TEDxSydney
Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology
Drew Berry: Animacije nevidljive biologije
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Nemamo načina za izravno promatranje molekula i onoga što one rade -- Drew Berry želi to promijeniti. Na TEDxSydney pokazuje svoje znanstveno utemeljene (i zabavne!) animacije koje pomažu istraživačima vidjeti neviđene procese unutar naših stanica.
Drew Berry - Biomedical animator
Drew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact. Full bio
Drew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
What I'm going to show you
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Ono što ću vam pokazati
00:17
are the astonishing molecular machines
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zapanjujući su molekularni strojevi
00:21
that create the living fabric of your body.
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koji stvaraju živu tvornicu vašeg tijela.
00:24
Now molecules are really, really tiny.
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Dakle, molekule su stvarno, stvarno sićušne.
00:27
And by tiny,
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A pod sićušne,
00:29
I mean really.
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mislim stvarno sićušne.
00:31
They're smaller than a wavelength of light,
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One su manje od valne duljine svjetlosti,
00:33
so we have no way to directly observe them.
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tako da nemamo načina za njihvo izravno promatranje.
00:36
But through science, we do have a fairly good idea
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No, kroz znanost, imamo prilično dobru ideju
00:38
of what's going on down at the molecular scale.
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o tome što se događa na molekularnoj razini.
00:41
So what we can do is actually tell you about the molecules,
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Dakle, ono što možemo učiniti je zapravo reći vam o molekulama,
00:44
but we don't really have a direct way of showing you the molecules.
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ali u stvarnosti nemamo izravan način da vam pokažemo molekule.
00:47
One way around this is to draw pictures.
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Jedan od načina je crtanje slike.
00:50
And this idea is actually nothing new.
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Ova ideja zapravo nije ništa novo.
00:52
Scientists have always created pictures
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Znanstvenici su oduvijek stvarali slike
00:54
as part of their thinking and discovery process.
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kao dio njihova procesa razmišljanja i otkrića.
00:57
They draw pictures of what they're observing with their eyes,
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Oni crtaju slike onoga što promatraju svojim očima,
01:00
through technology like telescopes and microscopes,
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kroz tehnologiju kao što su teleskopi i mikroskopi,
01:02
and also what they're thinking about in their minds.
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kao i onoga o čemu razmišljaju u svom umu.
01:05
I picked two well-known examples,
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Izabrao sam dva dobro znana primjera
01:07
because they're very well-known for expressing science through art.
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jer su vrlo poznati zbog izražavanja znanosti kroz umjetnost.
01:10
And I start with Galileo
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Počinjem s Galileom
01:12
who used the world's first telescope
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koji je koristio prvi teleskop na svijetu
01:14
to look at the Moon.
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za gledanje Mjeseca.
01:16
And he transformed our understanding of the Moon.
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I on je promijenio naše razumijevanje Mjeseca.
01:18
The perception in the 17th century
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Percepcija u 17. stoljeću
01:20
was the Moon was a perfect heavenly sphere.
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bila je da je Mjesec savršena nebeska kugla.
01:22
But what Galileo saw was a rocky, barren world,
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No, ono što je Galileo vidio bio je stjenovit, pusti svijet,
01:25
which he expressed through his watercolor painting.
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koji je izrazio kroz svoje akvarele.
01:28
Another scientist with very big ideas,
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Drugi je znanstvenik s vrlo velikim idejama,
01:30
the superstar of biology, is Charles Darwin.
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zvijezda biologije, Charles Darwin.
01:33
And with this famous entry in his notebook,
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S ovim glasovitim unosom u svoju bilježnicu,
01:35
he begins in the top left-hand corner with, "I think,"
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on počinje u gornjem lijevom kutu sa, "Mislim",
01:38
and then sketches out the first tree of life,
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a zatim skicira prvo stablo života,
01:41
which is his perception
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koje je njegovo viđenje
01:43
of how all the species, all living things on Earth,
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o tome kako su sve vrste, sva živa bića na Zemlji,
01:45
are connected through evolutionary history --
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povezana kroz evolucijsku povijest --
01:48
the origin of species through natural selection
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podrijetlo vrsta putem prirodne selekcije
01:50
and divergence from an ancestral population.
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i odstupanje od rodovske populacije.
01:53
Even as a scientist,
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Čak i kao znanstvenik,
01:55
I used to go to lectures by molecular biologists
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običavao sam ići na predavanja molekularnih biologa
01:57
and find them completely incomprehensible,
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i smatrao ih u potpunosti nerazumljivima,
02:00
with all the fancy technical language and jargon
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sa svim tim otmjenim tehničkim jezikom i žargonom
02:02
that they would use in describing their work,
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koji su koristili u opisivanju svoga rada,
02:04
until I encountered the artworks of David Goodsell,
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sve dok nisam naišao na likovna djela Davida Goodsella,
02:07
who is a molecular biologist at the Scripps Institute.
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koji je molekularni biolog na Scripps Institutu.
02:10
And his pictures,
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Njegove slike,
02:12
everything's accurate and it's all to scale.
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sve je točno i sve je u mjerilu.
02:14
And his work illuminated for me
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Njegovo djelo mi je prosvjetlilo
02:17
what the molecular world inside us is like.
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kako izgleda molekularni svijet u nama.
02:19
So this is a transection through blood.
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Dakle, ovo je presjek kroz krv.
02:22
In the top left-hand corner, you've got this yellow-green area.
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U gornjem lijevom kutu, imate ovo žuto-zeleno područje.
02:24
The yellow-green area is the fluids of blood, which is mostly water,
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Žuto-zeleno područje je tekućina krvi, što je uglavnom voda,
02:27
but it's also antibodies, sugars,
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ali također i protutijela, šećer,
02:29
hormones, that kind of thing.
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hormoni i takve stvari.
02:31
And the red region is a slice into a red blood cell.
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A crveno područje je presjek crvenih krvnih stanica.
02:33
And those red molecules are hemoglobin.
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I te crvene molekule su hemoglobin.
02:35
They are actually red; that's what gives blood its color.
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Oni su zapravo crveni, to je ono što daje boju krvi.
02:37
And hemoglobin acts as a molecular sponge
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Hemoglobin djeluje kao molekularna spužva
02:39
to soak up the oxygen in your lungs
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koja upija kisik u vaša pluća,
02:41
and then carry it to other parts of the body.
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a zatim ga nosi do drugih dijelova tijela.
02:43
I was very much inspired by this image many years ago,
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Bio sam jako inspiriran ovom slikom prije mnogo godina
02:46
and I wondered whether we could use computer graphics
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i zapitao sam se možemo li koristiti računalnu grafiku
02:48
to represent the molecular world.
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za prikaz molekularnog svijeta.
02:50
What would it look like?
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Kako bi to izgledalo?
02:52
And that's how I really began. So let's begin.
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I to je kako sam stvarno počeo. Dakle počnimo.
02:55
This is DNA in its classic double helix form.
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Ovo je DNK u svom klasičnom obliku dvostruke zavojnice.
02:57
And it's from X-ray crystallography,
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To je od kristalografije rentgenskim zrakama,
02:59
so it's an accurate model of DNA.
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tako da je to precizan model DNK.
03:01
If we unwind the double helix and unzip the two strands,
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Ako odmotamo dvostruke spirale i razdvojimo dvije niti,
03:03
you see these things that look like teeth.
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vidjet ćete stvari koje izgledaju kao zubi.
03:05
Those are the letters of genetic code,
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To su slova genetskog koda,
03:07
the 25,000 genes you've got written in your DNA.
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25.000 gena imate zapisano u vašoj DNK.
03:10
This is what they typically talk about --
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To je ono o čemu obično govore --
03:12
the genetic code -- this is what they're talking about.
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genetski kod -- to je ono o čemu pričaju.
03:14
But I want to talk about a different aspect of DNA science,
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Ali ja želim govoriti o drugačijem aspektu DNK znanosti,
03:16
and that is the physical nature of DNA.
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a to je fizička priroda DNK.
03:19
It's these two strands that run in opposite directions
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Te dvije niti koje se pokreću u suprotnim smjerovima
03:22
for reasons I can't go into right now.
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iz razloga u koji ne mogu sada ulaziti.
03:24
But they physically run in opposite directions,
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Ali one se fizički kreću u suprotnim smjerovima,
03:26
which creates a number of complications for your living cells,
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što stvara niz komplikacija za vaše žive stanice,
03:29
as you're about to see,
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kao što ćete upravo vidjeti,
03:31
most particularly when DNA is being copied.
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osobito kada se DNK kopira.
03:34
And so what I'm about to show you
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Ono što ću vam sada pokazati
03:36
is an accurate representation
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točan je prikaz stvarnog
03:38
of the actual DNA replication machine that's occurring right now inside your body,
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DNK repliciranja koje se odvija upravo sada unutar vašeg tijela,
03:41
at least 2002 biology.
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barem po biologiji iz 2002.
03:44
So DNA's entering the production line from the left-hand side,
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Dakle, DNK ulazi u proizvodnu liniju s lijeve strane
03:47
and it hits this collection, these miniature biochemical machines,
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te udara ovu skupinu, ovi minijaturni biokemijski strojevi,
03:50
that are pulling apart the DNA strand and making an exact copy.
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koji razdvajaju DNK nit te prave identičnu kopiju.
03:53
So DNA comes in
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Dakle, DNK dolazi
03:55
and hits this blue, doughnut-shaped structure
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i udara ovu plavu strukturu u obliku krafne,
03:57
and it's ripped apart into its two strands.
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te se razdvaja u svoje vlastite dvije niti.
03:59
One strand can be copied directly,
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Jedna nit može biti direktno kopirana
04:01
and you can see these things spooling off to the bottom there.
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pa možete vidjeti kako se odmotava ovdje do dna.
04:04
But things aren't so simple for the other strand
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No, stvari nisu tako jednostavne za drugu nit,
04:06
because it must be copied backwards.
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jer ona mora biti kopirana unazad.
04:08
So it's thrown out repeatedly in these loops
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Tako da je iznova bačena u te petlje
04:10
and copied one section at a time,
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i kopirana jedan po jedan dio,
04:12
creating two new DNA molecules.
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stvarajući dvije nove DNK molekule.
04:15
Now you have billions of this machine
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Imate milijarde ovakvih strojeva
04:18
right now working away inside you,
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koji ovoga trenutka rade unutar vas,
04:20
copying your DNA with exquisite fidelity.
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kopirajući vašu DNK iznimno vjerno.
04:22
It's an accurate representation,
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To je točan prikaz
04:24
and it's pretty much at the correct speed for what is occurring inside you.
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i to otprilike iste brzine kojom se to događa unutar vas.
04:27
I've left out error correction and a bunch of other things.
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Izostavio sam ispravljanje pogreške i hrpu drugih stvari.
04:32
This was work from a number of years ago.
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Ovo je moje djelo od prije više godina.
04:34
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:36
This is work from a number of years ago,
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Ovo je rad od prije mnogo godina,
04:39
but what I'll show you next is updated science, it's updated technology.
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ali ono što ću vam sada pokazati je ažurirana znanost, nova tehnologija.
04:42
So again, we begin with DNA.
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Pa opet, počinjemo s DNK.
04:44
And it's jiggling and wiggling there because of the surrounding soup of molecules,
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Sve se migolji i pomiče ondje zbog okolnih juha od molekula,
04:47
which I've stripped away so you can see something.
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što sam uklonio, tako da možete vidjeti nešto.
04:49
DNA is about two nanometers across,
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DNK je u presjeku oko dva nanometra,
04:51
which is really quite tiny.
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što je zapravo prilično sićušno.
04:53
But in each one of your cells,
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No, u svakoj vašoj stanici,
04:55
each strand of DNA is about 30 to 40 million nanometers long.
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svaka nit DNK je duga oko 30 do 40 milijuna nanometara.
04:59
So to keep the DNA organized and regulate access to the genetic code,
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Dakle, da bi DNK ostala organizirana i da bi bio regulirani pristup genetskom kodu
05:02
it's wrapped around these purple proteins --
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ona je omotana oko ovih ljubičastih proteina --
05:04
or I've labeled them purple here.
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ili sam ih ja ovdje označio ljubičasto.
05:06
It's packaged up and bundled up.
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Upakirana je i grupirana.
05:08
All this field of view is a single strand of DNA.
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Svo ovo vidno polje je jedna nit DNK.
05:11
This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
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Ovaj ogroman paket DNK se naziva kromosom.
05:14
And we'll come back to chromosomes in a minute.
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Vratit ćemo se kromosomima za minutu.
05:17
We're pulling out, we're zooming out,
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Mi čupamo, umanjujemo,
05:19
out through a nuclear pore,
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kroz jezgrinu poru,
05:21
which is the gateway to this compartment that holds all the DNA
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koja je prolaz do ovog odjeljka koji sadrži svu DNK
05:24
called the nucleus.
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zvanu jezgra.
05:26
All of this field of view
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Sve to vidno polje
05:28
is about a semester's worth of biology, and I've got seven minutes.
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je vrijedno jednog semestra biologije, a ja imam sedam minuta.
05:31
So we're not going to be able to do that today?
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Dakle, nećemo biti u mogućnosti to učiniti danas?
05:34
No, I'm being told, "No."
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Ne, rečeno mi je, "Ne."
05:37
This is the way a living cell looks down a light microscope.
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Ovako izgleda živa stanica promatrana svjetlosnim mikroskopom.
05:40
And it's been filmed under time-lapse, which is why you can see it moving.
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Bila je snimana s greškom u vremenu, što je razlog zašto možete vidjeti da se kreće.
05:43
The nuclear envelope breaks down.
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Jezgrina ovojnica puca.
05:45
These sausage-shaped things are the chromosomes, and we'll focus on them.
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Ove stvari u obliku kobasice su kromosomi i usredotočit ćemo se na njih.
05:48
They go through this very striking motion
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Oni prolaze kroz ovaj vrlo upečatljiv pokret
05:50
that is focused on these little red spots.
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koji je usredotočen na te male crvene točke.
05:53
When the cell feels it's ready to go,
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Kada stanica smatra da je spremna,
05:56
it rips apart the chromosome.
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razdvoji kromosome.
05:58
One set of DNA goes to one side,
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Jedan skup DNK ide na jednu stranu,
06:00
the other side gets the other set of DNA --
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druga strana dobiva drugi set DNK --
06:02
identical copies of DNA.
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identične kopije DNK.
06:04
And then the cell splits down the middle.
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Onda se stanica razdvoji na sredini.
06:06
And again, you have billions of cells
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I opet, imate milijardi stanica
06:08
undergoing this process right now inside of you.
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koje prolaze kroz taj proces upravo sada unutar vas.
06:11
Now we're going to rewind and just focus on the chromosomes
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Vratit ćemo se unatrag i samo se usredotočiti na kromosome
06:14
and look at its structure and describe it.
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i gledati njihovu strukturu te ju opisati.
06:16
So again, here we are at that equator moment.
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Opet, ovdje smo u trenutku izjednačavanja.
06:19
The chromosomes line up.
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Kromosomi se poredaju.
06:21
And if we isolate just one chromosome,
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Ako izoliramo samo jedan kromosom,
06:23
we're going to pull it out and have a look at its structure.
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izvući ćemo ga te pogledati njegovu strukturu.
06:25
So this is one of the biggest molecular structures that you have,
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Dakle, ovo je jedna od najvećih molekularnih struktura koje imate,
06:28
at least as far as we've discovered so far inside of us.
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barem što smo dosad otkrili unutar nas.
06:32
So this is a single chromosome.
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Dakle, ovo je jedan kromosom.
06:34
And you have two strands of DNA in each chromosome.
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A imate dvije niti DNK u svakom kromosomu.
06:37
One is bundled up into one sausage.
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Jedna je grupirana u jednu kobasicu.
06:39
The other strand is bundled up into the other sausage.
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Druga nit je grupirana u drugu kobasicu.
06:41
These things that look like whiskers that are sticking out from either side
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Ove stvari koje izgledaju kao brkovi koji strše sa svake strane
06:44
are the dynamic scaffolding of the cell.
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su dinamičke skele stanice.
06:47
They're called mircrotubules. That name's not important.
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Oni se zovu mirkrotubuli. To ime nije toliko važno.
06:49
But what we're going to focus on is this red region -- I've labeled it red here --
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Ali ono na što ćemo se usredotočiti je ovo crveno područje -- označio sam ga ovdje crveno --
06:52
and it's the interface
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to je sučelje
06:54
between the dynamic scaffolding and the chromosomes.
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između dinamičke skele i kromosoma.
06:57
It is obviously central to the movement of the chromosomes.
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To je očito središte kretanje kromosoma.
07:00
We have no idea really as to how it's achieving that movement.
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Uistinu nemamo pojma kako postiže te kretnje.
07:03
We've been studying this thing they call the kinetochore
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Proučavali smo ovu stvar zvanu kinetohora,
07:05
for over a hundred years with intense study,
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intenzivno više od sto godina,
07:07
and we're still just beginning to discover what it's all about.
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a još uvijek tek počinjemo otkrivati o čemu se zapravo radi.
07:10
It is made up of about 200 different types of proteins,
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Ona se sastoji od oko 200 različitih vrsta proteina,
07:13
thousands of proteins in total.
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od tisuće proteina ukupno.
07:16
It is a signal broadcasting system.
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To je sustav emitiranja signala.
07:19
It broadcasts through chemical signals
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On emitira putem kemijskih signala
07:21
telling the rest of the cell when it's ready,
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govoreći ostatku stanice kada je spreman,
07:24
when it feels that everything is aligned and ready to go
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kada osjeća da je sve usklađeno i spremno
07:27
for the separation of the chromosomes.
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za odvajanje kromosoma.
07:29
It is able to couple onto the growing and shrinking microtubules.
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U mogućnosti je spojiti se na rast i smanjenje mikrotubula.
07:32
It's involved with the growing of the microtubules,
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Uključen je u rast mikrotubula,
07:35
and it's able to transiently couple onto them.
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i u mogućnosti je prolazno se vezati na njih.
07:38
It's also an attention sensing system.
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To je također sustav za očitavanje pozornosti.
07:40
It's able to feel when the cell is ready,
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U stanju je osjetiti kada je stanica spremna,
07:42
when the chromosome is correctly positioned.
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kada je kromosom ispravno postavljen.
07:44
It's turning green here
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Ovdje je pozelenio
07:46
because it feels that everything is just right.
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jer osjeća da je sve u redu.
07:48
And you'll see, there's this one little last bit
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I vidjet ćete, ovdje je jedan zadnji mali dio
07:50
that's still remaining red.
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koji je još uvijek crven.
07:52
And it's walked away down the microtubules.
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I otišao je dolje do mikrotubula.
07:56
That is the signal broadcasting system sending out the stop signal.
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To sustav emitiranja signala odašilje zaustavni signal.
07:59
And it's walked away. I mean, it's that mechanical.
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I odšetao je. Mislim, to je mehanički.
08:02
It's molecular clockwork.
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To je molekularni radni sat.
08:04
This is how you work at the molecular scale.
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Ovo je kako radite na molekularnoj razini.
08:07
So with a little bit of molecular eye candy,
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Dakle, uz malo molekularnog slatkiša za oči,
08:10
we've got kinesins, which are the orange ones.
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imamo kinezine, to su ovi narančasti.
08:13
They're little molecular courier molecules walking one way.
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Oni su male molekularne poštarske molekule koje idu u jednom smjeru.
08:15
And here are the dynein. They're carrying that broadcasting system.
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I ovdje su dineini. Oni nose taj sustav emitiranja.
08:18
And they've got their long legs so they can step around obstacles and so on.
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Imaju duge noge pa mogu prekoračiti prepreke i tako dalje.
08:21
So again, this is all derived accurately
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I opet to sve precizno proizlazi
08:23
from the science.
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iz znanosti.
08:25
The problem is we can't show it to you any other way.
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Problem je što vam to ne možemo pokazati ni na koji drugi način.
08:28
Exploring at the frontier of science,
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Istraživanje na granici znanosti,
08:30
at the frontier of human understanding,
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na granici ljudskog razumijevanja
08:32
is mind-blowing.
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je fascinantno .
08:35
Discovering this stuff
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Otkrivati ove stvari
08:37
is certainly a pleasurable incentive to work in science.
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zasigurno je ugodan poticaj za rad u znanosti.
08:40
But most medical researchers --
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No, za većinu medicinskih istraživača --
08:43
discovering the stuff
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otkrivanje stvari
08:45
is simply steps along the path to the big goals,
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jednostavno su koraci na putu do velikih ciljeva,
08:48
which are to eradicate disease,
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koji su iskorjenjivanje bolesti,
08:51
to eliminate the suffering and the misery that disease causes
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kako bi uklonili patnju i bijedu koju bolesti
08:53
and to lift people out of poverty.
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uzrokuju te oslobodili ljude siromaštva.
08:55
Thank you.
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Hvala Vam.
08:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Drew Berry - Biomedical animatorDrew Berry creates stunning and scientifically accurate animations to illustrate how the molecules in our cell move and interact.
Why you should listen
Drew Berry is a biomedical animator whose scientifically accurate and aesthetically rich visualisations reveal the microscopic world inside our bodies to a wide range of audiences. His animations have exhibited at venues such as the Guggenheim Museum, Museum of Modern Art (New York), the Royal Institute of Great Britain and the University of Geneva. In 2010 he received a MacArthur Fellowship "Genius Award".
Drew Berry | Speaker | TED.com