TED2019
Mark Tercek: An ingenious proposal for scaling up marine protection
Mark Tercek: Gagasan cemerlang untuk mendongkrak perlindungan laut
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Negara kepulauan dan pesisir perlu melindungi perairan mereka agar lautan tetap sehat. Tetapi, seringkali mereka memiliki beban hutang yang tinggi dan tidak mampu memprioritaskan konservasi laut di atas kepentingan lainnya. Mark Tercek dan timnya di The Nature Conservancy menemukan cara untuk memecahkan kedua masalah itu sekaligus: merestrukturisasi hutang negara dengan timbal balik komitmen pemerintah untuk melindungi area pesisir. Pelajari lebih jauh tentang rancangan kerja "Blue Bonds for Conservation" -- dan bagaimana Anda bisa membantu mengalirkan dana milyaran dolar untuk lautan. Rencana yang ambisius ini adalah bagian dari Audacious Project, inisiatif TED untuk menginspirasi dan mendanai perubahan global. (Narasi oleh Ladan Wise)
Mark Tercek - Environmental leader
Mark Tercek leads a team committed to tackling the world's biggest environmental challenges -- protecting land and water, addressing climate change, providing food and water sustainably, and building healthy cities. Full bio
Mark Tercek leads a team committed to tackling the world's biggest environmental challenges -- protecting land and water, addressing climate change, providing food and water sustainably, and building healthy cities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Ah, lautan di Bumi.
00:12
Ah, earth's oceans.
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Indah, menginspirasi, mendukung kehidupan.
00:14
They are beautiful,
inspiring, life-sustaining.
inspiring, life-sustaining.
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00:18
They are also, as you're probably
quite aware, more or less screwed.
quite aware, more or less screwed.
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Juga, seperti mungkin Anda sadari,
sedikit banyak telah tercemar.
sedikit banyak telah tercemar.
Di Seychelles, contohnya,
00:22
In the Seychelles, for example,
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aktivitas manusia dan perubahan iklim
telah mengakibatkan pemutihan karang.
telah mengakibatkan pemutihan karang.
00:23
human activities and climate change
have left corals bleached.
have left corals bleached.
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Penangkapan berlebihan
menyebabkan jumlah ikan merosot.
menyebabkan jumlah ikan merosot.
00:27
Overfishing has caused
fish stocks to plummet.
fish stocks to plummet.
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Keragaman biota dalam bahaya.
00:30
Biodiversity is in peril.
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00:31
So what can we do?
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Apa yang bisa kita lakukan?
Beberapa usaha perlindungan, tentunya.
00:33
Well, some form of protection, obviously.
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00:35
Nature is very resilient.
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Alam amat tangguh.
Jika lautan dilindungi dengan terencana,
00:37
When marine areas
are strategically protected,
are strategically protected,
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00:39
entire ecosystems can bounce back.
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seluruh ekosistem dapat pulih.
Namun, tidaklah mudah menciptakan
daerah perlindungan laut.
daerah perlindungan laut.
00:42
However, creating marine
protected areas isn't easy.
protected areas isn't easy.
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Pertama, kita harus menentukan
daerah yang akan dilindungi.
daerah yang akan dilindungi.
00:45
First, you have the issue
of figuring out where to protect.
of figuring out where to protect.
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Terumbu karang terletak di rute
penangkapan ikan internasional,
penangkapan ikan internasional,
00:48
This coral reef overlaps with that
international fishing route,
international fishing route,
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tumpang tindih dengan area penetasan ikan.
00:51
intersects with this fish hatchery.
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Semuanya saling terhubung.
00:53
Everything is interconnected.
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Perencanaan perlindungan laut
harus memikirkan
harus memikirkan
00:55
And marine protection plans
must take into account
must take into account
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bagaimana satu area
mempengaruhi area lain.
mempengaruhi area lain.
00:57
how one area affects another.
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Lalu, kita harus mendapat
dukungan semua pihak.
dukungan semua pihak.
00:59
Then, there's the issue
of getting everyone on board.
of getting everyone on board.
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Ekonomi pesisir kerap kali
mengandalkan perikanan dan pariwisata.
mengandalkan perikanan dan pariwisata.
01:02
Coastal economies
often rely on fishing and tourism.
often rely on fishing and tourism.
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Jika orang berpikir
mereka tak bisa bekerja,
mereka tak bisa bekerja,
01:04
If people think they can't do their work,
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tak ada peluang mendapat
kepercayaan lokal yang penting
kepercayaan lokal yang penting
01:06
there's no chance of getting
the local buy-in you need
the local buy-in you need
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agar area tersebut berhasil.
01:09
for the area to be successful.
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Daerah perlindungan laut
juga harus ditegakkan.
juga harus ditegakkan.
01:11
Marine protected areas
must also be enforced.
must also be enforced.
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Itu artinya pemerintah juga harus
berperan besar dalam rencana itu.
berperan besar dalam rencana itu.
01:13
That means the government itself
must be deeply invested in the plan.
must be deeply invested in the plan.
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Dukungan simbolis saja tidak cukup.
01:17
Token support will not cut it.
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Yang terakhir, konservasi butuh dana.
01:18
And finally, conservation requires money.
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Yang sangat banyak.
01:21
A lot of it.
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Pemerintah di negara kepulauan dan pesisir
mungkin ingin melindungi perairannya,
mungkin ingin melindungi perairannya,
01:22
Governments in island and coastal nations
may want to protect their waters,
may want to protect their waters,
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tetapi seringkali
hutang negara sangat besar
hutang negara sangat besar
01:26
but often these nations
have very high debt
have very high debt
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dan tak mampu memprioritaskan konservasi.
01:28
and can't afford
to prioritize conservation.
to prioritize conservation.
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Jika hanya bergantung pada dana sumbangan
untuk mendanai perlindungan laut,
untuk mendanai perlindungan laut,
01:31
If we rely on philanthropic dollars alone
to fund marine protection,
to fund marine protection,
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kita hanya bisa mendirikan
daerah perlindungan laut
daerah perlindungan laut
01:34
we might get a small
marine-protected area here,
marine-protected area here,
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di beberapa tempat saja.
01:36
another little one there.
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Kita butuh banyak daerah
perlindungan laut dengan cepat,
perlindungan laut dengan cepat,
01:38
But we need more
marine protected areas faster,
marine protected areas faster,
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agar dampaknya berkelanjutan.
01:40
to have lasting impact.
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Jadi seperti apakah tepatnya
konservasi laut yang cerdas?
konservasi laut yang cerdas?
01:42
So what exactly does
smart ocean conservation look like?
smart ocean conservation look like?
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Bagaimana mendapat dananya, dukungan
pemerintah, dan perencanaan cermat
pemerintah, dan perencanaan cermat
01:45
How do we get the money,
government support and careful planning
government support and careful planning
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01:49
that takes into account
both local economies
both local economies
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yang mempertimbangkan baik ekonomi lokal
maupun ekosistem yang kompleks?
01:51
and complex ecosystems?
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Kami ingin berbagi suatu ide
yang sangat berani
yang sangat berani
01:53
We want to share with you
an audacious idea
an audacious idea
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dari The Nature Conservancy.
01:56
from The Nature Conservancy.
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Tujuannya adalah mengatasi
semua masalah ini sekaligus.
semua masalah ini sekaligus.
01:57
It seeks to address
all of these things in one fell swoop.
all of these things in one fell swoop.
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Mereka sadar bahwa masalah hutang
negara-negara kepulauan dan pesisir
negara-negara kepulauan dan pesisir
02:00
They've realized that debt held
by island and coastal nations
by island and coastal nations
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adalah hal utama yang bisa membuat mereka
mampu mencapai tujuan konservasi.
mampu mencapai tujuan konservasi.
02:03
is the very thing that will enable them
to achieve their conservation goals.
to achieve their conservation goals.
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Gagasan TNC adalah
merestrukturisasi hutang ini,
merestrukturisasi hutang ini,
02:07
TNC's idea is to restructure this debt,
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untuk mendapatkan pendanaan
dan niat politik
dan niat politik
02:10
to generate the funds and political will
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untuk melindungi terumbu karang,
bakau, dan perikanan.
bakau, dan perikanan.
02:12
to protect reefs, mangroves and fisheries.
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Contohnya, jika Anda mengalihkan
kredit rumah Anda
kredit rumah Anda
02:15
For example, if you refinance your house
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untuk mendapat bunga yang lebih rendah,
02:18
to take advantage
of a better interest rate,
of a better interest rate,
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Anda bisa gunakan keuntungannya
untuk menginsulasi loteng.
untuk menginsulasi loteng.
02:20
maybe you use the savings
to insulate your attic.
to insulate your attic.
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02:22
That's what Blue Bonds for Conservation do
for entire coastal countries.
for entire coastal countries.
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Itu yang dilakukan Blue Bonds for
Conservation untuk negara-negara pesisir.
Conservation untuk negara-negara pesisir.
Mengalihkan hutang mereka,
02:26
Refinance the debt,
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lalu menggunakan selisihnya
untuk dana daerah perlindungan laut.
untuk dana daerah perlindungan laut.
02:28
then use the savings
to create marine protected areas.
to create marine protected areas.
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Tentunya, restrukturisasi hutang negara
lebih rumit dari itu,
lebih rumit dari itu,
02:31
Of course, sovereign debt restructuring
is more complicated than that,
is more complicated than that,
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tetapi ide pokoknya seperti itu.
02:34
but you get the basic idea.
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Jika investor menanamkan
40 juta dolar saat ini,
40 juta dolar saat ini,
02:36
If investors put in
40 million dollars now,
40 million dollars now,
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hal itu dapat mengalirkan sebanyak
1.6 milyar dolar untuk konservasi laut.
1.6 milyar dolar untuk konservasi laut.
02:38
it can unlock as much as 1.6 billion
for ocean conservation.
for ocean conservation.
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Dan beginilah langkah kerjanya.
02:42
And this is how the work gets done.
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Langkah pertama: negosiasi perjanjian.
02:44
Step one: negotiate the deal.
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Negara pesisir harus berkomitmen untuk
melindungi setidaknya 30% area lautnya.
melindungi setidaknya 30% area lautnya.
02:46
A coastal nation commits to protect
at least 30 percent of its ocean areas.
at least 30 percent of its ocean areas.
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Sebagai gantinya, The Nature Conservancy
mengajak investor, pendana publik,
mengajak investor, pendana publik,
02:50
In exchange, The Nature Conservancy
bring investors, public funders
bring investors, public funders
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dan organisasi pengembangan internasional
02:55
and international
development organizations
development organizations
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untuk bersama-sama
merestrukturisasi porsi hutang negara,
merestrukturisasi porsi hutang negara,
02:57
to the table to restructure
a portion of the nation's debt,
a portion of the nation's debt,
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sehingga suku bunga lebih rendah
dan periode pembayaran lebih panjang.
dan periode pembayaran lebih panjang.
03:00
leading to lower interest rates
and longer repayment periods.
and longer repayment periods.
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Langkah kedua: menyusun rencana kelautan.
03:03
Step two: create a marine plan.
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Secara bersamaan, The Nature Conservancy
bekerja dengan ilmuwan kelautan,
bekerja dengan ilmuwan kelautan,
03:05
Simultaneously, The Nature Conservancy
works with marine scientists,
works with marine scientists,
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pejabat, dan pemangku kepentingan lokal
03:09
government leaders and local stakeholders
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untuk membuat rencana
konservasi yang terperinci
konservasi yang terperinci
03:11
to create a detailed conservation plan
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yang mengintegrasikan kebutuhan laut
dengan kebutuhan masyarakat.
dengan kebutuhan masyarakat.
03:13
that integrates the needs of the ocean
with the needs of the people.
with the needs of the people.
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Langkah ketiga: aktivasi keberlanjutan.
03:16
Step three: activate for longevity.
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TNC membentuk dana perwalian konservasi
yang dikelola secara terpisah.
yang dikelola secara terpisah.
03:19
TNC establishes an independently run
conservation trust fund.
conservation trust fund.
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Simpanan dari restrukturisasi hutang
disetor ke sana
disetor ke sana
03:23
The savings from the debt
restructure goes into it
restructure goes into it
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untuk menyokong daerah
perlindungan laut baru.
perlindungan laut baru.
03:25
to support new marine protected areas.
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Dana itu membuat pemerintah
bertanggung jawab atas komitmennya,
bertanggung jawab atas komitmennya,
03:27
The trust then holds the government
accountable for its commitments,
accountable for its commitments,
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memastikan Blue Bonds digunakan
semestinya untuk usaha perlindungan.
semestinya untuk usaha perlindungan.
03:31
ensuring that the Blue Bonds
finance real protection efforts.
finance real protection efforts.
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Apa rencana ini bisa berjalan?
03:34
Could this plan work?
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Rencana ini sudah berjalan.
03:35
It already has.
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03:37
In 2016, TNC helped create a national
conservation plan in the Seychelles.
conservation plan in the Seychelles.
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Tahun 2016, TNC membantu mewujudkan
rencana konservasi nasional di Seychelles.
rencana konservasi nasional di Seychelles.
03:43
TNC restructured 22 million dollars
of the government's debt.
of the government's debt.
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TNC merestrukturisasi
22 juta dolar hutang pemerintah.
22 juta dolar hutang pemerintah.
Dan sebagai gantinya, pemerintah setuju
untuk melindungi 30 persen area lautnya.
untuk melindungi 30 persen area lautnya.
03:47
And in exchange, the government agreed
to protect 30 percent of its marine areas.
to protect 30 percent of its marine areas.
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Saat ini, Seychelles sesuai rencana
03:51
Today, the Seychelles is on track
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03:53
to protect 400,000
square kilometers of ocean.
square kilometers of ocean.
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melindungi 400,000 km persegi lautan.
Area yang kira-kira seluas Jerman.
03:56
That's an area
roughly the size of Germany.
roughly the size of Germany.
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Seychelles melindungi terumbu karangnya,
03:58
The Seychelles
is protecting its coral reefs,
is protecting its coral reefs,
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memulihkan perikanannya,
04:01
it's replenishing its fisheries,
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memperbaiki ketahanannya
terhadap perubahan iklim.
terhadap perubahan iklim.
04:02
it's improving its resilience
to climate change.
to climate change.
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Di saat yang sama, menguatkan ekonominya.
04:05
At the same time,
it's strengthening its economy.
it's strengthening its economy.
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Keberhasilan ini menarik perhatian
pemerintahan lain.
pemerintahan lain.
04:09
This success is making
other governments take note.
other governments take note.
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Banyak yang ingin menjadi bagian.
04:11
Many want to be part of this.
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Ada peluang untuk
memperluasnya, secara dramatis.
memperluasnya, secara dramatis.
04:13
There's an opportunity
to scale this up, dramatically.
to scale this up, dramatically.
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Dan sangat cepat.
04:16
And fast.
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TNC telah mengidentifikasi 20 negara lain
di mana rencana ini bisa dilakukan.
di mana rencana ini bisa dilakukan.
04:17
TNC has identified 20 more nations
where such a plan should be possible.
where such a plan should be possible.
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Tetapi untuk menjalankannya,
butuh modal dasar,
butuh modal dasar,
04:21
But to execute, they need seed capital.
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dan melibatkan tim lokal yang dapat
membangun rencana konservasi,
membangun rencana konservasi,
04:23
And to put in place local teams
who can develop conservation plans,
who can develop conservation plans,
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bekerja dengan pemangku kepentingan
dan menyusun kesepakatan.
dan menyusun kesepakatan.
04:26
work with all the stakeholders
and structure the deals.
and structure the deals.
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04:29
If they get the support they need
over the next five years,
over the next five years,
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Jika mendapat dukungan
sampai lima tahun ke depan,
sampai lima tahun ke depan,
mereka dapat melindungi
empat juta kilometer persegi lautan.
empat juta kilometer persegi lautan.
04:32
they could protect four million
square kilometers of ocean.
square kilometers of ocean.
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Area sebesar 10 kali Jerman.
04:35
That's 10 Germanies.
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Hal ini akan memperbanyak
jumlah area perlindungan
jumlah area perlindungan
04:36
This would increase
the amount of protected areas
the amount of protected areas
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di seluruh lautan dunia
04:38
in all of the world's oceans
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secara luar biasa, hingga 15 persen.
04:40
by an incredible 15 percent.
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Hal itu bisa membuat terumbu karang
di dunia untuk pulih dengan cepat
di dunia untuk pulih dengan cepat
04:42
It would allow vast tracks
of the world's coral reefs to replenish
of the world's coral reefs to replenish
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dan memberikan tempat perlindungan
bagi banyak spesies.
bagi banyak spesies.
04:45
and give safe harbor to countless species.
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Ini bisa menjadi amat luar baisa.
04:48
This would be truly incredible.
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Dan ini baru awalnya saja.
04:50
And it's really just the beginning.
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Karena bukan hanya 20 negara di dunia
04:52
Because there aren't
20 countries in the world
20 countries in the world
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di mana konversi hutang ini
dapat dijalankan.
dapat dijalankan.
04:54
where this kind of debt
conversion would work.
conversion would work.
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Ada hampir 100.
04:56
There are almost 100.
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Dengan cara ini, semua orang diuntungkan.
04:57
With this approach, everyone wins.
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Pemerintah, warga lokal, pendana,
05:00
Governments, local citizens, funders,
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dan yang terpenting, lautan kita.
05:03
and most importantly, our oceans.
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Jadi pada kenyataannya,
kita semua diuntungkan.
kita semua diuntungkan.
05:05
So in fact, we all win.
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05:08
Ah, earth's oceans.
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Ah, lautan di Bumi.
05:13
[The Audacious Project]
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[The Audacious Project]
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Tercek - Environmental leaderMark Tercek leads a team committed to tackling the world's biggest environmental challenges -- protecting land and water, addressing climate change, providing food and water sustainably, and building healthy cities.
Why you should listen
Mark Tercek is CEO of The Nature Conservancy (TNC), the world's largest conservation organization, and author of the best-seller Nature's Fortune: How Business and Society Thrive by Investing in Nature. After a 24-year career at Goldman Sachs, where he served as a managing director and Partner, Tercek became an "investment banker for nature." He brings deep business experience to his role at TNC, where he leads the organization's efforts to bring together diverse groups to find pragmatic, common-ground solutions to protect nature at scale. He is a champion of the idea of natural capital -- valuing nature for its own sake as well as for the services it provides for people, such as clean air and water, productive soils and a stable climate. Growing up as a city kid in Cleveland, Tercek was a late-bloomer to conservation. It was becoming a parent that sparked his passion for nature. "I want to be able to look my kids in the eye and tell them I did all I could to leave the world a better place," he says.
With support from the Audacious Project at TED, Tercek and his colleagues at TNC are launching a bold plan that could protect 4 million square kilometers of ocean over five years.
Mark Tercek | Speaker | TED.com