TED-Ed
Greg Gage: The cockroach beatbox
Filmed:
Readability: 2.9
831,513 views
By dissecting a cockroach ... yes, live on stage ... TED Fellow and neuroscientist Greg Gage shows how brains receive and deliver electric impulses -- and how legs can respond. This talk comes from the TED-Ed project.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Hudba)
00:13
When you think about the brain,
0
13952
1859
Ak uvažujete na ľudským mozgom,
00:15
it's difficult to understand,
1
15835
1794
ide o pomerne zložitú vec na pochopenie,
00:17
because if I were to ask you right now,
how does the heart work,
how does the heart work,
2
17653
3238
ak by som vás totiž teraz spýtal ako pracuje srdce,
00:20
you would instantly tell me it's a pump.
3
20915
2142
okamžite by sme mi povedali, že o pumpu. Pumpuje krv.
00:23
It pumps blood.
4
23081
1418
A ak by som sa vás spýtal ako pracujú pľúca,
00:24
If I were to ask about your lungs,
5
24523
1676
povedali by ste, že zamieňa kyslík za kysličník uhličitý. To je jednoduché.
00:26
you would say it exchanges
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
6
26223
2576
00:28
That's easy.
7
28823
1014
Avšak, ak by som vás spýtal ako funguje mozog, ide o zložitejšiu vec na pochopenie
00:29
If I were to ask you how the brain works,
it's hard to understand
it's hard to understand
8
29861
3065
pretože na mozog sa nemôžete len tak pozrieť a pochopiť čo to je.
00:32
because you can't just look
at a brain and understand what it is.
at a brain and understand what it is.
9
32950
3053
Nejde o mechanický objekt, nie je to pumpa, nie je to airbag.
00:36
It's not a mechanical object,
not a pump, not an airbag.
not a pump, not an airbag.
10
36027
2804
Ak by ste ho držali v ruke keď je mŕtvy, je to akoby kus tuku.
00:38
It's just like, if you held it
in your hand when it was dead,
in your hand when it was dead,
11
38855
2863
00:41
it's just a piece of fat.
12
41742
1205
Preto na pochopenie toho ako mozog funguje,
00:43
To understand how the brain works,
you have to go inside a living brain.
you have to go inside a living brain.
13
43885
3389
potrebujete ísť do živého mozgu. Pretože mozog nie je mechanický,
00:47
Because the brain's not mechanical,
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
14
47298
3678
mozog je elektrický a chemický.
00:51
Your brain is made out of
100 billion cells, called neurons.
100 billion cells, called neurons.
15
51000
2813
Váš mozog je zložený zo 100 miliárd buniek,
a tieto bunky sa nazývajú neuróny. A tieto neuróny medzi sebou navzájom komunikujú prostredníctvom elektriny.
00:53
And these neurons communicate
with each other with electricity.
with each other with electricity.
16
53837
3877
A vypočujeme si konverzáciu medzi dvoma bunkami,
00:57
And we're going to eavesdrop
in on a conversation between two cells,
in on a conversation between two cells,
17
57738
3238
01:01
and we're going to listen
to something called a spike.
to something called a spike.
18
61000
2858
a taktiež niečo, čo sa nazýva hrot.
01:03
But we're not going to record my brain
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
19
63882
3893
Nebudeme však nahrávať môj mozog alebo váš mozog alebo mozog vášho učiteľa,
použijeme nášho dobrého priateľa švába.
01:07
we're going to use our good
friend the cockroach.
friend the cockroach.
20
67799
2295
Nie preto, lebo si myslím, že sú cool,
01:10
Not just because I think they're cool,
21
70118
1858
01:12
but because they have brains
very similar to ours.
very similar to ours.
22
72000
2378
ale preto, lebo majú mozog podobný nášmu.
A preto ak sa naučíte niečo málo o tom, ako fungujú ich mozgy,
01:14
So if you learn a little bit
about how their brains work,
about how their brains work,
23
74402
2668
naučíme sa mnoho aj o tom, ako fungujú naše mozgy.
01:17
we're going to learn a lot
about how our brains work.
about how our brains work.
24
77094
2478
Vložím ich tu teda do nejakej ľadovej vody
01:19
I'm going to put them
in some ice water here
in some ice water here
25
79596
2079
a potom ...
01:22
And then --
26
82612
1073
(Poslucháči: Fuj!) ... yeah ...
01:24
Audience: Ew!
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
27
84214
2405
01:26
Right now they're becoming anesthetized.
28
86643
1976
Takže čo sa deje teraz je, že sa dostávajú pod anestézu,
01:28
Because they're cold blooded,
they become the temperature of the water
they become the temperature of the water
29
88643
3302
pretože sú studenokrvný, dostanú sa na úroveň teploty vody
01:31
and they can't control it
so they just basically "chillax," right?
so they just basically "chillax," right?
30
91969
3126
a nedokážu to kontrolovať, tak v podstate "relaxujú".
Nebudú schopní nič cítiť,
01:35
They're not going to feel anything,
31
95119
1857
01:37
which may tell you a little
about what we're going to do,
about what we're going to do,
32
97000
2775
a to by vám mohlo napovedať niečo o tom, čo budeme robiť.
Budeme robiť vedecký experiment na pochopenie mozgu.
01:39
a scientific experiment
to understand the brain.
to understand the brain.
33
99799
2630
Takže ...
01:42
So ...
34
102453
1021
Toto je noha švába
01:44
This is the leg of a cockroach.
35
104466
1510
01:46
And a cockroach
has all these beautiful hairs
has all these beautiful hairs
36
106000
2143
a šváb má na nich všetky tieto nádherné chĺpky
a ostne.
01:48
and pricklies all over it.
37
108167
1809
01:50
Underneath each one of those is a cell,
38
110000
2976
Pod každým z nich je bunka,
01:53
and this cell's a neuron
that is going to send information
that is going to send information
39
113000
2976
a touto bunkou je neurón, a tento neurón bude odosielať informácie
01:56
about wind or vibration.
40
116000
1439
o vetre a vibráciach. Ak sa niekedy pokúsite chytiť švába, je to ťažké,
01:57
If you ever try to catch a cockroach,
it's hard because they can feel you coming
it's hard because they can feel you coming
41
117463
3846
pretože váš zacítia prichádzať ešte predtým, ako tam skutočne budute a začnú utekať.
02:01
before you're even there,
they start running.
they start running.
42
121333
2159
Takže tieto bunky odosielajú informácie až do mozgu
02:03
These cells are zipping up
this information up to the brain
this information up to the brain
43
123516
2769
s použitím týchto malých axónov s elektronickými správami.
02:06
using those little axons
with electronic messages in there.
with electronic messages in there.
44
126309
2783
No a nahrávať budeme zapichnutím špendlíka práve tam.
02:09
We're going to record
by sticking a pin right in there.
by sticking a pin right in there.
45
129116
2582
Potrebujeme odňať nohu švába --
02:11
We need to take off the leg
of a cockroach --
of a cockroach --
46
131722
2647
nebojte sa, dorastú naspäť --
02:14
don't worry, they'll grow back --
47
134393
1583
02:16
then we're going to put two pins in there.
48
136000
2317
a potom tam dáme dva špendlíky, ide o kovové špendlíky,
02:18
These are metal pins.
49
138341
1024
ktoré zaznamenajú túto elektronickú správu.
02:19
One will pick up this electronic message,
this electric message is going by.
this electric message is going by.
50
139389
3631
Takže, spravíme operáciu, pozrime sa na to či to vidíte.
02:23
So, we're now going to do the surgery,
let's see if you guys can see this.
let's see if you guys can see this.
51
143044
3480
Áno, je to odporné ...
02:28
Yeah, it's gross ...
52
148635
1403
Tak ... to je ono ...
02:32
All right. So there we go.
53
152460
2420
Môžete vidieť jeho nohu práve tu.
02:35
You guys can see his leg right there.
54
155880
1793
Takže teraz vezmem túto nohu a vložím ju do jedného vynálezu, s ktorým sme prišli
02:37
Now I'm going to take this leg,
55
157697
1500
02:39
I'm going to put it in this invention
that we came up with
that we came up with
56
159221
2716
volá sa Spikerbox --
02:41
called the Spikerbox --
57
161961
1118
a ten nahrádza kopu drahého príslušenstva vo výskumnom laboratóriu
02:43
and this replaces lots of expensive
equipment in a research lab,
equipment in a research lab,
58
163103
3506
preto môžete toto spraviť aj na vašich stredných školách,
02:46
so you guys can do this
in your own high schools,
in your own high schools,
59
166633
3176
alebo vašich vlastných suterénoch, ak ide o mňa --
02:49
or in your own basements if it's me.
60
169833
2254
02:53
(Audience: Laughter)
61
173418
1333
Takže, to je ono. (Smiech)
02:55
So, there.
62
175552
1723
Vidíte to? Tak, a teraz to zapnem.
02:59
Can you guys see that?
63
179973
1361
03:01
Alright, so I'm going to go ahead
and turn this on.
and turn this on.
64
181358
2752
Zapojím to. (Zvuk strieľajúcich neurónov)
03:06
I'm going to plug it in.
65
186833
1143
Pre mňa je toto najkrajší zvuk na svete.
03:08
(Tuning sound)
66
188000
1001
03:09
To me, this is the most beautiful
sound in the world.
sound in the world.
67
189025
2563
Toto robí práve teraz váš mozog.
03:11
This is what your brain
is doing right now.
is doing right now.
68
191612
2008
Máte 100 miliárd buniek robiacich tieto "dažďové" zvuky
03:13
You have 100 billion cells
making these raindrop-type noises.
making these raindrop-type noises.
69
193644
2932
Tak poďme na to a pozrime sa ako to vyzerá
03:16
Let's take a look at what it looks like,
70
196600
1985
ukážme si to na iPade
03:18
let's pull it up on the iPad screen.
71
198609
1799
Zapojil som sem tiež aj iPad.
03:20
I plugged my iPad into here as well.
72
200432
1729
Pamätajte na to, čo sme povedali o axóne, o tom ako vyzerá - vyzerá ako hrot.
03:22
So remember we said
the axon looks like a spike.
the axon looks like a spike.
73
202185
2244
No a pozrieme sa na to, ako jeden z nich vyzerá počas krátkej sekundy.
03:24
So we're going to take a look
74
204453
1417
03:25
at what one of them
looks like in just a brief second.
looks like in just a brief second.
75
205894
2642
Ťukneme sem, aby sme mohli chlapíka akokeby spriemerovali.
03:28
We're going to tap here,
76
208560
1226
03:29
so we can sort of average this guy.
77
209810
1705
Tak a tu to vidíme. To je akčný potenciál.
03:31
So there we see it.
That's an action potential.
That's an action potential.
78
211539
2437
03:34
You've got 100 billion cells
in your brain doing this right now,
in your brain doing this right now,
79
214000
3048
Máte vo vašom mozgu 100 miliárd buniek, ktoré teraz robia práve toto,
posielajú všetky informácie o tom, čo vidíte a počujete naspäť.
03:37
sending all this information back
about what you're seeing, hearing.
about what you're seeing, hearing.
80
217072
3244
Taktiež sme povedali, že ide o bunku, ktorá zbiera informácie o vibráciách vo vetre.
03:40
We also said this is a cell
81
220340
1301
03:41
that's going to be taking up information
about vibrations in the wind.
about vibrations in the wind.
82
221665
3311
03:45
So what if we do an experiment?
83
225000
1715
Čiže ak spravíme experiment,
03:46
We can actually blow on this
and hear if we see a change.
and hear if we see a change.
84
226739
2707
a zafúkame na to, budete môcť vidieť tú zmenu.
Ste pripravení?
03:49
Are you guys going to be ready?
85
229470
1482
Keď na to fúknem, povedzte mi či niečo počujete.
03:50
If I blow on it you tell me
if you hear anything.
if you hear anything.
86
230976
2295
(Zvuk hrotov reagujúcich na vietor)
03:53
(Blowing)
87
233295
1068
03:55
(Sound changes)
88
235007
1476
03:57
Let me just touch this
with a little pen here.
with a little pen here.
89
237000
2413
Dotknime sa toho malým perom.
03:59
(Noise)
90
239437
1149
(Zvuk)
V podstate je to neurálna strelnica. Chvíľu to trvalo
04:02
That was the neural firing rate.
91
242761
1572
04:04
That actually took a while
in neuroscience to understand this.
in neuroscience to understand this.
92
244357
2977
v neurológii sa to nazýva rýchlosť kódovania,
04:07
This is called rate coding:
93
247358
1293
čo znamená, že čím silnejšie na niečo zaplačíte, tým viac hrotov tam bude,
04:08
the harder you press on something,
the more spikes there are,
the more spikes there are,
94
248675
2967
a všetky tieto informácie stúpajú do vášho mozgu. Takto vnímate veci.
04:11
and all that information
is coming up to your brain.
is coming up to your brain.
95
251666
2431
04:14
That's how you perceive things.
96
254121
1482
Takže to je jeden zo spôsobov experimentovania s elektrinou.
04:15
So that's one way of doing
an experiment with electricity.
an experiment with electricity.
97
255627
2722
Ďalší spočíva v tom, že váš mozog nevníma len elektrické impulzy,
04:18
The other way is that your brain is not
only taking in electrical impulses,
only taking in electrical impulses,
98
258373
4521
ale ich aj vysiela. Tak ste schopní hýbať svalmi.
04:22
you're also sending out.
99
262918
1153
04:24
That's how you move your muscles around.
100
264095
1949
Pozrime sa na to, čo sa stane ak zapojím niečo elektrické
04:26
Let's see what happens if I've plugged in
something that's electric
something that's electric
101
266068
3160
rovno do nohy švába.
04:29
into the cockroach leg here.
102
269252
1724
04:31
I'm going to take two pins,
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
103
271000
3744
Vezmem dva špendlíky a zapojím ich do švába.
Vezmem druhý koniec a zapojím ho do môjho iPodu.
04:34
I'm going to take the other end,
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
104
274768
3492
Vlastne je to môj iPhone.
04:38
It's my iPhone actually.
105
278284
1453
Neviem, či viete ako vo vašich ušiach fungujú vaše sluchadlá?
04:39
Do you guys know how your earbuds
work in your ears?
work in your ears?
106
279761
3111
04:42
You have a battery
in your phone, or iPod, right?
in your phone, or iPod, right?
107
282896
2307
Vo vašom telefóne, iPode, máte batériu, je tak?
Tá odosiela elektrický prúd do magnetov vo vašich sluchadlách
04:45
It's sending electrical current
into these magnets in your earbuds
into these magnets in your earbuds
108
285227
3103
ktorá sa trasú tam a späť a umožňujú vám počuť veci.
04:48
which shake back and forth
and allow you to hear things.
and allow you to hear things.
109
288354
2622
04:51
But that current's the same currency
that our brain uses,
that our brain uses,
110
291000
2976
Ale ten elektrický prúd je rovnaký ako používa náš mozog
04:54
so we can send that to our cockroach leg
111
294000
1956
tak to skúsme odoslať priamo do nohy nášho švába a snáď to bude fungovať,
04:55
and hopefully if this works,
112
295980
1335
môžeme vidieť, čo sa stane ak zahráme hudbu do švába.
04:57
we can actually see what happens
when we play music into the cockroach.
when we play music into the cockroach.
113
297339
3342
Pozrime sa na to.
05:00
Let's take a look.
114
300705
1122
(Hudba) Vieme to dať hlasnejšie? To je ono.
05:03
(Music beat)
115
303523
2406
05:05
Can we turn it up? There we go.
116
305953
1491
(Hudba hrá) (Poslucháči zareagujú a zhíknu) Takže, čo sa deje?
05:07
(Audience reacts and gasps)
117
307468
2508
05:10
GG: So what's happening?
118
310000
1730
(Hudba hrá)
05:11
Audience: Wow!
119
311754
1246
Vidíte čo sa hýbe. Pohybuje sa na basy.
05:13
(Laughter)
120
313024
1086
05:14
So you see what's moving.
It's moving on the bass.
It's moving on the bass.
121
314134
2842
05:17
All those audiophiles out there,
122
317000
2168
Všetky tie hudobné súbory. Ak máte skvelé, udierajúce autorádiá,
05:19
if you have awesome, kicking car stereos,
123
319192
2127
viete, že basové reproduktory sú najväčšie reproduktory.
05:21
you know, the bass speakers
are the biggest speakers.
are the biggest speakers.
124
321343
2594
05:23
The biggest speakers
have the longest waves,
have the longest waves,
125
323961
2086
Najväčšie reproduktory majú najdlhšie vlny, najdlhšie vlny majú najviac prúdu,
05:26
which have the most current,
126
326071
1341
a prúd je to, čo spôsobí, že tieto veci sa hýbu.
05:27
and the current is what's causing
these things to move.
these things to move.
127
327436
2587
Takže nielen reproduktory spôsobujú elektrinu.
05:30
So it's not just speakers
that are causing electricity.
that are causing electricity.
128
330047
3629
Mikrofóny ju spôsobujú taktiež. (Beat)
05:33
Microphones also cause electricity.
129
333700
1890
05:35
(Beat)
130
335614
1072
Teraz teda na pódium pozvem niekoho ďalšieho,
05:36
So I'm going to go ahead and invite
another person out on the stage here
another person out on the stage here
131
336710
3673
aby mi s tým pomohol. Poďme na to. (Beatbox)
05:40
to help me out with this.
132
340407
1208
05:41
So there we go.
133
341639
1124
05:42
(Beatboxing)
134
342787
2119
05:47
This is the first time this has ever
happened in the history of mankind.
happened in the history of mankind.
135
347000
3429
Toto, čo sa deje sa deje prvý krát v histórii ľudstva.
Ľudský beatbox k nohe švába.
05:50
Human beatbox to a cockroach leg.
136
350453
2523
05:53
When you guys go back to your high school,
think about neuroscience
think about neuroscience
137
353000
3474
Keď sa vrátite na svoju strednú školu, myslite na neurológiu a na to, ako môžete začať neuro-revolúciu.
05:56
and how you guys can begin
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
138
356498
2478
05:59
Thank you very much. Bye bye.
139
359000
1701
Ďakujem veľmi pekne. (Aplauz)
06:00
(Applause)
140
360725
1000
(Hudba)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com