, koju su oni već riješili
07:57
is that there's lots of tenants.
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da već postoji puno zakupaca.
07:59
There's lots of businesses that would like to locate in the Americas,
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Postoji puno poduzeća koja bi željela smjestiti Amerikance,
08:02
especially in a place with a free trade zone,
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osobito na mjestu sa zonom slobodnog tržišta,
08:04
and there's lots of people who'd like to go there.
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i postoji puno ljudi koji bi željeli ići ondje.
08:07
Around the world, there's 700 million people
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Diljem svijeta, postoji 700 milijuna ljudi
08:09
who say they'd like to move permanently someplace else right now.
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koji govore kako bi se željeli dugoročno preseliti na neko drugo mjesto.
08:12
There's a million a year
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Postoji milijun ljudi godišnje
08:14
who leave Latin America to go to the United States.
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koji napuštaju Latinsku Ameriku i odlaze u Sjedinjene Države.
08:16
Many of these are a father
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Mnogi su od njih očevi
08:18
who has to leave his family behind to go get a job --
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koji moraju napustiti obitelj zbog pronalaska posla --
08:20
sometimes a single mother
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ponekad samohrana majka,
08:22
who has to get enough money to even pay for food or clothing.
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koja mora nabaviti dovoljno novca da samo plati hranu i odjeću.
08:25
Sadly, sometimes there are even children
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Nažalost, nekad čak i djeca,
08:27
who are trying to get reunited with their parents
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koja pokušavaju pronaći svoje roditelje
08:29
that they haven't seen, in some cases, for a decade.
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koje nisu vidjeli, u nekim slučajevima, jedno desetljeće.
08:34
So what kind of an idea is it
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Dakle, kakva je ovo ideja,
08:36
to think about building a brand new city in Honduras?
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razmišljati o gradnji novog grada u Hondurasu?
08:38
Or to build a dozen of these,
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Ili o gradnju desetaka takvih,
08:40
or a hundred of these, around the world?
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ili čak stotinjak diljem svijeta?
08:42
What kind of an idea is it
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Kakva je to ideja,
08:44
to think about insisting
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razmišljati o inzistiranju
08:46
that every family have a choice of several cities
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da svaka obitelj ima izbor između nekoliko gradova
08:49
that are competing to attract new residents?
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koji se natječu da privuku nove stanovnike?
08:52
This is an idea worth spreading.
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To je ideja vrijedna širenja.
08:55
And my friends from Honduras
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I moji prijatelji iz Hondurasa
08:57
asked me to say thank you, TED.
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su me zamolili da zahvalim TED-u.
08:59
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Romer - Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, World BankPaul Romer's research on catch-up growth in low- and middle-income countries has emphasized the importance of government policies that encourage orderly urban expansion.
Why you should listen
Paul Romer believes in the power of ideas. He first studied how to speed up the discovery and implementation of new technologies. But to address the big problems we'll face this century -- insecurity, harm to the environment, global poverty -- new technologies will not be enough. We must also speed up the discovery and implementation of new rules, of new ideas about how people interact.
Throughout human history, big improvements in systems of rules took place when new governments entered the scene. In today's world, this process has been largely shut down. To bring it back to life, Romer proposes that we create new cities where people can go to escape from bad rules and opt in to new and better ones. With better rules, people can be safe, self-interest can protect the environment, and investment can bring families all the resources that the modern world has to offer.
Romer took office as the World Bank's Chief Economist and Senior Vice President in October 2016.
Paul Romer | Speaker | TED.com