TED in the Field
Craig Venter: Watch me unveil "synthetic life"
Craig Venter: Craig Venter otkriva "sintetski život"
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Craig Venter i njegov tim učinili su povijesnu objavu: stvorili su prvi potpuno funkcionalni stanični organizam koji se može razmnožavati kojim upravlja sintetička DNA. Objašnjava kako su to učinili i zašto ovo otkriće predstavlja početak nove ere u znanosti.
Craig Venter - Biologist, genetics pioneer
In 2001, Craig Venter made headlines for sequencing the human genome. In 2003, he started mapping the ocean's biodiversity. And now he's created the first synthetic lifeforms -- microorganisms that can produce alternative fuels. Full bio
In 2001, Craig Venter made headlines for sequencing the human genome. In 2003, he started mapping the ocean's biodiversity. And now he's created the first synthetic lifeforms -- microorganisms that can produce alternative fuels. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
We're here today to announce
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Ovdje smo danas kako bi smo najavili
00:18
the first synthetic cell,
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prvu sintetičku stanicu,
00:21
a cell made by
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stanicu stvorenu
00:23
starting with the digital code in the computer,
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počevši s digitalnim kodom u kompjuteru,
00:26
building the chromosome
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gradeći kromosom
00:29
from four bottles of chemicals,
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iz četiri bočice kemikalija,
00:32
assembling that chromosome in yeast,
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postavljajući taj kromosom u kvasac,
00:34
transplanting it into
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premještajući ga u
00:37
a recipient bacterial cell
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primalačku bakterijsku stanicu
00:39
and transforming that cell
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i pretvarajući tu stanicu
00:41
into a new bacterial species.
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u novu bakterijsku vrstu.
00:44
So this is the first self-replicating species
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Ovo je prva samoumnožavajuća vrsta
00:47
that we've had on the planet
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koja postoji na planetu
00:49
whose parent is a computer.
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čiji roditelj je kompjuter.
00:52
It also is the first species
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To je također prva vrsta
00:54
to have its own website
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koja ima svoju web stranicu
00:56
encoded in its genetic code.
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kodiranu u svom genetičkom kodu.
00:59
But we'll talk more about
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Pričat ćemo više o
01:01
the watermarks in a minute.
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vodenim žigovima za koju minutu.
01:04
This is a project that had its inception
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Ovaj projekt je započet
01:06
15 years ago
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Prije 15 godina
01:08
when our team then --
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kada se naš tim tada-
01:10
we called the institute TIGR --
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zvali smo ga TIGR institut -
01:12
was involved in sequencing
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bavio sekvenciranjem
01:14
the first two genomes in history.
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Prva dva genoma u povijesti.
01:16
We did Haemophilus influenzae
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Uradili smo Haemophilus influenzae,
01:18
and then the smallest genome of a self-replicating organism,
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a zatim najmanji genom samoreproducirajućeg organizma,
01:21
that of Mycoplasma genitalium.
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a to je Mycoplasma genitalium.
01:24
And as soon as
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I nakon što
01:26
we had these two sequences
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smo dobili ove dvije sekvence
01:28
we thought, if this is supposed to be the smallest genome
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pomislili smo, ako bi ovo trebao biti najmanji genom
01:31
of a self-replicating species,
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samoumnožavajuće vrste,
01:33
could there be even a smaller genome?
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može li postojati još manji genom?
01:35
Could we understand the basis of cellular life
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Možemo li razumjeti osnove staničnog života
01:38
at the genetic level?
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na genetičkoj razini?
01:40
It's been a 15-year quest
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Bio je to 15-godišnji pothvat
01:42
just to get to the starting point now
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samo kako bismo dospjeli na početnu točku
01:44
to be able to answer those questions,
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kako bi mogli odgovoriti na ta pitanja,
01:47
because it's very difficult to eliminate
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jer je jako teško ukloniti
01:49
multiple genes from a cell.
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višestruke gene iz stanice.
01:51
You can only do them one at a time.
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Možete ih obraditi jednog po jednog.
01:54
We decided early on
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Ranije smo odlučili
01:56
that we had to take a synthetic route,
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da moramo ići sintetičkim putem,
01:58
even though nobody had been there before,
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čak iako nitko to nije učinio prije,
02:00
to see if we could synthesize
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da vidimo možemo li sintetizirati
02:02
a bacterial chromosome
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bakterijski kromosom
02:04
so we could actually vary the gene content
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tako da možemo zapravo razlikovati genski sadržaj
02:06
to understand the essential genes for life.
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kako bi smo razumjeli osnovne gene života.
02:09
That started our 15-year quest
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To je započelo naš 15-godišnji pothvat
02:12
to get here.
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da dođemo do ovdje.
02:14
But before we did the first experiments,
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Ali prije no što smo uradili prvi eksperiment
02:16
we actually asked
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pitali smo
02:19
Art Caplan's team at the University of Pennsylvania
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tim Arta Caplana sa Sveučilišta Pennsylvania
02:22
to undertake a review
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da učine provjeru
02:24
of what the risks, the challenges,
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o tome koji su rizici, izazovi,
02:27
the ethics around creating new
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etika oko stvaranja nove
02:29
species in the laboratory were
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vrste u laboratoriju
02:31
because it hadn't been done before.
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jer to nitko prije nije učinio.
02:33
They spent about two years
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Proveli su dvije godine
02:35
reviewing that independently
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provjeravajući to nezavisno
02:37
and published their results in Science in 1999.
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I objavili svoje rezultate u Science 1999.
02:40
Ham and I took two years off
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Ham i ja smo uzeli dvije godine
02:42
as a side project to sequence the human genome,
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za projekt sa strane kako bi smo sekvencionirali ljudski genom,
02:44
but as soon as that was done
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ali čim smo završili
02:46
we got back to the task at hand.
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vratili smo se glavnom zadatku.
02:50
In 2002, we started
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2002 smo započeli
02:52
a new institute,
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novi institut,
02:54
the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives,
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Institut za alternative biološke energije,
02:57
where we set out two goals:
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gdje smo postavili dva cilja:
02:59
One, to understand
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Prvi, da razumijemo
03:01
the impact of our technology on the environment,
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učinak naše tehnologije na okoliš,
03:04
and how to understand the environment better,
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i kako da bolje razumijemo okoliš,
03:06
and two, to start down this process
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i drugi, da započnemo proces
03:08
of making synthetic life
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stvaranja sintetičkog života
03:11
to understand basic life.
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kako bi smo razumjeli osnove života.
03:14
In 2003,
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2003. godine smo
03:16
we published our first success.
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objavili naš prvi uspjeh.
03:18
So Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison
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Ham Smith i Clyde Hutchison
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developed some new methods
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su razvili neke nove metode
03:22
for making error-free DNA
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za stvaranje DNK bez grešaka,
03:25
at a small level.
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na manjoj razini.
03:27
Our first task was
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Naš prvi zadatak je bio
03:29
a 5,000-letter code bacteriophage,
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bakteriofag od 5000 slova koda,
03:32
a virus that attacks only E. coli.
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virus koji napada samo E.coli.
03:36
So that was
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To je bio
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the phage phi X 174,
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fag phi X 174,
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which was chosen for historical reasons.
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koji je odabran zbog povijesnih razloga.
03:42
It was the first DNA phage,
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To je bio prvi DNK fag,
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DNA virus, DNA genome
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DNK virus, DNK genom
03:48
that was actually sequenced.
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koji je zapravo sekvencioniran.
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So once we realized
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Kada smo vidjeli
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that we could make 5,000-base pair
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da možemo napraviti dio veličine virusa
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viral-sized pieces,
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od 5000 parova baza,
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we thought, we at least have the means
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pomislili smo, bar imamo mogućnosti
03:59
then to try and make serially lots of these pieces
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da onda probamo napraviti serijski mnogo ovih dijelova
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to be able to eventually assemble them together
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kako bi smo ih konačno spojili
04:05
to make this mega base chromosome.
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i napravili kromosom koji je velika baza.
04:09
So, substantially larger than
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To je puno veće no što smo
04:11
we even thought we would go initially.
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mislili da ćemo ići u početku.
04:15
There were several steps to this. There were two sides:
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Trebalo je proći nekoliko koraka do toga. Postojale su dvije strane:
04:18
We had to solve the chemistry
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Morali smo riješiti kemiju
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for making large DNA molecules,
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za izgradnju velikih DNK molekula
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and we had to solve the biological side
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i morali smo riješiti biološku stranu
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of how, if we had this new chemical entity,
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kako, ako imamo ovaj novi kemijski kompleks,
04:27
how would we boot it up, activate it
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kako ga podići, aktivirati ga
04:30
in a recipient cell.
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u primalačkoj stanici.
04:33
We had two teams working in parallel:
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Imali smo dva tima koja su radila paralelno:
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one team on the chemistry,
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jedan tim na kemiji,
04:37
and the other on trying to
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a drugi je pokušavao
04:40
be able to transplant
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omogućiti transplantaciju
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entire chromosomes
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cijelih kromosoma
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to get new cells.
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kako bi smo dobili novu stanicu.
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When we started this out, we thought the synthesis would be the biggest problem,
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Kada smo započeli, mislili smo da će sinteza biti najveći problem
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which is why we chose the smallest genome.
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zbog čega smo odabrali najmanji genom.
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And some of you have noticed that we switched from the smallest genome
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I neki od vas su primijetili da smo se prebacili sa najmanjeg genoma
04:56
to a much larger one.
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na puno veći.
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And we can walk through the reasons for that,
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I možemo proći kroz razloge za to,
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but basically the small cell
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ali u osnovi, maloj stanici
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took on the order of
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je trebao
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one to two months to get results from,
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jedan ili dva mjeseca da se dobiju rezultati,
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whereas the larger, faster-growing cell
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dok kod velike stanice koja brže raste,
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takes only two days.
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treba samo dva dana.
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So there's only so many cycles we could go through
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Postoji puno ciklusa koje možemo preći
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in a year at six weeks per cycle.
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u godini ako je ciklus šest tjedana.
05:18
And you should know that basically
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I trebate znati da
05:20
99, probably 99 percent plus
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99, vjerovatno i više od 99 posto
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of our experiments failed.
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naših eksperimenata nije uspjelo.
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So this was a debugging,
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Ovo je bilo raspetljavanje,
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problem-solving scenario from the beginning
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stategija rješavanja problema od početka
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because there was no recipe
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jer nije postojao recept
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of how to get there.
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za kako doći do tog rezultata.
05:34
So, one of the most important publications we had
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Jedna od važnijih publikacija koje smo imali
05:37
was in 2007.
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je bila 2007. godine.
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Carole Lartigue led the effort
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Carole Lartigue je predvodila zalaganje
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to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome
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da se bakterijski kromosom zapravo transplantira
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from one bacteria to another.
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iz jedne bakterije u drugu.
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I think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers
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Filozofski mislim da je to jedan od najvažnijih studija
05:50
that we've ever done
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koje smo učinili
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because it showed how dynamic life was.
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jer nam je pokazala dinamiku života.
05:55
And we knew, once that worked,
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I znali smo, kad nam je to konačno uspjelo,
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that we actually had a chance
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da zapravo imamo šanse,
05:59
if we could make the synthetic chromosomes
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ako uspijemo napraviti sintetičke kromosome,
06:01
to do the same with those.
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učiniti isto i s njima.
06:04
We didn't know that it was going to take us
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Nismo znali da će nam trebati
06:06
several years more to get there.
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nekoliko dodatnih godina da stignemo tamo.
06:08
In 2008,
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2008. godine
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we reported the complete synthesis
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objavili smo kompletnu sintezu
06:12
of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome,
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genoma Mycoplasma genitalium,
06:15
a little over 500,000 letters of genetic code,
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malo više od 500000 slova genetičkog koda,
06:19
but we have not yet succeeded in booting up that chromosome.
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ali nismo još bili uspjeli pokrenuti kromosom.
06:22
We think in part, because of its slow growth
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Mislimo da je djelom zbog njegovog sporog rasta,
06:26
and, in part,
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a dijelom
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cells have all kinds of unique defense mechanisms
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zbog jedinstvenih obrambenih mehanizama koje stanice imaju
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to keep these events from happening.
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da se ti procesi ne bi događali.
06:33
It turned out the cell that we were trying to transplant into
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Ispalo je da stanice u koje smo pokušavali transplantirati
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had a nuclease, an enzyme that chews up DNA on its surface,
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imaju nukleaze, enzim koji kida DNK na njenoj površini,
06:39
and was happy to eat
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i bio je sretan jedući
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the synthetic DNA that we gave it
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sintetički DNK koji smo mu dali
06:43
and never got transplantations.
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i nikada se nije transplantirala.
06:46
But at the time, that was the largest
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U to vrijeme, to je bila najveća
06:48
molecule of a defined structure
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molekula poznate strukture
06:50
that had been made.
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koja je bila stvorena.
06:52
And so both sides were progressing,
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I obje strane su napredovale.
06:54
but part of the synthesis
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ali dio sinteze
06:56
had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished
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morao se postići ili se mogao postići
06:59
using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast
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koristeći kvasce, stavljajući dijelove u kvasac
07:02
and yeast would assemble these for us.
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i kvasac bi ih spojio za nas.
07:04
It's an amazing step forward,
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Bio je to veliki korak naprijed,
07:07
but we had a problem because now we had
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ali imali smo problem jer smo dobili
07:09
the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast.
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bakterijske kromosome koji rastu u kvascu.
07:12
So in addition to doing the transplant,
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U dodatku na transplantaciju,
07:15
we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome
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morali smo pronaći način kako bakterijski kromosom
07:17
out of the eukaryotic yeast
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izvući iz eukariotskog kvasca
07:19
into a form where we could transplant it
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u obliku u kojem ga možemo transplantirati
07:21
into a recipient cell.
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u primateljsku stanicu.
07:25
So our team developed new techniques
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Zato je naš tim razvio novu tehniku
07:28
for actually growing, cloning
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za rast i kloniranje
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entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast.
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cijelih bakterijskih kromosoma u kvascima.
07:32
So we took the same mycoides genome
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Uzeli smo isti mikoidni genom
07:35
that Carole had initially transplanted,
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koji je Carol u početku transplantirala,
07:37
and we grew that in yeast
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i razvili smo ga u kvascu
07:39
as an artificial chromosome.
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kao umjetni kromosom.
07:42
And we thought this would be a great test bed
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I pomislili smo da će ovo biti dobra testna podloga
07:44
for learning how to get chromosomes out of yeast
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za učenje kako izvaditi kromosome iz kvasaca
07:46
and transplant them.
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i transplantirati ih.
07:48
When we did these experiments, though,
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No, kada smo radili te eksperimente,
07:50
we could get the chromosome out of yeast
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mogli smo izvući kromosom iz kvasca
07:52
but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.
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ali se on ne bi transplantirao i pokrenuo stanicu.
07:56
That little issue took the team two years to solve.
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Trebalo je dvije godine timu kako bi riješio taj mali problem.
07:59
It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell
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Ispalo je da je DNK u bakterijskoj stanici
08:02
was actually methylated,
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zapravo metilirana,
08:04
and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme,
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a metilacija ga štiti od restrikcijskih enzima,
08:08
from digesting the DNA.
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od probavljanja DNK.
08:11
So what we found is if we took the chromosome
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Ono što smo otkrili je da ako uzmemo kromosome
08:13
out of yeast and methylated it,
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van iz kvasca i metiliramo ih,
08:15
we could then transplant it.
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tada ih možemo transplantirati.
08:17
Further advances came
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Daljnji napretci su došli
08:19
when the team removed the restriction enzyme genes
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kada je tim uklonio gene za restrikcijske enzime
08:22
from the recipient capricolum cell.
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iz primateljske stanice capricoluma.
08:25
And once we had done that, now we can take
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I jednom kada smo to učinili, mogli smo
08:27
naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.
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transplantirati gole DNA iz kvasaca.
08:30
So last fall
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I prošle jeseni
08:32
when we published the results of that work in Science,
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kad smo objavili rezultate tog rada u Science,
08:35
we all became overconfident
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postali smo previše sigurni
08:37
and were sure we were only
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i bili smo uvjereni da smo samo
08:39
a few weeks away
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nekoliko tjedana daleko
08:41
from being able to now boot up
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od toga da ćemo moći pokrenuti
08:43
a chromosome out of yeast.
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kromosome iz kvasca.
08:46
Because of the problems with
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Zbog problema s
08:48
Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth
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Mycoplasma genitalium i njezinim sporim rastom
08:51
about a year and a half ago,
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prije godinu i pol,
08:54
we decided to synthesize
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odlučili smo sintetizirati
08:57
the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome,
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mnogo veći kromosom, mikoidni kromosom,
09:00
knowing that we had the biology worked out on that
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znajući da smo već obavili biologiju na njemu
09:03
for transplantation.
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za transplantaciju.
09:05
And Dan led the team for the synthesis
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Dan je vodio tim za sintezu
09:07
of this over one-million-base pair chromosome.
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ovog kromosoma s više od jednog milijuna parova baza.
09:12
But it turned out it wasn't going to be as simple in the end,
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Ispalo je da neće biti baš tako jednostavno na kraju,
09:15
and it set us back three months
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i vratilo nas je natrag tri mjeseca
09:17
because we had one error
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jer smo imali jednu grešku
09:19
out of over a million base pairs in that sequence.
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u tih više od milijun parova baza u sekvenci.
09:22
So the team developed new debugging software,
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Zato je tim razvio novi software za uklanjanje grešaka,
09:25
where we could test each synthetic fragment
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u kojem smo mogli testirati svaki sintetizirani fragment
09:28
to see if it would grow in a background
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i vidjeti bi li rastao u pozadini
09:30
of wild type DNA.
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DNK divljeg tipa.
09:33
And we found that 10 out of the 11
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I pronašli smo da su 10 od 11
09:36
100,000-base pair pieces we synthesized
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dijelova od 100000 parova baza koje smo sintetizirali
09:39
were completely accurate
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bili u potpunosti točni
09:41
and compatible with
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i spojivi sa
09:43
a life-forming sequence.
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sekvencom koja stvara život.
09:47
We narrowed it down to one fragment;
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Suzili smo to na jedan dijelić,
09:49
we sequenced it
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sekvencionirali smo ga,
09:51
and found just one base pair had been deleted
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i otkrili smo da je samo jedan par baza bio obrisan
09:53
in an essential gene.
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u jednom osnovnom genu.
09:55
So accuracy is essential.
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Točnost je jako bitna.
09:58
There's parts of the genome
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Postoje dijelovi genoma
10:00
where it cannot tolerate even a single error,
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gdje se ne mogu tolerirati čak i najmanje greške,
10:03
and then there's parts of the genome
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a postoje i dijelovi genoma
10:05
where we can put in large blocks of DNA,
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u koje možemo umetnuti velike dijelove DNA,
10:07
as we did with the watermarks,
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kao što smo učinili s vodenim žigovima,
10:09
and it can tolerate all kinds of errors.
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i može tolerirati različite greške.
10:12
So it took about three months to find that error
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Trebalo nam je oko tri mjeseca da pronađemo tu grešku
10:15
and repair it.
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i popravimo je.
10:17
And then early one morning, at 6 a.m.
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I rano jednog jutra, u 6 sati
10:20
we got a text from Dan
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dobili smo poruku od Dana
10:23
saying that, now, the first blue colonies existed.
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u kojoj je pisalo da postoje prve plave kolonije.
10:26
So, it's been a long route to get here:
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Bilo je to dugačko putovanje kako bi smo stigli ovdje:
10:29
15 years from the beginning.
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15 godina od početka.
10:32
We felt
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Morali smo
10:34
one of the tenets of this field
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potvrditi jedno od načela ovog područja
10:36
was to make absolutely certain
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a to je da možemo u potpunosti
10:39
we could distinguish synthetic DNA
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razlikovati sintetičku DNA
10:42
from natural DNA.
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od prirodne DNA.
10:44
Early on, when you're working in a new area of science,
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Kada se radi o novoj grani znanosti,
10:47
you have to think about all the pitfalls
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moraš misliti o svim zamkama
10:50
and things that could lead you
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i svim stvarima koje te mogu navesti
10:52
to believe that you had done something when you hadn't,
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da vjeruješ kako si učinio nešto kada to nisi,
10:55
and, even worse, leading others to believe it.
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i, još gore, navesti i druge da povjeruju u to.
10:58
So, we thought the worst problem would be
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Mislili smo da bi najveći problem bio
11:00
a single molecule contamination
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kontaminacije jednom molekulom
11:03
of the native chromosome,
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prirodnog kromosoma,
11:05
leading us to believe that we actually had
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koja bi nas navela na vjerovanje da smo
11:08
created a synthetic cell,
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stvorili sintetičku stanicu,
11:10
when it would have been just a contaminant.
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a da je to zapravo samo kontaminacija.
11:12
So early on, we developed the notion
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Zato smo ranije dobili ideju
11:14
of putting in watermarks in the DNA
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da stavljamo vodene žigove u DNA
11:16
to absolutely make clear
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da budemo u potpunosti sigurno
11:18
that the DNA was synthetic.
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da je DNA bila sintetizirana.
11:21
And the first chromosome we built
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I prvi kromosom koji smo izgradili
11:24
in 2008 --
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2008 --
11:26
the 500,000-base pair one --
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onaj od 500000 parova baza
11:28
we simply assigned
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jednostavno smo upisali
11:31
the names of the authors of the chromosome
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imena autora kromosoma
11:34
into the genetic code,
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u genetički kod,
11:37
but it was using just amino acid
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ali samo koristeći aminokiseline,
11:39
single letter translations,
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translaciju jednog slova,
11:41
which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet.
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što izostavlja određena slova alfabeta.
11:45
So the team actually developed a new code
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Tim je razvio novi kod
11:48
within the code within the code.
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unutar koda koji je unutar koda.
11:51
So it's a new code
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To je novi kod
11:53
for interpreting and writing messages in DNA.
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za interpretaciju i pisanje poruka u DNA.
11:56
Now, mathematicians have been hiding and writing
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Sad, matematičati su bili skrivali i pisali
11:59
messages in the genetic code for a long time,
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poruke u genetičkom kodu dosta dugo,
12:02
but it's clear they were mathematicians and not biologists
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ali očigledno su bili matematičari, a ne biolozi,
12:05
because, if you write long messages
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jer, ako se napišu dugačke poruke
12:08
with the code that the mathematicians developed,
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unutar koda koji su razvili matematičari,
12:11
it would more than likely lead to
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vjerojatno će to dovesti do
12:13
new proteins being synthesized
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sinteze novog proteina
12:16
with unknown functions.
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s nepoznatom funkcijom.
12:19
So the code that Mike Montague and the team developed
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Stoga kod koji su razvili Mike Montague i tim
12:22
actually puts frequent stop codons,
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zapravo često stavlja stop kodone,
12:24
so it's a different alphabet
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pa je to drugačiji alfabet
12:27
but allows us to use
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ali omogućava nam korištenje
12:29
the entire English alphabet
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cijelog engleskog alfabeta
12:32
with punctuation and numbers.
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s interpunkcijskim znakovima i brojevima.
12:34
So, there are four major watermarks
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Postoje četiri velika vodena žiga
12:36
all over 1,000 base pairs of genetic code.
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svi su preko 1000 parova baza genetičkog koda.
12:39
The first one actually contains within it
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Prvi zapravo sadrži u sebi
12:42
this code for interpreting
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kod za interpretaciju
12:45
the rest of the genetic code.
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ostatka genetičkog koda.
12:49
So in the remaining information,
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Pa u ostalim informacijama
12:51
in the watermarks,
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u ostalim vodenim žigovima,
12:53
contain the names of, I think it's
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sadrži imena, mislim da je
12:56
46 different authors
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46 različitih autora
12:58
and key contributors
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i glavnih suradnika
13:00
to getting the project to this stage.
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koji su doveli projekt do ovog stadija.
13:04
And we also built in
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Također smo ugradili i
13:06
a website address
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web adresu
13:09
so that if somebody decodes the code
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tako da ako netko dekodira kod
13:11
within the code within the code,
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unutar koda koji je unutar koda,
13:13
they can send an email to that address.
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mogu poslati email na tu adresu.
13:15
So it's clearly distinguishable
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Očito se može razlikovati
13:18
from any other species,
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od drugih vrsta,
13:20
having 46 names in it,
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ima 46 imena u sebi,
13:23
its own web address.
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ima svoju web adresu.
13:27
And we added three quotations,
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I dodali smo tri citata,
13:30
because with the first genome
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jer smo unutar prvog genoma
13:32
we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound
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bili kritizirani jer nismo pokušali reći nešto dubokoumno
13:35
than just signing the work.
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nego samo potpisati djelo.
13:37
So we won't give the rest of the code,
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Nećemo vam dati ostatak koda,
13:39
but we will give the three quotations.
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Ali dat ćemo vam tri citata.
13:41
The first is,
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Prvi je:
13:43
"To live, to err,
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„Živjeti, griješiti,
13:45
to fall, to triumph
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pasti, pobijediti
13:47
and to recreate life out of life."
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i ponovno stvoriti život iz života.“
13:49
It's a James Joyce quote.
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To je citat Jamesa Joycea.
13:53
The second quotation is, "See things not as they are,
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Drugi citat je: „Gledaj stvari ne kakve jesu,
13:56
but as they might be."
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već kakve bi mogle biti.“
13:58
It's a quote from the "American Prometheus"
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To je citat iz Američkog Prometeja,
14:01
book on Robert Oppenheimer.
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knjige o Robertu Oppenheimeru.
14:03
And the last one is a Richard Feynman quote:
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I zadnji citat je citat Richarda Feynmana:
14:06
"What I cannot build,
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„Ono što ne mogu sagraditi,
14:08
I cannot understand."
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ne mogu razumjeti.“
14:13
So, because this is as much a philosophical advance
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Budući da je ovo jednako filozofski napredak
14:16
as a technical advance in science,
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kao i napredak u znanosti
14:19
we tried to deal with both the philosophical
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pokušali smo riješiti i filozofsku
14:22
and the technical side.
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i tehničku stranu.
14:24
The last thing I want to say before turning it over to questions
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Posljednje što želim reći prije no što pređemo na pitanja
14:26
is that the extensive work
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je da opsežan posao
14:29
that we've done --
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koji smo napravilii -
14:31
asking for ethical review,
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tražeći etičke provjere,
14:33
pushing the envelope
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pomičući granice
14:35
on that side as well as the technical side --
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na toj strani kao i na tehničkoj strani -
14:38
this has been broadly discussed in the scientific community,
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o ovome se naširoko razgovaralo u znanstvenom društvu
14:41
in the policy community
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u političkom društvu
14:43
and at the highest levels of the federal government.
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i najvišim razinama federalne vlasti.
14:46
Even with this announcement,
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Čak i s najavom,
14:49
as we did in 2003 --
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koja je bila 2003 -
14:51
that work was funded by the Department of Energy,
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da je rad financiran od strane Ministarstva energije,
14:54
so the work was reviewed
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rad je pregledan
14:56
at the level of the White House,
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na razini Bijele kuće
14:58
trying to decide whether to classify the work or publish it.
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pokušavajući odlučiti je li rad strogo povjerljiv ili se može objaviti.
15:01
And they came down on the side of open publication,
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I dogovorili su se da se može slobodno objaviti,
15:04
which is the right approach --
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što je pravi pristup -
15:07
we've briefed the White House,
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izvještavali smo Bijelu kuću,
15:09
we've briefed members of Congress,
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izvještavali smo članove Kongresa
15:12
we've tried to take and push
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pokušali smo progurati
15:14
the policy issues
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političke probleme
15:16
in parallel with the scientific advances.
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paralelno sa znanstvenim napretcima.
15:20
So with that, I would like
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I s tim bih htio
15:22
to open it first to the floor for questions.
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započeti s pitanjima
15:25
Yes, in the back.
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Da, u pozadini.
15:27
Reporter: Could you explain, in layman's terms,
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Reporter: Možete li objasniti laički
15:29
how significant a breakthrough this is please?
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koja je značajnost ovakvog otkrića?
15:33
Craig Venter: Can we explain how significant this is?
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Craig Venter: Možemo li objasniti značajnost ovoga?
15:35
I'm not sure we're the ones that should be explaining how significant it is.
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Nisam siguran jesmo li mi ti koji bi
trebali objasniti značajnost ovoga.
trebali objasniti značajnost ovoga.
15:38
It's significant to us.
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Značajno je nama.
15:41
Perhaps it's a giant philosophical change
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Možda je velika filozofska promjena
15:44
in how we view life.
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pogleda na život.
15:46
We actually view it as a baby step in terms of,
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Mi to zapravo vidimo kao male korake,
15:49
it's taken us 15 years to be able
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trebalo nam je 15 godina da bismo
15:51
to do the experiment
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napraviti eksperiment
15:53
we wanted to do 15 years ago
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koji smo htjeli napraviti prije 15 godina
15:55
on understanding life at its basic level.
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O razumijevanju života na osnovnoj razini.
15:58
But we actually believe
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Ali zapravo vjerujemo
16:00
this is going to be a very powerful set of tools
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da će ovo biti moćno oruđe
16:04
and we're already starting
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i da već počinjemo
16:06
in numerous avenues
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u različitim granama
16:08
to use this tool.
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koristiti to oruđe.
16:10
We have, at the Institute,
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Na Institutu imamo
16:12
ongoing funding now from NIH
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stalno financiranje od strane NIH-a
16:15
in a program with Novartis
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u programu s Novartisom
16:17
to try and use these new
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da se pokuša iskoristiti ovo novo
16:19
synthetic DNA tools
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oruđe za sintezu DNA
16:21
to perhaps make the flu vaccine
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i možda napravi cjepivo protiv gripe
16:24
that you might get next year.
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koje ćete možda dobiti sljedeće godine.
16:27
Because instead of taking weeks to months to make these,
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Umjesto da se čeka tjednima i mjesecima kako bi se dobilo,
16:30
Dan's team can now make these
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Danov tim ga može napraviti
16:33
in less than 24 hours.
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za manje od 24 sata.
16:36
So when you see how long it took to get an H1N1 vaccine out,
389
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Kada gledate koliko dugo je trebalo da se dobije H1N1 vakcina,
16:39
we think we can shorten that process
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mislimo da možemo skratiti proces
16:41
quite substantially.
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i to podosta.
16:43
In the vaccine area,
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U području cjepiva
16:45
Synthetic Genomics and the Institute
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Sintethic Genomic i Institut
16:47
are forming a new vaccine company
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osnivaju novu kompaniju za cjepiva
16:49
because we think these tools can affect vaccines
395
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jer mislimo da će ovo oruđe imati utjecaj na cjepiva
16:52
to diseases that haven't been possible to date,
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za bolesti koje ne možemo datirati,
16:55
things where the viruses rapidly evolve,
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kada virusi brzo evoluiraju,
16:58
such with rhinovirus.
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ooput rinovirusa.
17:00
Wouldn't it be nice to have something that actually blocked common colds?
399
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Zar ne bi bilo lijepo imati nešto
što će zapravo spriječiti običnu prehladu?
što će zapravo spriječiti običnu prehladu?
17:03
Or, more importantly, HIV,
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Ili još važnije HIV,
17:06
where the virus evolves so quickly
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gdje virus evoluira tako brzo
17:08
the vaccines that are made today
402
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da cjepiva koje su napravljena danas
17:10
can't keep up
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ne mogu sustići
17:12
with those evolutionary changes.
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te evolucijske promjene.
17:15
Also, at Synthetic Genomics,
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Također u Synthetic Genomics
17:17
we've been working
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radimo na
17:19
on major environmental issues.
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velikim problemima okoliša.
17:21
I think this latest oil spill in the Gulf
408
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Mislim da je ova zadnja prolivena nafta u zaljevu
17:23
is a reminder.
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podsjetnik.
17:25
We can't see CO2 --
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Ne možemo vidjeti CO2
17:27
we depend on scientific measurements for it
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zato ovisimo o znanstvenima mjerenjima
17:29
and we see the beginning results
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i vidimo početne rezultate
17:31
of having too much of it --
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gdje ga imamo previše -
17:33
but we can see pre-CO2 now
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ali sada možemo vidjeti pre-CO2
17:35
floating on the waters
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kako pluta na vodi
17:37
and contaminating the beaches in the Gulf.
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i onečišćuje plaže zaljeva.
17:40
We need some alternatives
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Trebamo alternative
17:43
for oil.
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za naftu.
17:45
We have a program with Exxon Mobile
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Radimo program s Exxon Mobile
17:47
to try and develop new strains of algae
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gdje pokušavamo razviti novu vrstu algi
17:50
that can efficiently capture carbon dioxide
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koje mogu učinkovito zarobiti ugljikov dioksid
17:53
from the atmosphere or from concentrated sources,
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iz atmosfere ili koncentriranih izvora,
17:56
make new hydrocarbons that can go into their refineries
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stvoriti nove ugljikovodike koji se mogu iskoristiti u rafinerijama
17:59
to make normal gasoline
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kako bi se dobio normalan benzin
18:01
and diesel fuel out of CO2.
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i diesel gorivo iz CO2.
18:03
Those are just a couple of the approaches
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To su samo nekoliko pristupa
18:05
and directions that we're taking.
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i smjerova kojima idemo.
18:08
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Craig Venter - Biologist, genetics pioneerIn 2001, Craig Venter made headlines for sequencing the human genome. In 2003, he started mapping the ocean's biodiversity. And now he's created the first synthetic lifeforms -- microorganisms that can produce alternative fuels.
Why you should listen
Craig Venter, the man who led the private effort to sequence the human genome, is hard at work now on even more potentially world-changing projects.
First, there's his mission aboard the Sorcerer II, a 92-foot yacht, which, in 2006, finished its voyage around the globe to sample, catalouge and decode the genes of the ocean's unknown microorganisms. Quite a task, when you consider that there are tens of millions of microbes in a single drop of sea water. Then there's the J. Craig Venter Institute, a nonprofit dedicated to researching genomics and exploring its societal implications.
In 2005, Venter founded Synthetic Genomics, a private company with a provocative mission: to engineer new life forms. Its goal is to design, synthesize and assemble synthetic microorganisms that will produce alternative fuels, such as ethanol or hydrogen. He was on Time magzine's 2007 list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.
In early 2008, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had manufactured the entire genome of a bacterium by painstakingly stitching together its chemical components. By sequencing a genome, scientists can begin to custom-design bootable organisms, creating biological robots that can produce from scratch chemicals humans can use, such as biofuel. And in 2010, they announced, they had created "synthetic life" -- DNA created digitally, inserted into a living bacterium, and remaining alive.
Craig Venter | Speaker | TED.com