TED2007
Murray Gell-Mann: Beauty, truth and ... physics?
Mari Gel-Man o lepoti i istini u fizici
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,420,558 views
Naoružan smislom za humor i laičkim terminima, Nobelovac Mari Gel-Man objašnjava TEDovcima ponešto o fizici čestica, postavljajući pitanja poput "Da li elegantnije jednačine imaju veće šanse da budu tačne od neelegantnih?"
Murray Gell-Mann - Physicist
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Murray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Thank you for putting up these pictures of my colleagues over here.
0
0
4000
Hvala vam za postavljanje ovih slika mojih kolega ovde.
00:16
(Laughter) We'll be talking about them.
1
4000
5000
(Smeh). Pričaćemo o njima.
00:21
Now, I'm going try an experiment. I don't do experiments, normally. I'm a theorist.
2
9000
5000
Sada ću izvesti eksperiment. Obično ne radim eksperimente, teoretičar sam.
00:26
But I'm going see what happens if I press this button.
3
14000
4000
Ali sada ću videti šta se dešava kada pritisnem ovo dugme.
00:30
Sure enough. OK. I used to work in this field of elementary particles.
4
18000
5000
Svakako. Ok. Radio sam u ovoj oblasti elementarnih čestica.
00:35
What happens to matter if you chop it up very fine?
5
23000
4000
Šta se događa sa materijom ako je veoma fino iseckate?
00:39
What is it made of?
6
27000
2000
Od čega je napravljena?
00:41
And the laws of these particles are valid throughout the universe,
7
29000
5000
I zakoni ovih čestica ispravni su u celom Univerzumu
00:46
and they're very much connected with the history of the universe.
8
34000
3000
i veoma su povezani sa istorijom Univerzuma.
00:49
We know a lot about four forces. There must be a lot more,
9
37000
3000
Znamo dosta o ove četiri sile. Mora ih biti mnogo više,
00:52
but those are at very, very small distances,
10
40000
2000
ali one su na veoma, veoma malim daljinama
00:54
and we haven't really interacted with them very much yet.
11
42000
3000
i još uvek nismo zaista interagovali sa njima puno.
00:57
The main thing I want to talk about is this:
12
45000
4000
Glavna stvar o kojoj želim da pričam je sledeće:
01:01
that we have this remarkable experience in this field of fundamental physics
13
49000
4000
da mi imamo ovo predivno iskustvo u oblasti fundamentalne fizike
01:05
that beauty is a very successful criterion for choosing the right theory.
14
53000
7000
da je lepota veoma uspešan kriterijum za odabir ispravne teorije.
01:12
And why on earth could that be so?
15
60000
5000
Zašto bi to tako bilo?
01:17
Well, here's an example from my own experience.
16
65000
3000
Pa, evo primera iz mog sopstvenog iskustva.
01:20
It's fairly dramatic, actually, to have this happen.
17
68000
5000
Veoma je dramatično, zapravo, da vam se ovo dogodi.
01:25
Three or four of us, in 1957,
18
73000
3000
Troje ili četvoro nas, 1957. godine,
01:28
put forward a partially complete theory of one of these forces, this weak force.
19
76000
5000
postavilo je delom kompletnu teoriju o jednoj od ovih sila, ovoj slaboj sili.
01:33
And it was in disagreement with seven -- seven, count them, seven experiments.
20
81000
6000
I ona se nije slagala sa sedam - sedam, prebrojte ih, sedam eksperimenata.
01:39
Experiments were all wrong.
21
87000
3000
Eksperimenti su bili pogrešni.
01:42
And we published before knowing that,
22
90000
2000
I mi smo to objavili pre nego što smo to znali,
01:44
because we figured it was so beautiful, it's gotta be right!
23
92000
3000
zato što smo shvatili da zato što je tako lepo, mora biti ispravno!
01:47
The experiments had to be wrong, and they were.
24
95000
3000
Eksperimenti su morali biti pogrešni i bili su.
01:50
Now our friend over there, Albert Einstein,
25
98000
3000
Naš prijatelj tamo, Albert Ajnštajn,
01:53
used to pay very little attention when people said,
26
101000
4000
obraćao je vrlo malo pažnje na ono što su ljudi govorili,
01:57
"You know, there's a man with an experiment that seems to disagree with special relativity.
27
105000
5000
"Znate, postoji čovek sa eksperimentom koji se izgleda ne slaže sa specijalnom relativnošću.
02:02
DC Miller. What about that?" And he would say, "Aw, that'll go away." (Laughter)
28
110000
9000
DC Miler. Šta je sa tim?" On bi rekao:"O, to će nestati." (Smeh)
02:11
Now, why does stuff like that work? That's the question.
29
119000
3000
Sada, zbog čega takve stvari rade? To je pitanje.
02:14
Now, yeah, what do we mean by beautiful? That's one thing.
30
122000
5000
Sada, da, šta mi smatramo lepim? To je jedna stvar.
02:19
I'll try to make that clear -- partially clear.
31
127000
3000
Pokušaću to da objasnim - delom objasnim.
02:22
Why should it work, and is this something to do with human beings?
32
130000
5000
Zašto bi to radilo i da li to ima neke veze sa ljudskim bićima?
02:27
I'll let you in on the answer to the last one that I offer,
33
135000
3000
Daću vam svoj odgovor na ovo poslednje,
02:30
and that is, it has nothing to do with human beings.
34
138000
2000
a to je da, ovo nema nikakve veze sa ljudskim bićima.
02:32
Somewhere in some other planet, orbiting some very distant star,
35
140000
5000
Negde na nekoj drugoj planeti, obrćući se oko neke jako daleke zvezde,
02:37
maybe in a another galaxy,
36
145000
2000
možda u drugoj galaksiji,
02:39
there could well be entities that are at least as intelligent as we are,
37
147000
4000
mogli bi biti entiteti koji su najmanje inteligentni koliko i mi
02:43
and are interested in science. It's not impossible; I think there probably are lots.
38
151000
5000
i zainteresovani su za nauku. Nije nemoguće; ja mislim da ih verovatno ima mnogo.
02:48
Very likely, none is close enough to interact with us.
39
156000
3000
Vrlo verovatno, nijedni nisu dovoljno blizu da bi nas kontaktirali.
02:51
But they could be out there, very easily.
40
159000
5000
Ali mogli bi biti tamo, vrlo lako.
02:56
And suppose they have, you know, very different sensory apparatus, and so on.
41
164000
6000
I pretpostavimo da oni imaju, znate, veoma različit čulni aparat i tako dalje.
03:02
They have seven tentacles, and they have 14 little funny-looking compound eyes,
42
170000
5000
Imaju sedam pipaka i 14 malih smešnih spojenih očiju
03:07
and a brain shaped like a pretzel.
43
175000
4000
i mozak u obliku perece.
03:11
Would they really have different laws?
44
179000
3000
Da li bi oni zaista imali drugačije zakone?
03:14
There are lots of people who believe that, and I think it is utter baloney.
45
182000
4000
Mnogi ljudi veruju u to, a ja smatram da je to potpuna koještarija.
03:18
I think there are laws out there,
46
186000
2000
Mislim da tamo negde postoje zakoni
03:20
and we of course don't understand them at any given time very well
47
188000
6000
i da ih mi, naravno, ne razumemo u bilo kom trenutku vrlo dobro
03:26
-- but we try. And we try to get closer and closer.
48
194000
3000
- ali pokušavamo. I pokušavamo da priđemo sve bliže i bliže.
03:29
And someday, we may actually figure out the fundamental unified theory
49
197000
4000
I jednog dana, mi bismo mogli zapravo otkriti fundamentalnu ujedinjenu teoriju
03:33
of the particles and forces, what I call the "fundamental law."
50
201000
5000
čestica i sila, što ja nazivam "fundamentalnim zakonom".
03:38
We may not even be terribly far from it.
51
206000
2000
Možda čak nismo užasno daleko od njega.
03:40
But even if we don't run across it in our lifetimes,
52
208000
3000
Ali čak i da ne naletimo na njega za vreme naših života,
03:43
we can still think there is one out there,
53
211000
3000
i dalje možemo smatrati da postoji tamo negde,
03:46
and we're just trying to get closer and closer to it.
54
214000
2000
a mi pokušavamo da priđemo bliže i bliže.
03:48
I think that's the main point to be made.
55
216000
3000
Mislim da je to glavna poenta za izneti.
03:51
We express these things mathematically.
56
219000
3000
Mi izražavamo ove stvari matematički.
03:54
And when the mathematics is very simple --
57
222000
2000
I kada je matematika veoma jednostavna -
03:56
when in terms of some mathematical notation,
58
224000
4000
kada u smislu neke matematičke notacije
04:00
you can write the theory in a very brief space, without a lot of complication --
59
228000
6000
možete zapisati teoriju na malo prostora, bez mnogo komplikacija -
04:06
that's essentially what we mean by beauty or elegance.
60
234000
4000
to je suštinski ono što mi smatramo lepotom ili elegancijom.
04:10
Here's what I was saying about the laws. They're really there.
61
238000
6000
Evo šta sam govorio o zakonima. Oni su zaista tamo.
04:16
Newton certainly believed that.
62
244000
2000
Njutn je svakako verovao u to.
04:18
And he said, here, "It is the business of natural philosophy to find out those laws."
63
246000
10000
On je rekao:"Posao je filozofije prirode da pronađe te zakone".
04:28
The basic law, let's say -- here's an assumption.
64
256000
3000
Osnovni zakon, recimo - evo pretpostavke.
04:31
The assumption is that the basic law really takes the form
65
259000
3000
Pretpostavka je da osnovni zakon zaista uzima oblik
04:34
of a unified theory of all the particles.
66
262000
3000
ujedinjene teorije o svim česticama.
04:37
Now, some people call that a theory of everything.
67
265000
3000
Sada, neki ljudi to nazivaju teorijom svega.
04:40
That's wrong because the theory is quantum mechanical.
68
268000
5000
To je pogrešno, jer je ta teorija kvantna mehanička.
04:45
And I won't go into a lot of stuff about quantum mechanics and what it's like, and so on.
69
273000
4000
I ja neću ići i gomilu stvari o kvantnoj mehanici i kakva je ona i tako dalje.
04:49
You've heard a lot of wrong things about it anyway. (Laughter)
70
277000
5000
Čuli ste dosta pogrešnih stvari o njoj u svakom slučaju. (Smeh).
04:54
There are even movies about it with a lot of wrong stuff.
71
282000
3000
Ima čak i filmova o njoj sa mnogo pogrešnih stvari.
04:57
But the main thing here is that it predicts probabilities.
72
285000
5000
Ali glavna stvar ovde je da ona predviđa verovatnoće.
05:02
Now, sometimes those probabilities are near certainties.
73
290000
3000
Sad, ponekad su te verovatnoće blizu sigurnosti.
05:05
And in a lot of familiar cases, they of course are.
74
293000
3000
I u mnogo poznatih slučajeva, one to zaista jesu.
05:08
But other times they're not, and you have only probabilities for different outcomes.
75
296000
6000
Ali u nekim drugim prilikama nisu i imate samo verovatnoće za različite izlaze.
05:14
So what that means is that the history of the universe is not determined just by the fundamental law.
76
302000
6000
Ono što to, dakle, znači je da istorija Univerzuma nije određena samo fundamentalnim zakonom.
05:20
It's the fundamental law and this incredibly long series of accidents,
77
308000
5000
To su fundamentalni zakon i ovaj neverovatno dugački niz slučajnosti,
05:25
or chance outcomes, that are there in addition.
78
313000
5000
ili mogućih rezultata, koji su tu sabrani.
05:30
And the fundamental theory doesn't include those chance outcomes; they are in addition.
79
318000
6000
Fundamentalna teorija ne uključuje te moguće rezultate; oni su tu uzgredno.
05:36
So it's not a theory of everything. And in fact, a huge amount of the information
80
324000
4000
Dakle, to nije teorija svega. Zapravo, ogromna količina informacija
05:40
in the universe around us comes from those accidents,
81
328000
4000
u Univerzumu oko nas dolazi iz tih slučajnosti
05:44
and not just from the fundamental laws.
82
332000
3000
i ne samo iz fundamentalnih zakona.
05:47
Now, it's often said that getting closer and closer
83
335000
8000
Sada, često je rečeno da je približavanje
05:55
to the fundamental laws by examining phenomena at low energies, and then higher energies,
84
343000
5000
fundamentalnim zakonima izučavanjem fenomena na malim energijama i onda višim energijama
06:00
and then higher energies, or short distances, and then shorter distances,
85
348000
3000
i zatim višim energijama ili manjim rastojanjima i zatim manjim rastojanjima,
06:03
and then still shorter distances, and so on, is like peeling the skin of an onion.
86
351000
4000
a onda još manjim rastojanjima i tako dalje, jeste poput ljuštenja luka.
06:07
And we keep doing that,
87
355000
2000
I mi nastavljamo to da radimo
06:09
and build more powerful machines, accelerators for particles.
88
357000
4000
i izgrađujemo moćnije mašine, akceleratore čestica.
06:13
We look deeper and deeper into the structure of particles,
89
361000
5000
Posmatramo dublje i dublje strukturu čestica
06:18
and in that way we get probably closer and closer to this fundamental law.
90
366000
7000
i time se verovatno približavamo sve više i više ovom fundamentalnom zakonu.
06:25
Now, what happens is that as we do that, as we peel these skins of the onion,
91
373000
6000
Sada, ono što se dešava je da dok to radimo, dok ljuštimo ove slojeve luka
06:31
and we get closer and closer to the underlying law,
92
379000
3000
i približavamo se zakonu ispod,
06:34
we see that each skin has something in common with the previous one,
93
382000
5000
mi vidimo da svaki sloj ima nešto zajedničko sa prethodnim
06:39
and with the next one. We write them out mathematically,
94
387000
4000
i sa sledećim. Zapišemo ih matematički
06:43
and we see they use very similar mathematics.
95
391000
3000
i vidimo da koriste veoma sličnu matematiku.
06:46
They require very similar mathematics.
96
394000
3000
Oni zahtevaju veoma sličnu matematiku.
06:49
That is absolutely remarkable, and that is a central feature
97
397000
4000
Ovo je apsolutno fascinanto i čini centralnu crtu
06:53
of what I'm trying to say today.
98
401000
5000
onoga što pokušavam da kažem danas.
06:58
Newton called it -- that's Newton, by the way -- that one.
99
406000
3000
Njutn je to nazivao - to je Njutn, uzgred - onaj tamo.
07:01
This one is Albert Einstein. Hi, Al! And anyway,
100
409000
7000
Ovaj je Albert Ajnštajn. Zdravo, Al! I u svakom slučaju,
07:08
he said, "nature conformable to herself" -- personifying nature as a female.
101
416000
7000
on je rekao "priroda dosledna sama sebi" - personifikujući prirodu kao žensko.
07:15
And so what happens is that the new phenomena,
102
423000
5000
Dakle, ono što se dešava je da novi fenomeni,
07:20
the new skins, the inner skins of the slightly smaller skins of the onion
103
428000
6000
novi slojevi, unutrašnji slojevi malo manjih slojeva luka
07:26
that we get to, resemble the slightly larger ones.
104
434000
4000
na koje nailazimo, liče na one malo veće.
07:30
And the kind of mathematics that we had for the previous skin
105
438000
6000
Ona vrsta matematike koja nam je trebala za prethodni sloj
07:36
is almost the same as what we need for the next skin.
106
444000
4000
je gotovo ista ona koja nam treba za naredni sloj.
07:40
And that's why the equations look so simple.
107
448000
4000
I to je razlog što jednačine izgledaju tako jednostavno.
07:44
Because they use mathematics we already have.
108
452000
3000
Zato što koriste matematiku koju već imamo.
07:47
A trivial example is this: Newton found the law of gravity,
109
455000
5000
Trivijalan primer je ovaj: Njutn je pronašao zakon gravitacije,
07:52
which goes like one over the square of the distance between the things gravitated.
110
460000
5000
koji ide poput jedan kroz kvadrat rastojanja između stvari koje se privlače.
07:57
Coulomb, in France, found the same law for electric charges.
111
465000
5000
Kulon, u Francuskoj, pronašao je isti zakon za naelektrisanja.
08:02
Here's an example of this similarity.
112
470000
2000
Eto ga primer sličnosti.
08:04
You look at gravity, you see a certain law.
113
472000
3000
Pogledate gravitaciju, vidite određeni zakon.
08:07
Then you look at electricity. Sure enough. The same rule.
114
475000
3000
Zatim pogledate elektricitet. Dovoljno. Isto pravilo.
08:10
It's a very simple example.
115
478000
2000
To je veoma jednostavan primer.
08:12
There are lots of more sophisticated examples.
116
480000
4000
Postoji još mnogo sofisticiranijih primera.
08:16
Symmetry is very important in this discussion.
117
484000
2000
Simetrija je veoma važna u ovoj diskusiji.
08:18
You know what it means. A circle, for example,
118
486000
3000
Znate šta to znači. Krug, na primer,
08:21
is symmetric under rotations about the center of the circle.
119
489000
4000
simetričan je pod rotacijama oko svog centra.
08:25
You rotate around the center of the circle, the circle remains unchanged.
120
493000
5000
Rotirate ga oko centra kruga, krug ostaje nepromenjen.
08:30
You take a sphere, in three dimensions, you rotate around the center of the sphere,
121
498000
3000
Uzmete sferu, u tri dimenzije, rotirate je oko centra sfere
08:33
and all those rotations leave the sphere alone.
122
501000
4000
i sve te rotacije čine samo sferu.
08:37
They are symmetries of the sphere.
123
505000
1000
To su simetrije sfere.
08:38
So we say, in general, that there's a symmetry
124
506000
4000
Pa mi kažemo generalno da postoji simetrija
08:42
under certain operations if those operations leave the phenomenon,
125
510000
4000
pod određenim operacijama, ako te operacije ostavljaju fenomen
08:46
or its description, unchanged.
126
514000
3000
ili njegov opis nepromenjen.
08:49
Maxwell's equations are of course symmetrical
127
517000
3000
Maksvelove jednačine su, naravno, simetrične
08:52
under rotations of all of space.
128
520000
2000
pod rotacijama celog prostora.
08:54
Doesn't matter if we turn the whole of space around by some angle,
129
522000
4000
Nije bitno da li obrnemo ceo prostor za neki ugao,
08:58
it doesn't leave the -- doesn't change the phenomenon of electricity or magnetism.
130
526000
4000
to ne ostavlja - ne menja fenomene elektriciteta ili magnetizma.
09:02
There's a new notation in the 19th century that expressed this,
131
530000
4000
Postojala je nova notacija u 19. veku koja je izražavala ovo,
09:06
and if you use that notation, the equations get a lot simpler.
132
534000
4000
i ukoliko koristite tu notaciju, jednačine postaju jednostavnije.
09:10
Then Einstein, with his special theory of relativity,
133
538000
3000
Zatim je Ajnštajn, sa svojom specijalnom teorijom relativnosti,
09:13
looked at a whole set of symmetries of Maxwell's equations,
134
541000
3000
pogledao ceo niz simetrija Maksvelovih jednačina,
09:16
which are called special relativity.
135
544000
3000
koje se nazivaju specijalnom relativnošću.
09:19
And those symmetries, then, make the equations even shorter, and even prettier, therefore.
136
547000
5000
I te simetrije, zatim, čine jednačine još kraćim, još lepšim.
09:24
Let's look. You don't have to know what these things mean, doesn't make any difference.
137
552000
3000
Pogledajmo. Ne morate znati šta ove stvari znače, ne čini nikakvu razliku.
09:27
But you can just look at the form. (Laughter) You can look at the form.
138
555000
4000
Ali možete samo pogledati izgled. (Smeh). Možete pogledati izgled.
09:31
You see above, at the top, a long list
139
559000
2000
Vidite gore, na vrhu, nalazi se duga lista
09:33
of equations with three components for the three directions of space: x, y and z.
140
561000
6000
jednačina sa tri komponente za tri pravca u prostoru: x, y i z.
09:39
Then, using vector analysis, you use rotational symmetry, and you get this next set.
141
567000
6000
Zatim, koristeći vektorsku analizu, koristite rotacionu simetriju, te dobijate sledeći skup.
09:45
Then you use the symmetry of special relativity and you get an even simpler set
142
573000
4000
Zatim koristite simetriju specijalne relativnosti i dobijate još jednostavniji skup
09:49
down here, showing that symmetry exhibits better and better.
143
577000
4000
tamo dole, pokazujući da se simetrije pokazuju sve bolje i bolje.
09:53
The more and more symmetry you have, the better you exhibit the simplicity and elegance of the theory.
144
581000
6000
Što više simetrija imate, bolje ćete izraziti jednostavnost i elegantnost teorije.
09:59
The last two, the first equation says that electric charges and currents
145
587000
4000
Poslednje dve, prva jednačina govori da naelektrisanja i električne struje
10:03
give rise to all the electric and magnetic fields.
146
591000
4000
stvaraju sva električna i magnetna polja.
10:07
The next -- second -- equation says that there is no magnetism other than that.
147
595000
5000
Sledeća - druga - jednačina kaže da nema magnetizma van toga.
10:12
The only magnetism comes from electric charges and currents.
148
600000
3000
Jedini magnetizam dolazi od naelektrisanja i električnih struja.
10:15
Someday we may find some slight hole in that argument.
149
603000
5000
Nekog dana ćemo možda naći sitnu rupu u tom članu.
10:20
But for the moment, that's the case.
150
608000
4000
Ali za sada, to je slučaj.
10:24
Now, here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of.
151
612000
4000
Sada, ovde je veoma zanimljiv razvoj za koji mnogi ljudi nisu čuli.
10:28
They should have heard of it, but it's a little tricky to explain in technical detail,
152
616000
5000
Trebalo bi da su čuli za to, ali je malo mučno objasniti to sa tehničkim detaljima,
10:33
so I won't do it. I'll just mention it. (Laughter)
153
621000
3000
pa to neću uraditi. Samo ću spomenuti. (Smeh).
10:36
But Chen Ning Yang, called by us "Frank" Yang -- (Laughter)
154
624000
10000
Ali Čen Ning Jang, koga smo zvali "Frenk" Jang - (Smeh)
10:46
-- and Bob Mills put forward, 50 years ago,
155
634000
4000
- i Bob Mils postavili su, pre 50 godina,
10:50
this generalization of Maxwell's equations, with a new symmetry.
156
638000
4000
ovu generalizaciju Maksvelovih jednačina, sa novom simetrijom.
10:54
A whole new symmetry.
157
642000
2000
Potpuno novom simetrijom.
10:56
Mathematics very similar, but there was a whole new symmetry.
158
644000
3000
Matematika je veoma slična, ali je tu cela nova simetrija.
10:59
They hoped that this would contribute somehow to particle physics
159
647000
5000
Nadali su se da će ovo doprineti nekako fizici čestica
11:04
-- didn't. It didn't, by itself, contribute to particle physics.
160
652000
4000
- nije. Nije, samo po sebi, doprinelo fizici čestica.
11:08
But then some of us generalized it further. And then it did!
161
656000
5000
Ali onda su neki od nas ovo uopštili još više. I tada jeste!
11:13
And it gave a very beautiful description of the strong force and of the weak force.
162
661000
5000
I dalo je veoma lep opis jake sile i slabe sile.
11:18
So here we say, again, what we said before:
163
666000
3000
Dakle ovde kažemo, ponovo, ono što smo rekli ranije:
11:21
that each skin of the onion shows a similarity to the adjoining skins.
164
669000
4000
svaki sloj luka pokazuje sličnosti sa susednim slojevima.
11:25
So the mathematics for the adjoining skins is very similar to what we need for the new one.
165
673000
5000
Dakle, matematika susednih slojeva je veoma slična onome što nam je potrebno za novi sloj.
11:30
And therefore it looks beautiful
166
678000
2000
I zbog toga izgleda lepo.
11:32
because we already know how to write it in a lovely, concise way.
167
680000
4000
Zato što već znamo kako to da zapišemo na divni, koncizni način.
11:36
So here are the themes. We believe there is a unified theory underlying all the regularities.
168
684000
9000
Evo sadržaja. Verujemo da postoji ujedinjena teorija ispod svih zakonitosti.
11:45
Steps toward unification exhibit the simplicity.
169
693000
4000
Koraci ka ujedinjenju ispoljavaju jednostavnost.
11:49
Symmetry exhibits the simplicity.
170
697000
2000
Simetrija ispoljava jednostavnost.
11:51
And then there is self-similarity across the scales -- in other words,
171
699000
4000
Zatim su tu i samosličnosti duž skala - drugim rečima,
11:55
from one skin of the onion to another one.
172
703000
2000
od jednog sloja luka do drugog.
11:57
Proximate self-similarity. And that accounts for this phenomenon.
173
705000
5000
Približna samosličnost. I to objašnjava ovaj fenomen.
12:02
That will account for why beauty is a successful criterion for selecting the right theory.
174
710000
7000
To će objasniti zašto je lepota uspešan kriterijum za odabir ispravne teorije.
12:09
Here's what Newton himself said:
175
717000
1000
Evo šta je Njutn rekao:
12:10
"Nature is very consonant and conformable to her self."
176
718000
4000
"Priroda je vrlo skladna i saglasna samoj sebi".
12:14
One thing he was thinking of is something that most of us take for granted today,
177
722000
4000
Jedna od stvari na koje je mislio je ono što većina nas danas uzima zdravo za gotovo,
12:18
but in his day it wasn't taken for granted.
178
726000
3000
ali u njegovim danima to nije bilo uzimano zdravo za gotovo.
12:21
There's the story, which is not absolutely certain to be right, but a lot of people told it.
179
729000
6000
Postoji priča, za koju nije potpuno sigurno da je tačna, ali mnogi ljudi su je ispričali.
12:27
Four sources told it. That when they had the plague in Cambridge,
180
735000
4000
Četiri izvora su je ispričala. Kada se kuga pojavila u Kembridžu
12:31
and he went down to his mother's farm -- because the university was closed --
181
739000
4000
i kada je on otišao na farmu svoje majke - jer je univerzitet bio zatvoren -
12:35
he saw an apple fall from a tree, or on his head or something.
182
743000
4000
video je jabuku da pada sa drveta ili na njegovu glavu ili tako nešto.
12:39
And he realized suddenly that the force that drew the apple down to the earth
183
747000
4000
I on je shvatio odjednom da bi sila koja je privukla jabuku dole ka zemlji
12:43
could be the same as the force regulating the motions of the planets and the moon.
184
751000
6000
mogla biti ista kao sila koja regulište kretanje planeta i meseca.
12:49
That was a big unification for those days, although today we take it for granted.
185
757000
5000
To je bilo veliko ujedinjenje za te dane, iako danas to uzimamo zdravo za gotovo.
12:54
It's the same theory of gravity.
186
762000
4000
To je ista teorija gravitacije.
12:58
So he said that this principle of nature, consonance:
187
766000
5000
Pa je on rekao da je ovaj princip prirode, harmonija:
13:03
"This principle of nature being very remote from the conceptions of philosophers,
188
771000
5000
"Ovaj princip prirode daleko je od shvatanja filozofa,
13:08
I forbore to describe it in that book,
189
776000
3000
te sam se suzdržavao da ga opišem u toj knjizi,
13:11
lest I should be accounted an extravagant freak ... "
190
779000
4000
jer bih mogao biti smatran za ekstravagantnog čudaka..."
13:15
That's what we all have to watch out for, (Laughter) especially at this meeting.
191
783000
5000
I to je ono na šta svi moramo da pazimo. (Smeh). Naročito na ovom okupljanju.
13:20
" ... and so prejudice my readers against all those things which were the main design of the book."
192
788000
5000
"... i tako stvoriti predrasude svojih čitalaca protiv svih onih stvari koje su bile glavne ideje knjige."
13:25
Now, who today would claim that as a mere conceit of the human mind?
193
793000
4000
Sad, ko bi danas tvrdio da je to puka uobrazilja ljudskog uma?
13:29
That the force that causes the apple to fall to the ground
194
797000
4000
Da je sila koja izaziva pad jabuke na zemlju
13:33
is the same force that causes the planets and the moon to move around,
195
801000
3000
ista sila koja je uzrok kruženja planeta i meseca,
13:36
and so on? Everybody knows that. It's a property of gravitation.
196
804000
5000
i tako dalje? Svako to zna. To je osobina gravitacije.
13:41
It's not something in the human mind. The human mind can, of course, appreciate it
197
809000
4000
To nije nešto u ljudskom umu. Ljudski um može, naravno, to poštovati
13:45
and enjoy it, use it, but it's not -- it doesn't stem from the human mind.
198
813000
5000
i uživati, koristiti, ali to nije - to ne vuče korenje iz ljudskog uma.
13:50
It stems from the character of gravity.
199
818000
2000
To vuče korenje iz osobina gravitacije.
13:52
And that's true of all the things we're talking about.
200
820000
2000
I to je istina za sve stvari o kojima pričamo.
13:54
They are properties of the fundamental law.
201
822000
2000
One su osobine fundamentalnog zakona.
13:56
The fundamental law is such that the different skins of the onion resemble one another,
202
824000
6000
Fundamentalni zakon je takav da različiti slojevi luka liče jedan na drugi
14:02
and therefore the math for one skin allows you to express beautifully and simply
203
830000
4000
i tako matematika jednog sloja dozvoljava da se izraze lepota i jednostavnost
14:06
the phenomenon of the next skin.
204
834000
3000
fenomena sledećeg sloja.
14:09
I say here that Newton did a lot of things that year:
205
837000
3000
Kažem ovde da je Njutn uradio dosta stvari te godine:
14:12
gravity, the laws of motion, the calculus, white light composed of all the colors of the rainbow.
206
840000
6000
gravitacija, zakoni kretanja, kalkulus, belo svetlo sastoji se od svih boja duge.
14:18
And he could have written quite an essay on "What I Did Over My Summer Vacation."
207
846000
6000
Mogao je napisati dosta u eseju na temu "Šta sam radio na letnjem raspustu".
14:24
(Laughter)
208
852000
4000
(Smeh).
14:28
So we don't have to assume these principles as separate metaphysical postulates.
209
856000
10000
Dakle ne moramo posmatrati ove principe kao odvojene metafizičke postulate.
14:38
They follow from the fundamental theory.
210
866000
6000
Oni proizlaze iz fundamentalne teorije.
14:44
They are what we call emergent properties.
211
872000
2000
Oni su ono što zovemo proizlazećim osobinama.
14:46
You don't need -- you don't need something more to get something more.
212
874000
7000
Nije vam potrebno - nije vam potrebno nešto više da biste dobili nešto više.
14:53
That's what emergence means.
213
881000
2000
To je ono što proizlaženje znači.
14:55
Life can emerge from physics and chemistry, plus a lot of accidents.
214
883000
9000
Život može proizići iz fizike i hemije, plus mnogo slučajnosti.
15:04
The human mind can arise from neurobiology and a lot of accidents,
215
892000
5000
Ljudski um može proizići iz neurobiologije i mnogo slučajnosti,
15:09
the way the chemical bond arises from physics and certain accidents.
216
897000
7000
načinom na koji hemijske veze proizlaze iz fizike i određenih slučajnosti.
15:16
It doesn't diminish the importance of these subjects
217
904000
4000
To ne umanjuje značaj ovih predmeta
15:20
to know that they follow from more fundamental things, plus accidents.
218
908000
6000
da se zna da oni proizlaze iz fundamentalnijih stvari, plus slučajnosti.
15:26
That's a general rule, and it's critically important to realize that.
219
914000
5000
Postoji opšte pravilo i veoma je važno da se to shvati.
15:31
You don't need something more in order to get something more.
220
919000
4000
Nije vam potrebno nešto više da biste dobili nešto više.
15:35
People keep asking that when they read my book, "The Quark and the Jaguar,"
221
923000
4000
Ljudi nastavljaju da postavljaju pitanja kad pročitaju moju knjigu, "Kvark i Jaguar".
15:39
and they say, "Isn't there something more beyond what you have there?"
222
927000
4000
Oni kažu:"Nema li nečeg više iza onoga što imate tamo?"
15:43
Presumably, they mean something supernatural.
223
931000
4000
Po svoj prilici, oni misle na nešto natprirodno.
15:47
Anyway, there isn't. (Laughter)
224
935000
2000
U svakom slučaju, nema ga. (Smeh).
15:49
You don't need something more to explain something more.
225
937000
5000
Nije vam potrebno nešto više da biste objasnili nešto više.
15:54
Thank you very much. (Applause)
226
942000
3000
Hvala vam puno. (Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Murray Gell-Mann - PhysicistMurray Gell-Mann brings visibility to a crucial aspect of our existence that we can't actually see: elemental particles. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for introducing quarks, one of two fundamental ingredients for all matter in the universe.
Why you should listen
He's been called "the man with five brains" -- and Murray Gell-Mann has the resume to prove it. In addition to being a Nobel laureate, he is an accomplished physicist who's earned numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees for his work with subatomic particles, including the groundbreaking theory that the nucleus of an atom comprises 100 or so fundamental building blocks called quarks.
Gell-Mann's influence extends well beyond his field: He's a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He also serves on the board of the Wildlife Conservation Society and is a director of Encyclopedia Britannica. Gell-Mann, a professor emeritus of Caltech, now heads the evolution of human languages program at the Santa Fe Institute, which he cofounded in 1984.
A prolific writer -- he's penned scores of academic papers and several books, including The Quark and the Jaguar -- Gell-Mann is also the subject of the popular science biography Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics.
Murray Gell-Mann | Speaker | TED.com