TEDxLeuvenSalon
Tristram Wyatt: The smelly mystery of the human pheromone
Tristram Wyatt: Mirisna misterija ljudskih feromona
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Čine li nas naši mirisi seksi? Popularna znanost sugerira da je odgovor potvrdan – feromoni šalju kemijske signale o seksu i privlačnosti iz naših pazuha do potencijalnih partnera. Ali, unatoč tome što ste možda čuli, ne postoji konačno istraživanje koje bi potvrdilo da ljudi imaju te mirisne molekule. U ovom razgovoru koji otvara oči, zoolog Tristram Wyatt objašnjava temeljne mane u trenutnim istraživanjima feromona i dijeli svoju nadu za budućnost koja će razjasniti fascinantno i potencijalno znanje koje može spasiti živote isprepleteno u našim mirisima.
Tristram Wyatt - Zoologist
Do humans have pheromones? Tristram Wyatt is on the case. A researcher at Oxford, Wyatt is interested in the evolution of pheromones throughout the animal kingdom. Full bio
Do humans have pheromones? Tristram Wyatt is on the case. A researcher at Oxford, Wyatt is interested in the evolution of pheromones throughout the animal kingdom. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
"Pheromone" is a very powerful word.
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„Feromon“ je vrlo moćna riječ.
00:16
It conjures up sex, abandon, loss of control,
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Asocira na seks, napuštanje, gubitak kontrole,
00:20
and you can see, it's very important as a word.
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i, kao što možete vidjeti, vrlo je važna kao riječ.
00:24
But it's only 50 years old. It was invented in 1959.
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Ali ima samo 50 godina. Izumljena je 1959.
00:29
Now, if you put that word into the web,
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Ako potražite tu riječ na Internetu,
00:31
as you may have done,
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kao što ste možda već učinili,
00:33
you'll come up with millions of hits,
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dočekat će vas milijuni rezultata pretraživanja,
00:35
and almost all of those sites are trying to sell you
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i gotovo sve te stranice pokušavaju vam prodati
00:38
something to make you irresistible
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nešto što će vas učiniti neodoljivima
00:40
for 10 dollars or more.
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za 10 dolara ili više.
00:43
Now, this is a very attractive idea,
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Ovo je, naravno, vrlo atraktivna ideja,
00:46
and the molecules they mention
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a molekule koje spominju
00:48
sound really science-y.
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zvuče vrlo „znanstveno“.
00:50
They've got lots of syllables.
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Imaju puno slogova.
00:52
It's things like androstenol, androstenone
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To su riječi poput androstenol, androstenon
00:54
or androstadienone.
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ili androstenodion.
00:57
It gets better and better,
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Postaje sve bolje i bolje,
00:58
and when you combine that with white lab coats,
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i kada to iskombinirate s bijelim kutama,
01:01
you must imagine that there is
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zasigurno pomislite kako iza toga
01:03
fantastic science behind this.
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stoji neka fantastična znanost.
01:05
But sadly, these are fraudulent claims
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No nažalost, to su prevarantske tvrdnje
01:10
supported by dodgy science.
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koje počivaju na lažnoj znanosti.
01:14
The problem is that, although there are many
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Problem je u tome što, usprkos tome što mnogi
01:16
good scientists working on what they think
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valjani znanstvenici
rade na onome što oni smatraju
rade na onome što oni smatraju
01:19
are human pheromones,
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ljudskim feromonima,
01:21
and they're publishing in respectable journals,
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i objavljuju svoje radove
u priznatim časopisima,
u priznatim časopisima,
01:23
at the basis of this,
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u osnovi toga,
01:25
despite very sophisticated experiments,
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unatoč vrlo sofisticiranim eksperimentima,
01:28
there really is no good science behind it,
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iza njih ne stoji valjana znanost,
01:31
because it's based on a problem,
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zato što je bazirana na problemu
01:34
which is nobody has systematically gone through
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koji glasi: dosad nitko nije sustavno proučio
01:38
all the odors that humans produce --
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sve mirise koje ljudi proizvode --
01:40
and there are thousands of
molecules that we give off.
molecules that we give off.
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a postoje tisuće molekula koje oslobađamo.
01:42
We're mammals. We produce a lot of smell.
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Sisavci smo. Stvaramo puno mirisa.
01:46
Nobody has gone through systematically
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Nitko nije sustavno proučio
01:48
to work out which molecules really are pheromones.
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koje su točno molekule feromoni.
01:50
They've just plucked a few,
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Oni su samo iščeprkali nekoliko,
01:52
and all these experiments are based on those,
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i svi ovi eksperimenti
bazirani su na toj nekolicini,
bazirani su na toj nekolicini,
01:54
but there's no good evidence at all.
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no uopće nema valjanih dokaza.
01:57
Now, that's not to say
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No, to naravno ne znači
01:59
that smell is not important to people.
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da miris nije važan ljudima.
02:01
It is, and some people are real enthusiasts,
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Važan je, i neki su ljudi istinski entuzijasti,
02:05
and one of these was Napoleon.
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a jedan od tih ljudi bio je Napoleon.
02:08
And famously, you may remember
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I, ako se možda sjećete slavne prispodobe,
02:10
that out on the campaign trail for war,
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dok je putovao u potrazi za ratom,
02:13
he wrote to his lover, Empress Josephine,
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pisao je svojoj ljubavnici, carici Jozefini,
02:16
saying, "Don't wash. I'm coming home."
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govoreći, „Nemoj se prati. Dolazim kući.“
02:19
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:20
So he didn't want to lose any of her richness
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Nije htio izgubiti imalo njene dragocjenosti
02:23
in the days before he'd get home,
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u danima prije nego što bi stigao kući,
02:25
and it is still, you'll find websites
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i još uvijek, možete pronaći internetske stranice
02:27
that offer this as a major quirk.
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koje to nude kao značajan hir.
02:31
At the same time, though,
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Mada, istovremeno,
02:33
we spend about as much money
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trošimo otprilike jednaki iznos novca
02:35
taking the smells off us
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za uklanjanje naših mirisa
02:37
as putting them back on in perfumes,
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i za vraćanje istih pomoću parfema,
02:39
and perfumes are a multi-billion-dollar business.
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a parfemi su multimilijunski biznis.
02:44
So what I want to do in the rest of this talk
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Stoga, ono što bih htio napraviti
u ostatku ovog razgovora
u ostatku ovog razgovora
02:46
is tell you about what pheromones really are,
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jest reći vam što su zbilja feromoni,
02:51
tell you why I think we would expect
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reći vam zašto mislim da bismo trebali očekivati
02:54
humans to have pheromones,
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da ljudi imaju feromone,
02:57
tell you about some of the
confusions in pheromones,
confusions in pheromones,
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reći vam nešto o nedoumicama o feromonima,
03:02
and then finally, I want to end with
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i naposlijetku, želio bih završiti
03:04
a promising avenue which shows us
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s obećavajućim putem koji nam pokazuje
03:06
the way we ought to be going.
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u kojem smjeru bismo se trebali kretati.
03:10
So the ancient Greeks knew
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Dakle, stari su Grci znali
03:15
that dogs sent invisible signals between each other.
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da psi međusobno izmjenjuju nevidljive signale.
03:19
A female dog in heat
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Ženka tijekom tjeranja
03:21
sent an invisible signal to male dogs
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šalje nevidljivi signal mužjacima
03:23
for miles around,
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miljama u krug,
03:24
and it wasn't a sound, it was a smell.
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i ako nije bio zvuk, bio je miris.
03:27
You could take the smell from the female dog,
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Mogli biste uzeti miris ženke,
03:29
and the dogs would chase the cloth.
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a mužjaci bi jurili za komadom tkanine.
03:31
But the problem for everybody
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Ali, problem za sve ljude
03:33
who could see this effect
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koji su mogli vidjeti ovaj efekt
03:35
was that you couldn't identify the molecules.
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jest što nisu mogli identificirati molekule.
03:37
You couldn't demonstrate it was chemical.
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Niste mogli dokazati da se radi o kemijskoj tvari.
03:39
The reason for that, of course,
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Razlog tomu bio je, naravno,
03:40
is that each of these animals
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da svaka od tih životinja
03:42
produces tiny quantities,
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luči izuzetno male količine,
03:43
and in the case of the dog,
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i u slučaju pasa,
03:45
males dogs can smell it, but we can't smell it.
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mužjaci ih mogu namirisati, ali mi ne možemo.
03:48
And it was only in 1959 that a German team,
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Tek 1959. njemački je tim,
03:52
after spending 20 years in
search of these molecules,
search of these molecules,
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nakon 20 godina provedenih
u potrazi za ovim molekulama,
u potrazi za ovim molekulama,
03:56
discovered, identified, the first pheromone,
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otkrio, identificirao prvi feromon,
03:59
and this was the sex pheromone of a silk moth.
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a to je bio seksualni feromon dudova svilca.
04:03
Now, this was an inspired choice
by Adolf Butenandt and his team,
by Adolf Butenandt and his team,
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Ovo je, naime, bio nadahnuti izbor
Adolfa Butenandta i njegovih suradnika,
Adolfa Butenandta i njegovih suradnika,
04:06
because he needed half a million moths
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zato što je trebao pola milijuna svilaca
04:08
to get enough material to do the chemical analysis.
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da bi dobio dovoljnu količinu
materijala za kemijsku analizu.
materijala za kemijsku analizu.
04:12
But he created the model
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Ali, on je i kreirao model
04:14
for how you should go about pheromone analysis.
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po kojemu bi se trebala
raditi feromonska analiza.
raditi feromonska analiza.
04:16
He basically went through systematically,
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Sustavno je sve prešao,
04:19
showing that only the molecule in question
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pokazujući da jedina molekula u pitanju
04:22
was the one that stimulated the males,
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jest ona koja stimulira mužjake,
04:23
not all the others.
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a ne sve druge.
04:26
He analyzed it very carefully.
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Analizirao ju je vrlo pažljivo.
04:28
He synthesized the molecule,
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Sintetizirao je molekulu,
04:29
and then tried the synthesized
molecule on the males
molecule on the males
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te ju onda iskušao na mužjacima
04:33
and got them to respond and showed it was,
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koji su reagirali i pokazalo se
04:36
indeed, that molecule.
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da je to doista ta molekula.
04:37
That's closing the circle.
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To je zatvaranje kruga.
04:40
That's the thing which has
never been done with humans:
never been done with humans:
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To je ono što nikada nije učinjeno na ljudima:
04:42
nothing systematic, no real demonstration.
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ništa sustavno, bez prave demonstracije.
04:46
With that new concept,
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S tim novim konceptom,
04:48
we needed a new word,
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trebali smo novu riječ,
04:49
and that was the word "pheromone,"
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a riječ je bila „feromon“,
04:52
and it's basically transferred excitement,
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i ona je u principu prenosivo uzbuđenje,
04:56
transferred between individuals,
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koje se prenosi među pojedincima
04:58
and since 1959, pheromones have been found
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i od 1959. feromoni su pronađeni
05:01
right the way across the animal kingdom,
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diljem životinjskog carstva,
05:03
in male animals, in female animals.
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u mužjacima, u ženkama.
05:05
It works just as well underwater
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Podjednako dobro funkcionira i pod vodom
05:06
for goldfish and lobsters.
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za zlatne ribice i jastoge.
05:08
And almost every mammal you can think of
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U gotovo svakog sisavca kojega se možete sjetiti
05:10
has had a pheromone identified,
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identificiran je feromon,
05:12
and of course, an enormous number of insects.
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i, naravno, golemom broju insekata.
05:16
So we know that pheromones exist
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Stoga znamo da feromoni postoje
05:18
right the way across the animal kingdom.
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diljem životinjskog carstva.
05:21
What about humans?
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Ali što je s ljudima?
05:23
Well, the first thing, of course,
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Pa, kao prvo, naravno,
05:24
is that we're mammals,
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sisavci smo.
05:26
and mammals are smelly.
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A sisavci ne miriše lijepo.
05:27
As any dog owner can tell you,
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Kao što će vam potvrditi svaki vlasnik psa,
05:29
we smell, they smell.
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mi smrdimo, oni smrde.
05:31
But the real reason we might think
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No, pravi razlog zbog kojega bismo pomislili
05:33
that humans have pheromones
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da ljudi imaju feromone
05:35
is the change that occurs as we grow up.
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jesu promjene koje se događaju kako odrastamo.
05:38
The smell of a room of teenagers
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Miris sobe tinejdžera
05:40
is quite different
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znatno se razlikuje
05:42
from the smell of a room of small children.
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od mirisa sobe male djece.
05:45
What's changed? And of course, it's puberty.
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Što se promijenilo?
Odgovor je, naravno, pubertet.
Odgovor je, naravno, pubertet.
05:48
Along with the pubic hair
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Zajedno sa stidnim dlakama
05:49
and the hair in the armpits,
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i onima ispod pazuha,
05:51
new glands start to secrete in those places,
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nove žlijezde započinju
izlučivanje na tim mjestima,
izlučivanje na tim mjestima,
05:55
and that's what's making the change in smell.
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i to čini promjenu u mirisu.
05:57
If we were any other kind of mammal,
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Da smo neka druga vrsta sisavca,
05:59
or any other kind of animal,
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ili neka druga životinja,
06:01
we would say,
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rekli bismo:
06:02
"That must be something to do with pheromones,"
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„To mora imati veze s feromonima,“
06:04
and we'd start looking properly.
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i počeli bismo ispravno gledati.
06:06
But there are some problems, and this is why,
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No, postoje neki problemi i oni su razlog zašto
06:08
I think, people have not looked for
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mislim da ljudi nisu tragali za
06:11
pheromones so effectively in humans.
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feromonima u ljudi toliko učinkovito.
06:14
There are, indeed, problems.
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Postoje, zbilja, problemi.
06:16
And the first of these
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I prvi od njih
06:18
is perhaps surprising.
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je možda iznenađujuć.
06:19
It's all about culture.
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Sve je do kulture.
06:21
Now moths don't learn a lot
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Svilci ne uče mnogo o tome
06:23
about what is good to smell, but humans do,
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što je prihvatljivo za njušenje, ali ljudi uče,
06:27
and up to the age of about four,
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te je do četvrte godine,
06:29
any smell, no matter how rancid,
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svaki miris, bez obzira koliko bio užegao,
06:32
is simply interesting.
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jednostavno zanimljiv.
06:33
And I understand that the major role of parents
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I razumijem da je velika uloga roditelja
06:35
is to stop kids putting their fingers in poo,
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spriječiti djecu da stavljaju prste u izmet,
06:39
because it's always something nice to smell.
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jer uvijek postoji nešto lijepo za ponjušiti.
06:42
But gradually we learn what's not good,
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No, postepeno naučimo što nije dobro,
06:45
and one of the things we learn
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a jedna od stvari koju naučimo
06:46
at the same time as what is not good
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istovremeno kada i što nije dobro,
06:48
is what is good.
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jest što je dobro.
06:50
Now, the cheese behind me
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Sir iza mene
06:52
is a British, if not an English, delicacy.
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Britanska je, ako ne engleska delikatesa.
06:56
It's ripe blue Stilton.
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To je sazrio plavi Stilton.
07:00
Liking it is incomprehensible to
people from other countries.
people from other countries.
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Ljubav prema njemu neshvatljiva
je ljudima iz drugih zemalja.
je ljudima iz drugih zemalja.
07:04
Every culture has its own special food
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Svaka kultura ima svoju vlastitu posebnu hranu
07:07
and national delicacy.
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i nacionalne poslastice.
07:09
If you were to come from Iceland,
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Ako dolazite s Islanda,
07:11
your national dish
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vaše nacionalno jelo
07:13
is deep rotted shark.
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je truli morski pas.
07:16
Now, all of these things are acquired tastes,
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Sve nabrojane stvari
pitanje su stečenoga ukusa,
pitanje su stečenoga ukusa,
07:18
but they form almost a badge of identity.
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a one gotovo da tvore bedž identiteta.
07:21
You're part of the in-group.
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Dio ste klike.
07:26
The second thing is the sense of smell.
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Druga je stvar osjet njuha.
07:29
Each of us has a unique odor world,
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Svatko od nas ima jedinstven svijet mirisa,
07:33
in the sense that what we smell,
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u smislu onoga što njušimo,
07:35
we each smell a completely different world.
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svatko osjeti potpuno drugačiji svijet.
07:38
Now, smell was the hardest
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Njuh je bio najteži
07:40
of the senses to crack,
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od osjeta za dešifrirati,
07:42
and the Nobel Prize awarded to
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a Nobelova je nagrada dodijeljena
07:44
Richard Axel and Linda Buck
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Richardu Axelu i Lindi Buck
07:45
was only awarded in 2004
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tek 2004.
07:48
for their discovery of how smell works.
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za njihovo otkriće kako radi osjet njuha.
07:50
It's really hard,
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Doista je teško,
07:52
but in essence, nerves from the brain
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no, u biti, živci iz mozga
07:54
go up into the nose
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pružaju se do nosa
07:57
and on these nerves exposed in the nose
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i na tim živcima u nosu izloženima
07:59
to the outside air are receptors,
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vanjskom zraku nalaze se receptori,
08:02
and odor molecules coming in on a sniff
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3149
a dolazeće mirisne molekule prilikom udisaja
08:05
interact with these receptors,
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2150
uzajamno djeluju s tim receptorima,
08:07
and if they bond, they send the nerve a signal
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4259
te ako se povežu, šalju živčani signal
08:12
which goes back into the brain.
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koji se vraća nazad do mozga.
08:14
We don't just have one kind of receptor.
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Nemamo samo jednu vrstu receptora.
08:16
If you're a human, you have about 400
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Ako ste čovjek, imate oko 400
08:18
different kinds of receptors,
192
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2065
različitih vrsta receptora,
08:20
and the brain knows what you're smelling
193
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a mozak zna što njušite
08:23
because of the combination of receptors
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zbog kombinacije receptora
08:25
and nerve cells that they trigger,
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2513
i živčanih stanica koje podražuju
08:27
sending messages up to the brain
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šaljući u mozak
08:29
in a combinatorial fashion.
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kombinatorične signale.
08:32
But it's a bit more complicated,
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No, situacija je nešto kompliciranija,
08:33
because each of those 400
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2135
zato što svaki od njih 400
08:35
comes in various variants,
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dolazi u raznim varijantama,
08:37
and depending which variant you have,
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2071
i oviseći o tome koju inačicu imate,
08:39
you might smell coriander, or cilantro, that herb,
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4182
možete namirisati korijandar, tu biljku,
08:43
either as something delicious and savory
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2618
kao nešto ukusno i prijatno,
08:46
or something like soap.
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2174
ili kao nešto poput sapuna.
08:48
So we each have an individual world of smell,
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2686
Stoga svatko ima vlastiti svijet mirisa,
08:51
and that complicates anything
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1641
i to komplicira sve
08:52
when we're studying smell.
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dok proučavamo njuh.
08:55
Well, we really ought to talk about armpits,
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2692
Pa, zbilja bismo trebali pričati o pazusima,
08:57
and I have to say that I do
have particularly good ones.
have particularly good ones.
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i moram reći da ja imam naročito dobre.
09:01
Now, I'm not going to share them with you,
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2002
Neću ih podijeliti s vama,
09:03
but this is the place that most people
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1979
no oni su mjesto na kojemu je većina ljudi
09:05
have looked for pheromones.
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1737
tražila feromone.
09:06
There is one good reason,
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1503
Postoji jedan dobar razlog,
09:08
which is, the great apes have armpits
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koji je: veliki čovjekoliki majmuni imaju
09:11
as their unique characteristic.
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jedinstvene karakteristične pazuhe.
09:14
The other primates have scent glands
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Drugi primati imaju mirisne žlijezde
09:16
in other parts of the body.
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u drugim dijelovima tijela.
09:18
The great apes have these armpits
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2354
Veliki primati imaju pazuhe
09:20
full of secretory glands
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pune sekretornih žlijezda
09:22
producing smells all the time,
220
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2341
koje cijelo vrijeme proizvode mirise,
09:25
enormous numbers of molecules.
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goleme iznose molekula.
09:28
When they're secreted from the glands,
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1703
Kada ih izluče iz žlijezde,
09:30
the molecules are odorless.
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2004
molekule su bezmirisne.
09:32
They have no smell at all,
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2075
Uopće nemaju mirisa,
09:34
and it's only the wonderful bacteria
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562780
1969
i samo predivne bakterije
09:36
growing on the rainforest of hair
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2213
koje žive u prašumi dlaka
09:38
that actually produces the smells
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1456
zapravo proizvode mirise
09:40
that we know and love.
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568418
2021
koje znamo i volimo.
09:42
And so incidentally, if you want to reduce
229
570439
1900
I ako slučajno želimo smanjiti
09:44
the amount of smell,
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572339
1430
količinu mirisa,
09:45
clear-cutting your armpits
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573769
1920
brijanje pazuha
09:47
is a very effective way of reducing
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vrlo je učinkovito u reduciranju
09:49
the habitat for bacteria,
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577945
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staništa za bakterije,
09:51
and you'll find they remain less smelly
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579459
2337
i otkriti ćete da ostaju manje neugodna mirisa
09:53
for much longer.
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2094
puno dulje.
09:55
But although we've focused on armpits,
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No, iako smo se fokusirali na pazuhe,
09:58
I think it's partly because they're the least
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mislim da je zbog toga što su oni najmanje
09:59
embarrassing place to go and ask people for samples.
238
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neugodno mjesto za tražiti uzorke od ljudi.
10:03
There is actually another reason why we might not
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2612
Postoji zapravo još jedan razlog
10:06
be looking for a universal sex pheromone there,
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2776
zašto tamo ne tražimo
univerzalni seksualni feromon,
univerzalni seksualni feromon,
10:09
and that's because 20 percent
of the world's population
of the world's population
241
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3839
a to je zato što 20% svjetske populacije
10:12
doesn't have smelly armpits like me.
242
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nema „mirisne“ pazuhe poput mene.
10:16
And these are people from China, Japan,
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3916
A to su ljudi iz Kine, Japana,
10:20
Korea, and other parts of northeast Asia.
244
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2595
Koreje i drugih dijelova sjevernoistočne Azije.
10:22
They simply don't secrete those odorless precursors
245
610953
3524
Oni jednostavno ne luče
one bezmirisne prekursore
one bezmirisne prekursore
10:26
that the bacteria love to use to produce the smells
246
614477
4253
koje bakterije vole iskorištavati
za proizvodnju mirisa
za proizvodnju mirisa
10:30
that in an ethnocentric way we always thought of
247
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2349
koje smo u etnocentričnom smislu uvijek smatrali
10:33
as characteristic of armpits.
248
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karakterističnima za pazuhe.
10:35
So it doesn't apply to 20 percent of the world.
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4507
Stoga se to ne može primijeniti na 20% svijeta.
10:39
So what should we be doing
250
627691
3002
Dakle, što bismo trebali raditi
10:42
in our search for human pheromones?
251
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3053
u našoj potrazi za ljudskim feromonima?
10:45
I'm fairly convinced that we do have them.
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2452
Poprilično sam uvjeren da ih imamo.
10:48
We're mammals, like everybody else
253
636198
1953
Sisavci smo, i kao svatko drugi
10:50
who's a mammal, and we probably do have them.
254
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tko je sisavac, vjerojatno ih imamo.
10:54
But what I think we should do
255
642130
1583
No, ono što mislim da bismo trebali napraviti
10:55
is go right back to the beginning,
256
643713
1939
jest vratiti se na sam početak
10:57
and basically look all over the body.
257
645652
2339
i u biti tražiti po cijelome tijelu.
10:59
No matter how embarrassing,
258
647991
1691
Bez obzira koliko bilo neugodno,
11:01
we need to search and go for the first time
259
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3378
moramo tragati i prvi put ići
11:05
where no one else has dared tread.
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2460
onamo kamo se nitko nije usudio stupati.
11:07
It's going to be difficult,
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1148
Bit će teško,
11:08
it's going to be embarrassing, but we need to look.
262
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2575
bit će neugodno, no moramo tražiti.
11:11
We also need to go back to the ideas
263
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2947
Također se moramo vratiti idejama
11:14
that Butenandt used when he
was studying the silk moth.
was studying the silk moth.
264
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3267
koje je Butenandt koristio
pri proučavanju dudova svilca.
pri proučavanju dudova svilca.
11:17
We need to go back and look systematically
265
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3468
Moramo ići unazad i sustavno sagledati
11:20
at all the molecules that are being produced,
266
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2138
sve molekule koje se stvaraju
11:23
and work out which ones are really involved.
267
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2433
i razlučiti koje su zbilja uključene.
11:25
It isn't good enough simply to pluck a couple
268
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2106
Nije dovoljno dobro
jednostavno izabrati nekoliko
jednostavno izabrati nekoliko
11:27
and say, "They'll do."
269
675602
1944
i reći: „One će poslužiti.“
11:29
We have to actually demonstrate
270
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1399
Moramo doista pokazati
11:30
that they really have the effects we claim.
271
678945
2810
da one zbilja imaju efekte koje tvrdimo da imaju.
11:33
There is one team that I'm
actually very impressed by.
actually very impressed by.
272
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3234
Postoji jedan tim koji me zbilja impresionira.
11:36
They're in France, and their previous success
273
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3176
Nalazi se u Francuskoj, i njihov prijašnji uspjeh
11:40
was identifying the rabbit mammary pheromone.
274
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4377
bio je identificiranje
zečjeg mliječnog feromona.
zečjeg mliječnog feromona.
11:44
They've turned their attention now
275
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2569
Sada su preusmjerili pažnju
11:47
to human babies and mothers.
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3185
na ljudske bebe i majke.
11:50
So this is a baby having a drink of milk
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Ovo je dijete koje pije
11:53
from its mother's breast.
278
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2643
iz majčine dojke.
11:56
Her nipple is completely hidden
279
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2183
Njezina bradavica je u potpunosti
11:58
by the baby's head,
280
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1246
sakrivena bebinom glavom,
11:59
but what you'll notice is a white droplet
281
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3751
no primijetit ćete bijelu kapljicu
12:03
with an arrow pointing to it,
282
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1781
na koju ukazuje strelica,
12:04
and that's the secretion from the areolar glands.
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3199
a to je sekret iz areolarnih žlijezda.
12:08
Now, we all have them, men and women,
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Svi ih imamo, muškarci i žene,
12:11
and these are the little bumps around the nipple,
285
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2818
i to su sitne kvržice oko bradavice,
12:13
and if you're a lactating woman,
286
721978
1959
a ako ste dojilja,
12:15
these start to secrete.
287
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2337
one počnu lučiti.
12:18
It's a very interesting secretion.
288
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2589
Vrlo je to zanimljiv sekret.
12:20
What Benoist Schaal and his team developed
289
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3003
Ono što je Benoist Schaal razvio sa svojim timom
12:23
was a simple test to investigate
290
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2407
jednostavan je test za utvrđivanje
12:26
what the effect of this secretion might be,
291
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2806
koji bi bio efekt te sekrecije,
12:29
in effect, a simple bioassay.
292
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2976
ustvari jednostavan biotest.
12:32
So this is a sleeping baby,
293
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2675
Ovo je beba koja spava,
12:34
and under its nose, we've put a clean glass rod.
294
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4989
i ispod njezina nosa stavili
smo čisti stakleni štapić.
smo čisti stakleni štapić.
12:39
The baby remains sleeping,
295
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2111
Beba nastavlja spavati,
12:41
showing no interest at all.
296
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2341
ne pokazujući ikakvo zanimanje.
12:44
But if we go to any mother
297
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2074
No, ako od bilo koje majke
12:46
who is secreting from the areolar glands,
298
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2429
koja luči iz areolarnih žlijeda,
12:48
so it's not about recognition,
299
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1577
znači ne radi se o prepoznavanju,
12:50
it can be from any mother,
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2228
može biti od bilo koje majke,
12:52
if we take the secretion
301
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1352
ako uzmemo sekret
12:53
and now put it under the baby's nose,
302
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2904
i tada ga stavimo ispod bebina nosa,
12:56
we get a very different reaction.
303
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2091
dobivamo vrlo različitu reakciju.
12:58
It's a connoisseur's reaction of delight,
304
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2984
To je radosna reakcija znalca,
13:01
and it opens its mouth
305
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2060
beba otvara usta,
13:03
and sticks out its tongue
306
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1653
plazi jezik
13:05
and starts to suck.
307
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2087
i počinje sisati.
13:07
Now, since this is from any mother,
308
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2340
S obzirom da je ovo od bilo koje majke,
13:09
it could really be a pheromone.
309
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1792
mogao bi zbilja biti feromon.
13:11
It's not about individual recognition.
310
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1779
Nije do individualnog prepoznavanja.
13:13
Any mother will do.
311
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1876
Bilo koja majka će dostajati.
13:15
Now, why is this important,
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1463
Stoga, zašto je ovo važno,
13:16
apart from being simply very interesting?
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2458
osim što je jednostavno vrlo zanimljivo?
13:19
It's because women vary
314
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1807
Zato što žene variraju
13:21
in the number of areolar glands that they have,
315
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2773
u broju areolarnih žlijezda koje imaju,
13:23
and there is a correlation between the ease
316
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2196
i postoji korelacija između lakoće
13:26
with which babies start to suckle
317
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2542
kojom bebe započinju sisati
13:28
and the number of areolar glands she has.
318
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1862
i broja žlijezda koje ona ima.
13:30
It appears that the more secretions she's got,
319
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2798
Čini se da što više sekreta žena ima,
13:33
the more likely the baby is to suckle quickly.
320
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3662
vjerojatnije je da će beba brže početi sisati.
13:36
If you're a mammal,
321
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1460
Ako ste sisavac,
13:38
the most dangerous time in life
322
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2543
najopasnije vrijeme u životu
13:40
is the first few hours after birth.
323
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2309
prvih su nekoliko sati nakon rođenja.
13:43
You have to get that first drink of milk,
324
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3760
Morate dobiti taj prvi gutljaj mlijeka,
13:47
and if you don't get it, you won't survive.
325
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3491
a ako ga ne dobijete, nećete preživjeti.
13:50
You'll be dead.
326
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1464
Umrijet ćete.
13:51
Since many babies actually find it difficult
327
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2638
S obzirom da mnoge bebe zapravo imaju poteškoća
13:54
to take that first meal,
328
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1649
s uzimanjem tog prvog gutljaja,
13:56
because they're not getting the right stimulus,
329
824272
1977
zato što ne dobivaju adekvatan podražaj,
13:58
if we could identify what that molecule was,
330
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3210
kada bismo mogli identificirati
o kojoj se molekuli radi,
o kojoj se molekuli radi,
14:01
and the French team are being very cautious,
331
829459
1987
a francuski je tim vrlo oprezan,
14:03
but if we could identify the molecule,
332
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2115
ali ako bismo mogli identificirati molekulu,
14:05
synthesize it, it would then mean
333
833561
2794
sintetizirati ju, to bi značilo
14:08
premature babies would be more likely to suckle,
334
836355
1906
da bi prijevremeno rođene bebe
vjerojatnije sisale,
vjerojatnije sisale,
14:10
and every baby would have a better chance
335
838261
2928
i svaka bi beba imala veću šansu
14:13
of survival.
336
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1321
za preživljenje.
14:14
So what I want to argue is this is one example
337
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2540
Stoga, ono što želim argumentirati
je ovaj jedan primjer
je ovaj jedan primjer
14:17
of where a systematic, really scientific approach
338
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3596
gdje sustavan, zaista znanstveni pristup
14:20
can actually bring you a real understanding
339
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2722
može stvarno dostaviti pravo
14:23
of pheromones.
340
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1108
Razumijevanje feromona.
14:24
There could be all sorts of medical interventions.
341
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2614
Moglo bi doći do raznih
medicinskih intervencija.
medicinskih intervencija.
14:27
There could be all sorts of things
342
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1254
Mogle bi postojati razne stvari
14:28
that humans are doing with pheromones
343
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1700
koje ljudi rade zbog feromona,
14:30
that we simply don't know at the moment.
344
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2048
a da to jednostavno ne znamo u trenutku.
14:32
What we need to remember is pheromones
345
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1886
Ono što trebamo zapamtiti jest da feromoni
14:33
are not just about sex.
346
861978
1378
nemaju samo veze sa seksom.
14:35
They're about all sorts of things to do
347
863356
1716
Imaju veze s raznim stvarima
14:37
with a mammal's life.
348
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1723
vezanima uz život sisavca.
14:38
So do go forward and do search for more.
349
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2689
Stoga napredujte i tražite dalje.
14:41
There's lots to find.
350
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1040
Ima puno toga za pronaći.
14:42
Thank you very much.
351
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1866
Puno vam hvala.
14:44
(Applause)
352
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4488
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tristram Wyatt - ZoologistDo humans have pheromones? Tristram Wyatt is on the case. A researcher at Oxford, Wyatt is interested in the evolution of pheromones throughout the animal kingdom.
Why you should listen
Tristram Wyatt wants to understand the messages that animals send with their smell. At Oxford, he researches the intersection of pheromone evolution and animal behavior, particularly in mammals. He's interested in the distinction between pheromones, the chemical signals a species produces, and each individual's signature mixture of distinct molecules. The zoologist has discovered some surprising biological coincidences along the way — like the fact that Asian elephants have the same female sex pheromones as 140 species of moths.
Wyatt is the author of Pheromones and Animal Behavior.
Tristram Wyatt | Speaker | TED.com