TED2009
Kary Mullis: A next-gen cure for killer infections
Kary Mullis tentang pengobatan masa depan untuk infeksi pembunuh.
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Bakteri yang kebal obat dapat membunuh, bahkan di rumah-rumah sakit terbaik. Namun sekarang infeksi berat seperti staphylococcus dan anthrax dapat menyerang tiba-tiba. Pemenang Nobel kimia Kary Mullis, yang menyaksikan temannya meninggal saat antibiotik kuat ternyata gagal, menyingkap pengobatan baru yang radikal yang memberi harapan luar biasa.
Kary Mullis - Biochemist
Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way to copy a strand of DNA. (His technique, called PCR, jump-started the 1990s' biorevolution.) He's known for his wide-ranging interests -- and strong opinions. Full bio
Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way to copy a strand of DNA. (His technique, called PCR, jump-started the 1990s' biorevolution.) He's known for his wide-ranging interests -- and strong opinions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
So it was about four years ago, five years ago,
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Sekitar empat atau lima tahun yang lalu,
00:21
I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was,
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saya duduk di sebuah mimbar di Philadelphia, kalau tidak salah,
00:23
with a bag similar to this.
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dengan tas yang mirip seperti ini.
00:26
And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag.
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Dan saya mengambil sebuah molekul dari dalam tas ini.
00:29
And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well,
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Dan saya berkata, anda tidak tahu molekul ini dengan baik.
00:32
but your body knows it extremely well.
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Namun tubuh anda mengenalnya sangat baik.
00:35
And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time,
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Dan saat itu saya berpikir bahwa tubuh anda membencinya.
00:39
because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope.
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Karena kita sangat kebal dengan molekul ini. Ini disebut alpha-gal epitope.
00:42
And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them
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Dan kenyataan bahwa katup jantung babi mengandung banyak molekul ini
00:46
is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.
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adalah alasan mengapa anda tidak dapat dengan mudah mencangkok katup jantung dari babi ke manusia.
00:50
Actually our body doesn't hate these.
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Sebenarnya tubuh kita tidak membenci molekul ini.
00:52
Our body loves these. It eats them.
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Tubuh kita menyukainya. Ini menjadi makanan.
00:55
I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.
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Maksud saya, sel-sel pertahanan tubuh kita selalu lapar.
00:58
And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things
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Dan jika antibodi menempel pada molekul seperti ini
01:02
on the cell, it means "that's food."
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di dalam sel, itu berarti "makanan."
01:05
Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this
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Sekarang, saya berpikir tentang hal itu dan berkata, anda tahu, kita memiliki
01:07
immune response to this ridiculous molecule
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sistem kekebalan tubuh terhadap molekul aneh ini
01:10
that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff.
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yang tidak kita buat, dan kita banyak menjumpainya pada hewan dan benda lainnya.
01:14
But I said we can't get rid of it,
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Namun kita tidak dapat membuangnya.
01:17
because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves
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Karena semua orang yang mencoba mencangkokkan katup jantung
01:19
found out you can't get rid of that immunity.
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tahu bahwa anda tidak dapat menghilangkan kekebalan tubuh itu
01:21
And I said, why don't you use that?
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Dan saya berkata, mengapa anda tidak menggunakannya?
01:23
What if I could stick this molecule,
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Bagaimana jika saya dapat menempelkan molekul ini,
01:26
slap it onto a bacteria
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tepat kepada bakteri
01:28
that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs?
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yang membawa penyakit bagi saya, yang baru menyerang paru-paru saya?
01:32
I mean I could immediately tap into
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Maksud saya, saya dapat langsung menggunakan
01:34
an immune response that was already there,
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sistem kekebalan tubuh yang sudah ada.
01:36
where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it --
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Tidak akan memerlukan lima atau enam hari untuk membuatnya.
01:39
it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on.
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Kekebalan tubuh saya akan langsung menyerang di manapun benda ini berada.
01:42
It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you,
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Hal yang sama yang terjadi saat kendaraan anda,
01:44
like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A.,
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diberhentikan dan mendapat surat tilang di Los Angeles,
01:48
and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car,
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dan polisi menaruh tas berisi marijuana di bagian belakang mobil anda,
01:51
and then charges you for possession of marijuana.
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lalu menuduh anda memiliki marijuana.
01:54
It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.
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Hal ini sangat cepat, sangat efisien untuk mengenyahkan orang.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
02:00
So you can take a bacteria
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Jadi anda dapat mengambil bakteri
02:02
that really doesn't make these things at all,
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yang sama sekali tidak membuat molekul ini,
02:04
and if you could clamp these on it really well
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dan jika anda dapat melekatkan molekul ini dengan baik
02:06
you have it taken off the street.
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anda dapat mengenyahkannya.
02:08
And for certain bacteria
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Dan untuk bakteri tertentu
02:10
we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore.
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kita tidak memiliki cara yang efisien lagi untuk membunuhnya.
02:12
Our antibiotics are running out.
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Antibiotik kita mulai habis.
02:14
And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too.
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Dan, maksud saya, dunia tampaknya juga mulai habis.
02:17
So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now --
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Jadi mungkin tidak masalah 50 tahun lagi
02:20
streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant --
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jika Streptococcus dan yang lainnya merajalela
02:23
because we won't be here. But if we are --
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karena kita tidak di sini lagi. Namun jika kita masih di sini --
02:25
(Laughter)
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(Tawa)
02:27
we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.
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kita harus melakukan sesuatu dengan bakteri-bakteri ini.
02:29
So I started working with this thing,
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Jadi saya mulai bekerja dengan hal ini,
02:33
with a bunch of collaborators.
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dengan beberapa rekan kerja.
02:35
And trying to attach this to things that were
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Dan mencoba menempelkan molekul ini pada benda yang juga
02:38
themselves attached to certain specific target zones,
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telah dilekatkan pada zona target tertentu secara khusus,
02:42
bacteria that we don't like.
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bakteri yang kita tidak suka.
02:44
And I feel now like George Bush.
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Dan sekarang saya merasa seperti George Bush.
02:48
It's like "mission accomplished."
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Seperti "misi selesai."
02:50
So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time.
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Jadi mungkin saja saya melakukan hal konyol, seperti yang selalu dia lakukan setiap saat.
02:53
But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work.
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Namun pada dasarnya yang ingin saya bicarakan di sini kita akan membuatnya bekerja.
02:57
And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.
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Dan ini membunuh bakteri. Sel ini memakannya.
03:01
This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there,
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Benda ini dapat terjebak, seperti segitiga hijau di atas sana,
03:05
sort of symbolizing this right now.
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seperti sebuah simbol dari hal ini.
03:08
You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer.
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Anda dapat menempelkannya pada sesuatu yang disebut DNA aptamer.
03:11
And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically
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Dan DNA aptamer akan menempel terutama
03:13
to a target that you have selected for it.
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pada target yang telah anda pilih.
03:15
So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like,
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Jadi anda dapat mencari sesuatu dalam bakteri yang tidak anda sukai
03:19
like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular,
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seperti Staphylococcus. Saya sendiri tidak menyukainya
03:22
because it killed a professor friend of mine last year.
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karena bakteri ini membunuh seorang teman profesor saya tahun lalu.
03:25
It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it.
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Bakteri ini kebal antibiotik. Jadi saya tidak menyukainya.
03:28
And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it.
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Dan saya membuat aptamer yang akan ditempel pada bakteri ini
03:31
That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body,
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yang akan mengetahui bagaimana menemukan Staphylococcus saat berada dalam tubuh anda
03:34
and will alert your immune system to go after it.
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dan akan memberi tahu sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk mengejarnya.
03:37
Here's what happened. See that line on the very top
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Inilah yang terjadi. Lihatlah garis yang paling atas
03:40
with the little dots?
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dengan titik-titik kecil.
03:42
That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned
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Itu adalah sekelompok tikus yang telah diberi racun
03:45
by our scientist friends down in Texas,
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oleh para ilmuwan di Texas,
03:47
at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.
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di Pangkalan Udara Brooks, dengan anthrax.
03:50
And they had also been treated with a drug that we made
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Tikus ini juga diobati dengan obat-obatan yang kita buat
03:53
that would attack anthrax in particular,
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yang akan menyerang anthrax secara khusus
03:56
and direct your immune system to it.
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dan mengarahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh kepadanya.
03:58
You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line --
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Anda akan melihat semua tikus ini hidup, di paling atas
04:00
that's a 100 percent survival rate.
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tingkat kesembuhannya 100 persen.
04:02
And they actually lived another 14 days,
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Dan mereka sebenarnya hidup 14 hari lagi,
04:05
or 28 when we finally killed them,
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atau 28 hari sebelum kami akhirnya membunuh mereka
04:07
and took them apart and figured out what went wrong.
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membedahnya dan mencari tahu apa yang salah.
04:10
Why did they not die?
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Mengapa mereka tidak mati?
04:12
And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.
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Mereka tidak mati karena mereka tidak sakit anthrax lagi.
04:15
So we did it. Okay?
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Jadi kita berhasil, benar?
04:17
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
04:19
Mission accomplished!
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Misi selesai!
04:21
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kary Mullis - BiochemistKary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way to copy a strand of DNA. (His technique, called PCR, jump-started the 1990s' biorevolution.) He's known for his wide-ranging interests -- and strong opinions.
Why you should listen
In the early 1980s, Kary Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, an elegant way to make copies of a DNA strand using the enzyme polymerase and some basic DNA "building blocks." The process opened the door to more in-depth study of DNA -- like the Human Genome Project. Mullis shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing this technique.
As he tells it, after winning the Nobel Prize, his next career move was to learn how to surf. It's typical of Mullis, whose scientific method is to get deeply curious about a topic, work it out from first principles, and then imagine the next giant leap forward. As he puts it in his Nobel autobiography, revised several times since 1993, "I read a lot, and think a lot, and I can talk about almost anything. Being a Nobel laureate is a license to be an expert in lots of things as long as you do your homework."
Most recently, he's been taking a hard look at immunity; a recent patent from his company Altermune describes the redirection of an existing immune response to a new pathogen.
Kary Mullis | Speaker | TED.com