TED2007
Murray Gell-Mann: Beauty, truth and ... physics?
Murray Gell-Mann o ljepoti i istini u fizici
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,420,558 views
Oboružan smislom za humor i rječnikom laika, Murray Gell-Mann, dobitnik Nobelove nagrade, poučava TED-ovce fizici čestica, postavljajući pitanja poput: "Je li vjerojatnije da će se točnima pokazati elegantne jednadžbe, u odnosu na neelegantne?"
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Thank you for putting up these pictures of my colleagues over here.
0
0
4000
Hvala što ste postavili slike mojih kolega ovdje.
00:16
(Laughter) We'll be talking about them.
1
4000
5000
(Smijeh) Pričat ćemo o njima.
00:21
Now, I'm going try an experiment. I don't do experiments, normally. I'm a theorist.
2
9000
5000
Pokušat ću izvesti jedan eksperiment. Inače ne eksperimentiram, ja sam teoretičar.
00:26
But I'm going see what happens if I press this button.
3
14000
4000
Ali zanima me što će se dogoditi ako pritisnem ovo dugme.
00:30
Sure enough. OK. I used to work in this field of elementary particles.
4
18000
5000
Sigurno. OK. Nekad sam radio u ovom području elementarnih čestica.
00:35
What happens to matter if you chop it up very fine?
5
23000
4000
Što se događa s materijom ako je fino nasjeckate?
00:39
What is it made of?
6
27000
2000
Od čega se sastoji?
00:41
And the laws of these particles are valid throughout the universe,
7
29000
5000
A zakoni tih čestica vrijede širom svemira,
00:46
and they're very much connected with the history of the universe.
8
34000
3000
i uvelike su povezani s njegovom poviješću.
00:49
We know a lot about four forces. There must be a lot more,
9
37000
3000
Znamo mnogo o četiri sile. Mora ih biti puno više,
00:52
but those are at very, very small distances,
10
40000
2000
ali su na vrlo, vrlo malim udaljenostima,
00:54
and we haven't really interacted with them very much yet.
11
42000
3000
i još zapravo nismo ostvarivali puno interakcije s njima.
00:57
The main thing I want to talk about is this:
12
45000
4000
Glavno o čemu želim govoriti je sljedeće:
01:01
that we have this remarkable experience in this field of fundamental physics
13
49000
4000
da na polju fundamentalne fizike imamo izuzetno iskustvo
01:05
that beauty is a very successful criterion for choosing the right theory.
14
53000
7000
koje govori kako je ljepota uspješan kriterij za odabir prave teorije.
01:12
And why on earth could that be so?
15
60000
5000
Kako to, pobogu, može biti?
01:17
Well, here's an example from my own experience.
16
65000
3000
Evo primjera iz mojeg osobnog iskustva.
01:20
It's fairly dramatic, actually, to have this happen.
17
68000
5000
Prilično je dramatično, u stvari, kada se ovo dogodi.
01:25
Three or four of us, in 1957,
18
73000
3000
Nas trojica ili četvorica, godine 1957.,
01:28
put forward a partially complete theory of one of these forces, this weak force.
19
76000
5000
predložili smo djelomičnu teoriju jedne od tih sila, slabe sile.
01:33
And it was in disagreement with seven -- seven, count them, seven experiments.
20
81000
6000
Ona nije bila u skladu sa sedam – sedam, izbrojte, sedam eksperimenata.
01:39
Experiments were all wrong.
21
87000
3000
Svi su eksperimenti bili pogrešni.
01:42
And we published before knowing that,
22
90000
2000
Objavili smo teoriju prije nego što smo to znali,
01:44
because we figured it was so beautiful, it's gotta be right!
23
92000
3000
jer smo mislili da ako je tako lijepa, mora biti točna!
01:47
The experiments had to be wrong, and they were.
24
95000
3000
Eksperimenti su morali biti u krivu, i bili su.
01:50
Now our friend over there, Albert Einstein,
25
98000
3000
Naš prijatelj ondje, Albert Einstein,
01:53
used to pay very little attention when people said,
26
101000
4000
nije obraćao puno pažnje kad bi ljudi rekli,
01:57
"You know, there's a man with an experiment that seems to disagree with special relativity.
27
105000
5000
"Znate, imate čovjeka čiji eksperiment se izgleda ne slaže sa specijalnom relativnošću.
02:02
DC Miller. What about that?" And he would say, "Aw, that'll go away." (Laughter)
28
110000
9000
DC Miller. Što mislite o tome?" A on bi rekao, "O, to će proći." (Smijeh)
02:11
Now, why does stuff like that work? That's the question.
29
119000
3000
Zašto su takve stvari moguće? To je pitanje.
02:14
Now, yeah, what do we mean by beautiful? That's one thing.
30
122000
5000
Sad, što smatramo lijepim? To je jedno.
02:19
I'll try to make that clear -- partially clear.
31
127000
3000
Nastojat ću to razjasniti – djelomično razjasniti.
02:22
Why should it work, and is this something to do with human beings?
32
130000
5000
Zašto je tako, ima li to veze s ljudskim bićima?
02:27
I'll let you in on the answer to the last one that I offer,
33
135000
3000
Odgovorit ću vam na posljednje pitanje,
02:30
and that is, it has nothing to do with human beings.
34
138000
2000
a odgovor je nema, nema veze s ljudima.
02:32
Somewhere in some other planet, orbiting some very distant star,
35
140000
5000
Negdje, na nekom drugom planetu, u orbiti oko daleke zvijezde,
02:37
maybe in a another galaxy,
36
145000
2000
možda u drugoj galaksiji,
02:39
there could well be entities that are at least as intelligent as we are,
37
147000
4000
mogla bi postojati bića koja su inteligentna barem koliko i mi,
02:43
and are interested in science. It's not impossible; I think there probably are lots.
38
151000
5000
i koje zanima znanost. Nije nemoguće; mislim da ih je mnogo.
02:48
Very likely, none is close enough to interact with us.
39
156000
3000
Vjerojatno nitko od njih nije dovoljno blizu da stupi u kontakt s nama.
02:51
But they could be out there, very easily.
40
159000
5000
Ali lako bi mogli biti ondje.
02:56
And suppose they have, you know, very different sensory apparatus, and so on.
41
164000
6000
Pretpostavimo da imaju sasvim različit skup osjetila.
03:02
They have seven tentacles, and they have 14 little funny-looking compound eyes,
42
170000
5000
Imaju sedam ticala, 14 malenih složenih očiju smiješnog izgleda,
03:07
and a brain shaped like a pretzel.
43
175000
4000
i mozak u obliku pereca.
03:11
Would they really have different laws?
44
179000
3000
Da li bi oni zaista imali drugačije zakone?
03:14
There are lots of people who believe that, and I think it is utter baloney.
45
182000
4000
Mnogi ljudi u to vjeruju, a ja mislim da je to glupost.
03:18
I think there are laws out there,
46
186000
2000
Mislim kako postoje zakoni,
03:20
and we of course don't understand them at any given time very well
47
188000
6000
i mi ih, naravno, ne shvaćamo dobro u bilo koje doba
03:26
-- but we try. And we try to get closer and closer.
48
194000
3000
-- ali se trudimo. I trudimo se doći sve bliže i bliže.
03:29
And someday, we may actually figure out the fundamental unified theory
49
197000
4000
Jednoga dana, mogli bismo otkriti fundamentalnu objedinjujuću teoriju
03:33
of the particles and forces, what I call the "fundamental law."
50
201000
5000
čestica i sila, koju nazivam "fundamentalnim zakonom".
03:38
We may not even be terribly far from it.
51
206000
2000
Možda nismo ni tako daleko od tog otkrića.
03:40
But even if we don't run across it in our lifetimes,
52
208000
3000
Ali čak i ako ne dođemo do njega u našem životnom vijeku,
03:43
we can still think there is one out there,
53
211000
3000
ipak možemo smatrati da ono postoji,
03:46
and we're just trying to get closer and closer to it.
54
214000
2000
i naprosto mu se pokušavamo što više približiti.
03:48
I think that's the main point to be made.
55
216000
3000
Mislim kako je to ono što je najvažnije istaknuti.
03:51
We express these things mathematically.
56
219000
3000
Mi to izražavamo matematički.
03:54
And when the mathematics is very simple --
57
222000
2000
A kada je matematika vrlo jednostavna --
03:56
when in terms of some mathematical notation,
58
224000
4000
kad, u smislu neke matematičke notacije,
04:00
you can write the theory in a very brief space, without a lot of complication --
59
228000
6000
možete napisati teoriju koja je kratka, bez mnogo komplikacija --
04:06
that's essentially what we mean by beauty or elegance.
60
234000
4000
to je, u suštini, ono što smatramo ljepotom ili elegancijom.
04:10
Here's what I was saying about the laws. They're really there.
61
238000
6000
Eto što sam govorio o zakonima. Oni stvarno postoje.
04:16
Newton certainly believed that.
62
244000
2000
Newton je svakako u to vjerovao.
04:18
And he said, here, "It is the business of natural philosophy to find out those laws."
63
246000
10000
Rekao je, "Zadaća je filozofije prirode otkriti te zakone."
04:28
The basic law, let's say -- here's an assumption.
64
256000
3000
Temeljni zakon, recimo – evo pretpostavke.
04:31
The assumption is that the basic law really takes the form
65
259000
3000
Pretpostavka je da temeljni zakon ima oblik
04:34
of a unified theory of all the particles.
66
262000
3000
objedinjavajuće teorije svih čestica.
04:37
Now, some people call that a theory of everything.
67
265000
3000
Neki ljudi to nazivaju teorijom svega.
04:40
That's wrong because the theory is quantum mechanical.
68
268000
5000
To je pogrešno jer je teorija kvantno-mehanička.
04:45
And I won't go into a lot of stuff about quantum mechanics and what it's like, and so on.
69
273000
4000
Neću ulaziti duboko u kvantnu mehaniku i njezina svojstva.
04:49
You've heard a lot of wrong things about it anyway. (Laughter)
70
277000
5000
Ionako ste čuli puno toga pogrešnog o njoj. (Smijeh)
04:54
There are even movies about it with a lot of wrong stuff.
71
282000
3000
Imate čak i filmove o njoj s puno pogrešaka.
04:57
But the main thing here is that it predicts probabilities.
72
285000
5000
Ali najvažnija stvar je da ona predviđa vjerojatnosti.
05:02
Now, sometimes those probabilities are near certainties.
73
290000
3000
Te su vjerojatnosti ponekad skoro izvjesnosti.
05:05
And in a lot of familiar cases, they of course are.
74
293000
3000
I u mnogim poznatim slučajevima, naravno da jesu.
05:08
But other times they're not, and you have only probabilities for different outcomes.
75
296000
6000
Ali u drugim slučajevima nisu, i imate samo vjerojatnosti različitih ishoda.
05:14
So what that means is that the history of the universe is not determined just by the fundamental law.
76
302000
6000
Pa se čini kako povijest svemira nije uvjetovana jedino fundamentalnim zakonom.
05:20
It's the fundamental law and this incredibly long series of accidents,
77
308000
5000
Tu su fundamentalni zakon i nevjerojatno dug niz slučajnosti,
05:25
or chance outcomes, that are there in addition.
78
313000
5000
slučajnih ishoda, koji također postoje.
05:30
And the fundamental theory doesn't include those chance outcomes; they are in addition.
79
318000
6000
A fundamentalna teorija ne uključuje te slučajne ishode; oni su dodatak.
05:36
So it's not a theory of everything. And in fact, a huge amount of the information
80
324000
4000
Zato to nije teorija svega. Zapravo, ogromna količina informacija
05:40
in the universe around us comes from those accidents,
81
328000
4000
u svemiru nastaje iz tih slučaja,
05:44
and not just from the fundamental laws.
82
332000
3000
a ne samo iz fundamentalnih zakona.
05:47
Now, it's often said that getting closer and closer
83
335000
8000
Često se tvrdi da približavanje
05:55
to the fundamental laws by examining phenomena at low energies, and then higher energies,
84
343000
5000
fundamentalnim zakonima putem ispitivanja fenomena pri niskim, a zatim i visokim energijama,
06:00
and then higher energies, or short distances, and then shorter distances,
85
348000
3000
pa još višim energijama, na kratkim udaljenostima, pa još kraćim,
06:03
and then still shorter distances, and so on, is like peeling the skin of an onion.
86
351000
4000
pa još kraćim, da je to poput ljuštenja luka.
06:07
And we keep doing that,
87
355000
2000
Mi to činimo
06:09
and build more powerful machines, accelerators for particles.
88
357000
4000
i gradimo sve moćnije uređaje, akceleratore čestica.
06:13
We look deeper and deeper into the structure of particles,
89
361000
5000
Poniremo sve dublje i dublje u strukturu čestica,
06:18
and in that way we get probably closer and closer to this fundamental law.
90
366000
7000
i na taj se način vjerojatno približavamo fundamentalnom zakonu.
06:25
Now, what happens is that as we do that, as we peel these skins of the onion,
91
373000
6000
No, dok ljuštimo taj luk
06:31
and we get closer and closer to the underlying law,
92
379000
3000
i dolazimo sve bliže i bliže temeljnom zakonu,
06:34
we see that each skin has something in common with the previous one,
93
382000
5000
vidimo da svaka ljuska ima nešto zajedničko s prethodnom,
06:39
and with the next one. We write them out mathematically,
94
387000
4000
a i sa narednom. Ispisujemo to matematički
06:43
and we see they use very similar mathematics.
95
391000
3000
i vidimo da koriste sličnu matematiku.
06:46
They require very similar mathematics.
96
394000
3000
To zahtijeva sasvim sličnu matematiku.
06:49
That is absolutely remarkable, and that is a central feature
97
397000
4000
To je apsolutno fenomenalno, i ono najvažnije
06:53
of what I'm trying to say today.
98
401000
5000
što vam pokušavam danas reći.
06:58
Newton called it -- that's Newton, by the way -- that one.
99
406000
3000
Newton je to nazvao – ovo je Newton, usput -- onaj.
07:01
This one is Albert Einstein. Hi, Al! And anyway,
100
409000
7000
Ovo je Albert Einstein. Pozdrav, Al! Kakobilo
07:08
he said, "nature conformable to herself" -- personifying nature as a female.
101
416000
7000
rekao je, "Priroda je u skladu sa samom sobom" – personificirajući prirodu kao ženu.
07:15
And so what happens is that the new phenomena,
102
423000
5000
Dakle, događa se da novi fenomeni,
07:20
the new skins, the inner skins of the slightly smaller skins of the onion
103
428000
6000
nove ljuske, unutarnje ljuske manjih ljuski luka
07:26
that we get to, resemble the slightly larger ones.
104
434000
4000
do kojih dopiremo, sliče na malo veće ljuske.
07:30
And the kind of mathematics that we had for the previous skin
105
438000
6000
I matematika koja nam treba za prethodnu ljusku
07:36
is almost the same as what we need for the next skin.
106
444000
4000
je skoro ista kao ona koju trebamo za sljedeću.
07:40
And that's why the equations look so simple.
107
448000
4000
I zato jednadžbe izgledaju tako jednostavne.
07:44
Because they use mathematics we already have.
108
452000
3000
Jer koriste matematiku koju već imamo.
07:47
A trivial example is this: Newton found the law of gravity,
109
455000
5000
Evo trivijalnog primjera: Newton je otkrio zakon gravitacije,
07:52
which goes like one over the square of the distance between the things gravitated.
110
460000
5000
koji glasi jedan nad kvadratom udaljenosti između gravitiranih subjekata.
07:57
Coulomb, in France, found the same law for electric charges.
111
465000
5000
Coulomb, u Francuskoj, otkrio je da isti zakon vrijedi za električne naboje.
08:02
Here's an example of this similarity.
112
470000
2000
Evo primjera te sličnosti.
08:04
You look at gravity, you see a certain law.
113
472000
3000
Gledate gravitaciju, vidite određeni zakon.
08:07
Then you look at electricity. Sure enough. The same rule.
114
475000
3000
Zatim gledate elekticitet. Sigurno. Isto pravilo.
08:10
It's a very simple example.
115
478000
2000
To je vrlo jednostavan primjer.
08:12
There are lots of more sophisticated examples.
116
480000
4000
Ima mnogo profinjenijih primjera.
08:16
Symmetry is very important in this discussion.
117
484000
2000
Simetrija je vrlo važna za ovu diskusiju.
08:18
You know what it means. A circle, for example,
118
486000
3000
Znate što to znači. Krug, na primjer,
08:21
is symmetric under rotations about the center of the circle.
119
489000
4000
je simetričan po rotacijama oko središta kruga.
08:25
You rotate around the center of the circle, the circle remains unchanged.
120
493000
5000
Rotirate oko središta kruga i krug ostaje nepromijenjen.
08:30
You take a sphere, in three dimensions, you rotate around the center of the sphere,
121
498000
3000
Uzmite kuglu. U tri dimenzije rotirate oko središta,
08:33
and all those rotations leave the sphere alone.
122
501000
4000
i sve te rotacije ne mijenjaju kuglu.
08:37
They are symmetries of the sphere.
123
505000
1000
To su simetrije kugle.
08:38
So we say, in general, that there's a symmetry
124
506000
4000
Pa kažemo, općenito, da postoji simetrija
08:42
under certain operations if those operations leave the phenomenon,
125
510000
4000
u okviru određenih postupaka ako ti postupci,
08:46
or its description, unchanged.
126
514000
3000
ne mijenjaju fenomen ili njegov opis.
08:49
Maxwell's equations are of course symmetrical
127
517000
3000
Maxwellove jednadžbe su simetrične
08:52
under rotations of all of space.
128
520000
2000
u rotacijama svega prostora.
08:54
Doesn't matter if we turn the whole of space around by some angle,
129
522000
4000
Nije važno okrećemo li cijeli prostor pod nekim kutom,
08:58
it doesn't leave the -- doesn't change the phenomenon of electricity or magnetism.
130
526000
4000
to ne mijenja fenomen elektriciteta ili magnetizma.
09:02
There's a new notation in the 19th century that expressed this,
131
530000
4000
U 19. stoljeću se pojavljuje nova notacija koja to iskazuje
09:06
and if you use that notation, the equations get a lot simpler.
132
534000
4000
i ako koristite tu notaciju, jednadžbe postaju puno jednostavnije.
09:10
Then Einstein, with his special theory of relativity,
133
538000
3000
Pa Einstein, koji je, sa svojom specijalnom teorijom relativnosti,
09:13
looked at a whole set of symmetries of Maxwell's equations,
134
541000
3000
promotrio cijeli skup simetrija Maxwellovih jednadžbi,
09:16
which are called special relativity.
135
544000
3000
koje zovemo specijalna relativnost.
09:19
And those symmetries, then, make the equations even shorter, and even prettier, therefore.
136
547000
5000
I te simetrije su još skratile jednadžbe i učinile ih ljepšima nego ranije.
09:24
Let's look. You don't have to know what these things mean, doesn't make any difference.
137
552000
3000
Pogledajmo. Ne morate znati što ovo znači, uopće nije važno.
09:27
But you can just look at the form. (Laughter) You can look at the form.
138
555000
4000
Ali gledajte samo oblik. (Smijeh) Možete gledati oblik.
09:31
You see above, at the top, a long list
139
559000
2000
Vidite gore, na vrhu, dugi popis
09:33
of equations with three components for the three directions of space: x, y and z.
140
561000
6000
jednadžbi s tri komponente za tri prostorna smjera: x, y i z.
09:39
Then, using vector analysis, you use rotational symmetry, and you get this next set.
141
567000
6000
Zatim, pomoću vektorske analize, koristite rotacijsku simetriju i dobijete sljedeći skup.
09:45
Then you use the symmetry of special relativity and you get an even simpler set
142
573000
4000
Zatim koristite simetriju specijalne relativnosti i dobijete jednostavniji skup
09:49
down here, showing that symmetry exhibits better and better.
143
577000
4000
ovdje dolje, što pokazuje da se simetrija vidi sve bolje.
09:53
The more and more symmetry you have, the better you exhibit the simplicity and elegance of the theory.
144
581000
6000
Što više simetrije imate, to bolje pokazujete jednostavnost i eleganciju teorije.
09:59
The last two, the first equation says that electric charges and currents
145
587000
4000
Posljednje dvije, prva jednadžba kaže da električni naboj i struja
10:03
give rise to all the electric and magnetic fields.
146
591000
4000
povećavaju sva električna i magnetna polja.
10:07
The next -- second -- equation says that there is no magnetism other than that.
147
595000
5000
Sljedeća – druga – kaže kako nema drugog magnetizma osim toga.
10:12
The only magnetism comes from electric charges and currents.
148
600000
3000
Jedini magnetizam dolazi od električnog naboja i struje.
10:15
Someday we may find some slight hole in that argument.
149
603000
5000
Jednoga dana ćemo možda pronaći rupicu u tom argumentu.
10:20
But for the moment, that's the case.
150
608000
4000
Ali, trenutno, to je tako.
10:24
Now, here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of.
151
612000
4000
Evo jednog vrlo uzbudljivog otkrića za koje mnogi nisu čuli.
10:28
They should have heard of it, but it's a little tricky to explain in technical detail,
152
616000
5000
Trebali su čuti za to, ali malo je zeznuto objasniti tehničke detalje,
10:33
so I won't do it. I'll just mention it. (Laughter)
153
621000
3000
pa neću ni ja. Samo ću vam spomenuti. (Smijeh)
10:36
But Chen Ning Yang, called by us "Frank" Yang -- (Laughter)
154
624000
10000
Ali Chen Ning Yang, koga mi zovemo "Frank" Yang -- (Smijeh)
10:46
-- and Bob Mills put forward, 50 years ago,
155
634000
4000
-- i Bob Mills su to predložili, prije 50 godina,
10:50
this generalization of Maxwell's equations, with a new symmetry.
156
638000
4000
uopćavanje Maxwellovih jednadžbi, s novom simetrijom.
10:54
A whole new symmetry.
157
642000
2000
Cijelom novom simetrijom.
10:56
Mathematics very similar, but there was a whole new symmetry.
158
644000
3000
Matematika je vrlo slična, ali s cijelom novom simetrijom.
10:59
They hoped that this would contribute somehow to particle physics
159
647000
5000
Nadali su se da će to nekako doprinijeti fizici čestica
11:04
-- didn't. It didn't, by itself, contribute to particle physics.
160
652000
4000
-- ali nije. Sama po sebi, nije doprinijela fizici čestica.
11:08
But then some of us generalized it further. And then it did!
161
656000
5000
A zatim su to neki od nas još poopćili. I tada je doprinijelo!
11:13
And it gave a very beautiful description of the strong force and of the weak force.
162
661000
5000
I dalo prelijep opis jake sile i slabe sile.
11:18
So here we say, again, what we said before:
163
666000
3000
Pa opet kažemo, što smo već rekli:
11:21
that each skin of the onion shows a similarity to the adjoining skins.
164
669000
4000
da svaka ljuska luka pokazuje sličnost sa susjednom ljuskom.
11:25
So the mathematics for the adjoining skins is very similar to what we need for the new one.
165
673000
5000
Pa je matematika susjednih ljuski slična onoj kakvu trebamo za novu ljusku.
11:30
And therefore it looks beautiful
166
678000
2000
I zato to izgleda lijepo,
11:32
because we already know how to write it in a lovely, concise way.
167
680000
4000
jer već znamo kako je napisati na lijep, sažet način.
11:36
So here are the themes. We believe there is a unified theory underlying all the regularities.
168
684000
9000
Ovo su teme. Vjerujemo da postoji jedinstvena teorija u podlozi svih regularnosti.
11:45
Steps toward unification exhibit the simplicity.
169
693000
4000
Koraci prema objedinjavanju iskazuju jednostavnost.
11:49
Symmetry exhibits the simplicity.
170
697000
2000
Simetrija iskazuje jednostavnost.
11:51
And then there is self-similarity across the scales -- in other words,
171
699000
4000
A postoji i međusobna sličnost na svim razinama – drugim riječima,
11:55
from one skin of the onion to another one.
172
703000
2000
od jedne ljuske luka do druge.
11:57
Proximate self-similarity. And that accounts for this phenomenon.
173
705000
5000
Približna međusobna sličnost. A to objašnjava ovaj fenomen.
12:02
That will account for why beauty is a successful criterion for selecting the right theory.
174
710000
7000
To objašnjava zašto je ljepota uspješan kriterij za odabir prave teorije.
12:09
Here's what Newton himself said:
175
717000
1000
Evo što je Newton rekao:
12:10
"Nature is very consonant and conformable to her self."
176
718000
4000
"Priroda je harmonična i u skladu sama sa sobom."
12:14
One thing he was thinking of is something that most of us take for granted today,
177
722000
4000
On je razmišljao o nečemu što većina nas danas uzima zdravo za gotovo,
12:18
but in his day it wasn't taken for granted.
178
726000
3000
ali u njegovo doba se nije uzimalo zdravo za gotovo.
12:21
There's the story, which is not absolutely certain to be right, but a lot of people told it.
179
729000
6000
Ima priča, za koju nije sasvim sigurno da je istinita, ali se puno puta prepričavala.
12:27
Four sources told it. That when they had the plague in Cambridge,
180
735000
4000
Četiri izvora ju je pričalo. U vrijeme kuge u Cambridgeu,
12:31
and he went down to his mother's farm -- because the university was closed --
181
739000
4000
kad je otišao na majčinu farmu – jer je sveučilište zatvoreno --
12:35
he saw an apple fall from a tree, or on his head or something.
182
743000
4000
vidio je kako jabuka pada sa stabla, ili mu je pala na glavu.
12:39
And he realized suddenly that the force that drew the apple down to the earth
183
747000
4000
I iznenada je shvatio da bi sila koja je povukla jabuku prema zemlji
12:43
could be the same as the force regulating the motions of the planets and the moon.
184
751000
6000
mogla biti ista ona sila koja upravlja kretanjem planeta i Mjeseca.
12:49
That was a big unification for those days, although today we take it for granted.
185
757000
5000
To je bila objedinjujuća teorija onih dana, premda je danas uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.
12:54
It's the same theory of gravity.
186
762000
4000
To je ta teorija gravitacije.
12:58
So he said that this principle of nature, consonance:
187
766000
5000
Pa je rekao za taj prirodni princip, harmoniju:
13:03
"This principle of nature being very remote from the conceptions of philosophers,
188
771000
5000
"Taj je prirodni princip jako daleko od filozofskih koncepata,
13:08
I forbore to describe it in that book,
189
776000
3000
i suzdržavam se da ga opišem u knjizi,
13:11
lest I should be accounted an extravagant freak ... "
190
779000
4000
da ne bih bio smatran ekstravagantnom nakazom ... "
13:15
That's what we all have to watch out for, (Laughter) especially at this meeting.
191
783000
5000
Svi se mi moramo toga čuvati, (Smijeh) naročito na ovom skupu.
13:20
" ... and so prejudice my readers against all those things which were the main design of the book."
192
788000
5000
" ... i izazvao predrasude u čitatelja protiv svih teza koje su temelj ove knjige."
13:25
Now, who today would claim that as a mere conceit of the human mind?
193
793000
4000
Tko bi danas tvrdio da je to izmišljotina ljudskog uma?
13:29
That the force that causes the apple to fall to the ground
194
797000
4000
Da je sila uslijed koje jabuka pada na tlo
13:33
is the same force that causes the planets and the moon to move around,
195
801000
3000
ista ona sila koja vodi kretanje planeta i Mjeseca?
13:36
and so on? Everybody knows that. It's a property of gravitation.
196
804000
5000
Svi to znaju. To je svojstvo gravitacije.
13:41
It's not something in the human mind. The human mind can, of course, appreciate it
197
809000
4000
Ta ideja nije u ljudskom umu. Ljudski um je, naravno, može cijeniti
13:45
and enjoy it, use it, but it's not -- it doesn't stem from the human mind.
198
813000
5000
i uživati u njoj, rabiti je, ali ona nije samo plod ljudskog uma.
13:50
It stems from the character of gravity.
199
818000
2000
Ona proistječe iz svojstava gravitacije.
13:52
And that's true of all the things we're talking about.
200
820000
2000
Isto vrijedi za sve o čemu pričamo.
13:54
They are properties of the fundamental law.
201
822000
2000
Sve su to svojstva fundamentalnog zakona.
13:56
The fundamental law is such that the different skins of the onion resemble one another,
202
824000
6000
Fundamentalni zakon je takav da različite ljuske luka sliče jedna na drugu,
14:02
and therefore the math for one skin allows you to express beautifully and simply
203
830000
4000
i zato vam matematika jedne ljuske omogućava da lijepo i jednostavno
14:06
the phenomenon of the next skin.
204
834000
3000
objasnite fenomen sljedeće ljuske.
14:09
I say here that Newton did a lot of things that year:
205
837000
3000
Newton je otkrio puno stvari te godine:
14:12
gravity, the laws of motion, the calculus, white light composed of all the colors of the rainbow.
206
840000
6000
gravitaciju, zakone gibanja, račun, da se bijela svjetlost sastoji od duginih boja.
14:18
And he could have written quite an essay on "What I Did Over My Summer Vacation."
207
846000
6000
I mogao je napisati popriličan esej na temu "Što sam radio tijekom ljetnih ferija.“
14:24
(Laughter)
208
852000
4000
(Smijeh)
14:28
So we don't have to assume these principles as separate metaphysical postulates.
209
856000
10000
Znači, ne moramo tretirati te principe kao zasebne metafizičke postulate.
14:38
They follow from the fundamental theory.
210
866000
6000
Oni proistječu iz fundamentalne teorije.
14:44
They are what we call emergent properties.
211
872000
2000
Oni su ono što nazivamo pojavna svojstva.
14:46
You don't need -- you don't need something more to get something more.
212
874000
7000
Ne trebate nešto više da biste dobili nešto više.
14:53
That's what emergence means.
213
881000
2000
To je ono što pojavnost znači.
14:55
Life can emerge from physics and chemistry, plus a lot of accidents.
214
883000
9000
Život se može pojaviti iz fizike i kemije, plus mnogo slučajnosti.
15:04
The human mind can arise from neurobiology and a lot of accidents,
215
892000
5000
Ljudski um može nastati iz neurobiologije i mnogih slučajnosti,
15:09
the way the chemical bond arises from physics and certain accidents.
216
897000
7000
isto kao što se kemijske veze rađaju iz fizike i određenih slučajnosti.
15:16
It doesn't diminish the importance of these subjects
217
904000
4000
Važnost tih stvari ne umanjuje spoznaja
15:20
to know that they follow from more fundamental things, plus accidents.
218
908000
6000
da proistječu iz fundamentalnijih stvari, plus slučaja.
15:26
That's a general rule, and it's critically important to realize that.
219
914000
5000
To je opće pravilo i kritično je važno to shvatiti.
15:31
You don't need something more in order to get something more.
220
919000
4000
Ne trebate nešto više da biste dobili nešto više.
15:35
People keep asking that when they read my book, "The Quark and the Jaguar,"
221
923000
4000
Ljudi uvijek pitaju čitajući moju knjigu, "Kvark i jaguar,"
15:39
and they say, "Isn't there something more beyond what you have there?"
222
927000
4000
"Ne postoji li i nešto povrh ovoga što spominjete ovdje?"
15:43
Presumably, they mean something supernatural.
223
931000
4000
Za pretpostaviti je da misle na nešto nadnaravno.
15:47
Anyway, there isn't. (Laughter)
224
935000
2000
Bilo kako bilo, ne postoji. (Smijeh)
15:49
You don't need something more to explain something more.
225
937000
5000
Ne treba vam nešto više da biste objasnili nešto više.
15:54
Thank you very much. (Applause)
226
942000
3000
Hvala vam lijepa. (Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - PhysicistMurray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.
Why you should listen
He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.
Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.
A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com