TED-Ed
Greg Gage: The cockroach beatbox
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By dissecting a cockroach ... yes, live on stage ... TED Fellow and neuroscientist Greg Gage shows how brains receive and deliver electric impulses -- and how legs can respond. This talk comes from the TED-Ed project.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When you think about the brain,
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Kada razmišljate o mozgu,
00:15
it's difficult to understand,
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teško ga je shvatiti,
00:17
because if I were to ask you right now,
how does the heart work,
how does the heart work,
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jer da vas sad pitam kako srce radi,
00:20
you would instantly tell me it's a pump.
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odmah biste mi rekli da je pumpa.
00:23
It pumps blood.
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Pumpa krv.
00:24
If I were to ask about your lungs,
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Ako vas pitam za pluća,
00:26
you would say it exchanges
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
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rekli biste da izmjenju je kisik
za ugljikov dioksid.
za ugljikov dioksid.
00:28
That's easy.
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To je lako.
00:29
If I were to ask you how the brain works,
it's hard to understand
it's hard to understand
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Ako vas pitam kako mozak radi,
to je teško shvatiti
to je teško shvatiti
00:32
because you can't just look
at a brain and understand what it is.
at a brain and understand what it is.
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jer ne možete samo pogledati
mozak i shvatiti što je to.
mozak i shvatiti što je to.
00:36
It's not a mechanical object,
not a pump, not an airbag.
not a pump, not an airbag.
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To nije mehanički predmet
niti pupma niti zračni jastuk.
niti pupma niti zračni jastuk.
00:38
It's just like, if you held it
in your hand when it was dead,
in your hand when it was dead,
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To je, ako ga držite kada je mrtav,
00:41
it's just a piece of fat.
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samo komad sala.
00:43
To understand how the brain works,
you have to go inside a living brain.
you have to go inside a living brain.
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Da bi shvatili kako mozak radi
morate ući u živi mozak.
morate ući u živi mozak.
00:47
Because the brain's not mechanical,
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
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Jer mozak nije mehanički,
električan je i kemijski.
električan je i kemijski.
00:51
Your brain is made out of
100 billion cells, called neurons.
100 billion cells, called neurons.
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Vaš mozak napravljen je od
100 milijardi stanica, nazvanih neuroni.
100 milijardi stanica, nazvanih neuroni.
00:53
And these neurons communicate
with each other with electricity.
with each other with electricity.
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I ovi neuroni komuniciraju
jedni s drugima elektricitetom.
jedni s drugima elektricitetom.
00:57
And we're going to eavesdrop
in on a conversation between two cells,
in on a conversation between two cells,
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I mi ćemo prisluškivati
razgovor između dvije stanice,
razgovor između dvije stanice,
01:01
and we're going to listen
to something called a spike.
to something called a spike.
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i slušat ćemo nešto
što se zove amplituda.
što se zove amplituda.
01:03
But we're not going to record my brain
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
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Ali nećemo snimati moj mozak
ili vaš ili vašeg profesora,
ili vaš ili vašeg profesora,
01:07
we're going to use our good
friend the cockroach.
friend the cockroach.
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koristit ćemo našeg dobrog prijatelja
žohara.
žohara.
01:10
Not just because I think they're cool,
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Ne samo zato što mislim da su cool,
01:12
but because they have brains
very similar to ours.
very similar to ours.
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već zato što imaju mozak sličan
našemu.
našemu.
01:14
So if you learn a little bit
about how their brains work,
about how their brains work,
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Pa ako naučite malo o tome
kako radi njihov mozak,
kako radi njihov mozak,
01:17
we're going to learn a lot
about how our brains work.
about how our brains work.
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naučit ćemo puno o tome
kako radi naš mozak.
kako radi naš mozak.
01:19
I'm going to put them
in some ice water here
in some ice water here
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Stavit ću ih u ledenu vodu.
01:22
And then --
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I onda --
01:24
Audience: Ew!
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
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Publika: Fuj!
Greg Gabe: Da...
Greg Gabe: Da...
01:26
Right now they're becoming anesthetized.
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Sada ih anesteziramo.
01:28
Because they're cold blooded,
they become the temperature of the water
they become the temperature of the water
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Jer su hladnokrvni,
postat će iste temperature kao i voda
postat će iste temperature kao i voda
01:31
and they can't control it
so they just basically "chillax," right?
so they just basically "chillax," right?
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i ne mogu to kontrolirati
tako da se samo opuste, zar ne?
tako da se samo opuste, zar ne?
01:35
They're not going to feel anything,
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Neće osjećati ništa,
01:37
which may tell you a little
about what we're going to do,
about what we're going to do,
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što će vam možda reći nešto
o tome što ćemo raditi,
o tome što ćemo raditi,
01:39
a scientific experiment
to understand the brain.
to understand the brain.
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znanstvenom eksperimentu
kako bismo razumjeli mozak.
kako bismo razumjeli mozak.
01:42
So ...
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Dakle ...
01:44
This is the leg of a cockroach.
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Ovo je noga žohara.
01:46
And a cockroach
has all these beautiful hairs
has all these beautiful hairs
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I žohar ima sve ove divne
dlačice
dlačice
01:48
and pricklies all over it.
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i izbočine po njoj.
01:50
Underneath each one of those is a cell,
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Ispod svake od njih je stanica,
01:53
and this cell's a neuron
that is going to send information
that is going to send information
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a neuron te stanice će poslati
informacije
informacije
01:56
about wind or vibration.
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o vjetru ili vibraciji.
01:57
If you ever try to catch a cockroach,
it's hard because they can feel you coming
it's hard because they can feel you coming
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Ako ikad pokušate uhvatiti žohara,
teško je jer osjete da dolazite
teško je jer osjete da dolazite
02:01
before you're even there,
they start running.
they start running.
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i prije nego dođete, počnu bježati.
02:03
These cells are zipping up
this information up to the brain
this information up to the brain
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Ove stanice šalju informacije u mozak
02:06
using those little axons
with electronic messages in there.
with electronic messages in there.
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koristeći te male aksone sa elektroničkim
porukama u njima.
porukama u njima.
02:09
We're going to record
by sticking a pin right in there.
by sticking a pin right in there.
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Snimit ćemo to zabadanjem
pribadače ondje.
pribadače ondje.
02:11
We need to take off the leg
of a cockroach --
of a cockroach --
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Trebamo skinuti nogu žohara --
02:14
don't worry, they'll grow back --
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ne brinite, ponovno će narasti --
02:16
then we're going to put two pins in there.
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a onda ćemo ovdje staviti dvije pribadače.
02:18
These are metal pins.
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Ovo su metalne pribadače.
02:19
One will pick up this electronic message,
this electric message is going by.
this electric message is going by.
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Jedna će pokupiti poruku
kako bude prolazila.
kako bude prolazila.
02:23
So, we're now going to do the surgery,
let's see if you guys can see this.
let's see if you guys can see this.
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Sada ćemo napraviti operaciju,
da vidimo možete li vidjeti ovo.
da vidimo možete li vidjeti ovo.
02:28
Yeah, it's gross ...
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Da, odvratno je..
02:32
All right. So there we go.
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U redu. To je to.
02:35
You guys can see his leg right there.
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Vi možete vidjeti nogu ondje.
02:37
Now I'm going to take this leg,
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Tako da ću sada uzeti tu nogu,
02:39
I'm going to put it in this invention
that we came up with
that we came up with
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i stavit ću je u ovaj izum
koji smo smislili
koji smo smislili
02:41
called the Spikerbox --
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nazvan Kutija za Amplitude--
02:43
and this replaces lots of expensive
equipment in a research lab,
equipment in a research lab,
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i ovo zamjenjuje puno skupe opreme
u istraživačkom laboratoriju,
u istraživačkom laboratoriju,
02:46
so you guys can do this
in your own high schools,
in your own high schools,
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tako da to možete raditi u svojim
srednjim školama,
srednjim školama,
02:49
or in your own basements if it's me.
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ili svojim podrumima ako sam ja u pitanju.
02:53
(Audience: Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:55
So, there.
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Eto ga.
02:59
Can you guys see that?
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Možete li vidjeti to?
03:01
Alright, so I'm going to go ahead
and turn this on.
and turn this on.
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U redu, sada ću ovo uključiti.
03:06
I'm going to plug it in.
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Priključit ću ga.
03:08
(Tuning sound)
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(Zvuk podešavanja)
03:09
To me, this is the most beautiful
sound in the world.
sound in the world.
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Za mene, ovo je najljepši
zvuk na svijetu.
zvuk na svijetu.
03:11
This is what your brain
is doing right now.
is doing right now.
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Ovo trenutno radi vaš mozak.
03:13
You have 100 billion cells
making these raindrop-type noises.
making these raindrop-type noises.
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Imate sto milijardi stanica koje
rade te zvukove poput kišnih kapljica.
rade te zvukove poput kišnih kapljica.
03:16
Let's take a look at what it looks like,
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Pogledajmo kako to izgleda,
03:18
let's pull it up on the iPad screen.
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prikažimo to na ekranu iPada.
03:20
I plugged my iPad into here as well.
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Spojio sam i moj iPad tu.
03:22
So remember we said
the axon looks like a spike.
the axon looks like a spike.
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Rekli smo kako akson
izgleda kao amplituda.
izgleda kao amplituda.
03:24
So we're going to take a look
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Tako da ćemo pogledati
03:25
at what one of them
looks like in just a brief second.
looks like in just a brief second.
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kako jedan od njih izgleda
za trenutak.
za trenutak.
03:28
We're going to tap here,
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dodirnut ćemo ovdje,
03:29
so we can sort of average this guy.
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tako da možemo odrediti prosjek.
03:31
So there we see it.
That's an action potential.
That's an action potential.
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Ovdje ga vidimo.
To je potencijal akcije.
To je potencijal akcije.
03:34
You've got 100 billion cells
in your brain doing this right now,
in your brain doing this right now,
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Imate 100 milijardi stanica
u vašem mozgu koje to sada rade,
u vašem mozgu koje to sada rade,
03:37
sending all this information back
about what you're seeing, hearing.
about what you're seeing, hearing.
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šalju sve ove informacije o tome
što vidite, čujete.
što vidite, čujete.
03:40
We also said this is a cell
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Rekli smo i da je ovo stanica
03:41
that's going to be taking up information
about vibrations in the wind.
about vibrations in the wind.
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koja će prenositi informacije
o vibracijama u vjetru.
o vibracijama u vjetru.
03:45
So what if we do an experiment?
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Pa što ako napravimo eksperiment?
03:46
We can actually blow on this
and hear if we see a change.
and hear if we see a change.
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Možemo puhnuti na ovo i čudi
da li ima promjene.
da li ima promjene.
03:49
Are you guys going to be ready?
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Hoćete li vi biti spremni?
03:50
If I blow on it you tell me
if you hear anything.
if you hear anything.
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Ako puhnem na to,
recite mi čujete li išta.
recite mi čujete li išta.
03:53
(Blowing)
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(Puhanje)
03:55
(Sound changes)
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(Zvuk se promijeni)
03:57
Let me just touch this
with a little pen here.
with a little pen here.
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Dozvolite da dotaknem
ovo olovkom.
ovo olovkom.
03:59
(Noise)
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(Zvuk)
04:02
That was the neural firing rate.
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To je bila brzina okidanja neurona.
04:04
That actually took a while
in neuroscience to understand this.
in neuroscience to understand this.
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Neuroznanosti je trebalo
neko vrijeme da shvati ovo.
neko vrijeme da shvati ovo.
04:07
This is called rate coding:
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Ovo se zove kodiranje brzine:
04:08
the harder you press on something,
the more spikes there are,
the more spikes there are,
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što jače pritisnete nešto,
više je amplituda.
više je amplituda.
04:11
and all that information
is coming up to your brain.
is coming up to your brain.
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i sve te informacije dolaze
u vaš mozak.
u vaš mozak.
04:14
That's how you perceive things.
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Tako percipirate stvari.
04:15
So that's one way of doing
an experiment with electricity.
an experiment with electricity.
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To je jedan od načina kako
napraviti eksperiment s elektricitetom.
napraviti eksperiment s elektricitetom.
04:18
The other way is that your brain is not
only taking in electrical impulses,
only taking in electrical impulses,
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Drugi je da vaš mozak ne prima isključivo
električne impulse,
električne impulse,
04:22
you're also sending out.
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nego ih i šalje.
04:24
That's how you move your muscles around.
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Tako pomičete mišiće.
04:26
Let's see what happens if I've plugged in
something that's electric
something that's electric
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Pogledajmo što će se dogoditi
ako spojimo nešto električno
ako spojimo nešto električno
04:29
into the cockroach leg here.
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u žoharovu nogu ovdje.
04:31
I'm going to take two pins,
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
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Uzet ću dvije pribadače
i spojiti ih na žiohara.
i spojiti ih na žiohara.
04:34
I'm going to take the other end,
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
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A drugi dio ću spojiti
u moj iPOD.
u moj iPOD.
04:38
It's my iPhone actually.
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To je zapravo moj iPhone.
04:39
Do you guys know how your earbuds
work in your ears?
work in your ears?
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Znate kako slušalice rade
u vašim ušima?
u vašim ušima?
04:42
You have a battery
in your phone, or iPod, right?
in your phone, or iPod, right?
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Imate bateriju
u telefonu, ili iPodu, zar ne?
u telefonu, ili iPodu, zar ne?
04:45
It's sending electrical current
into these magnets in your earbuds
into these magnets in your earbuds
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Šalje električnu struju
u ove magnete u slušalicama,
u ove magnete u slušalicama,
04:48
which shake back and forth
and allow you to hear things.
and allow you to hear things.
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koji se tresu naprijed i natrag
i omogućuju da čujete stvari.
i omogućuju da čujete stvari.
04:51
But that current's the same currency
that our brain uses,
that our brain uses,
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Alli struja ima isti smjer
koji koristi naš mozak,
koji koristi naš mozak,
04:54
so we can send that to our cockroach leg
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tako da možemo to poslati
u nogu našeg žohara,
u nogu našeg žohara,
04:55
and hopefully if this works,
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i možda ovo bude radilo,
04:57
we can actually see what happens
when we play music into the cockroach.
when we play music into the cockroach.
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pa ćemo vidjeti što se događa
kada puštamo glazbu u žohara,.
kada puštamo glazbu u žohara,.
05:00
Let's take a look.
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Pogledajmo.
05:03
(Music beat)
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(Ritam glazbe)
05:05
Can we turn it up? There we go.
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Možemo li je pojačati? Evo ga.
05:07
(Audience reacts and gasps)
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(Uzdasi)
05:10
GG: So what's happening?
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GG: Pa što se događa?
05:11
Audience: Wow!
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Publika: Vau!
05:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:14
So you see what's moving.
It's moving on the bass.
It's moving on the bass.
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Tako da vidite što se kreće.
Kreće se na bas.
Kreće se na bas.
05:17
All those audiophiles out there,
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Svi vi audiofili
05:19
if you have awesome, kicking car stereos,
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imaate neke snažne audio uređaje u autu,
05:21
you know, the bass speakers
are the biggest speakers.
are the biggest speakers.
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i znate da je bass najveći zvučnik.
05:23
The biggest speakers
have the longest waves,
have the longest waves,
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Najveći zvučnik ima najduže valove
05:26
which have the most current,
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koji daju najviše struje,
05:27
and the current is what's causing
these things to move.
these things to move.
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i struja je ono što uzrokuje
pokretanje ovih stvari.
pokretanje ovih stvari.
05:30
So it's not just speakers
that are causing electricity.
that are causing electricity.
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Tako da to nije samo zvučnik
koji uzrokuje elektricitet.
koji uzrokuje elektricitet.
05:33
Microphones also cause electricity.
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Mikrofoni to također čine.
05:35
(Beat)
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(Ritam)
05:36
So I'm going to go ahead and invite
another person out on the stage here
another person out on the stage here
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Tako da ću na pozornicu
pozvati još nekog
pozvati još nekog
05:40
to help me out with this.
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da mi pomogne s ovim.
05:41
So there we go.
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Evo ga.
05:42
(Beatboxing)
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(Beatboxanje)
05:47
This is the first time this has ever
happened in the history of mankind.
happened in the history of mankind.
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Ovo je prvi put da se
ovo dogodilo u povijesti čovječanstva.
ovo dogodilo u povijesti čovječanstva.
05:50
Human beatbox to a cockroach leg.
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Čovjek beatboxa u nogu žohara.
05:53
When you guys go back to your high school,
think about neuroscience
think about neuroscience
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Kada se vratite u škole
razmišljajte o neuroznanosti
razmišljajte o neuroznanosti
05:56
and how you guys can begin
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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i kako možete početi
neuro-revoluciju.
neuro-revoluciju.
05:59
Thank you very much. Bye bye.
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Hvala vam puno.
06:00
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com