Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
エド・ボイデン: 脳の見えない秘密を調べる新しい方法
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
興味深い素材が使われています
when you add water to them,
非常に膨れ上がることは
by millions of kids every day.
実証してくれています
in a very clever way.
called a swellable material.
作られているからです
when you add water,
industrial kind of polymer.
in my group at MIT
できないかと研究しています
something similar to the brain.
can peer inside
the biomolecules,
structure of the brain, if you will?
of how the brain is organized
もっと良くわかるでしょうし
the exact changes in the brain
的確に突き止められるかも知れません
パーキンソン病などです
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
treatments, much less cures,
治療法はほとんどなく
we don't know the cause or the origins
a different point of view
been done over the last hundred years.
違った方法を試みています
発明家でもあります
how to build technologies
作り上げることです
incredibly complicated.
できているからです
over the first century of neuroscience
我々が神経科学で学んだ事は
complicated network,
cells called neurons
through these complexly shaped neurons.
電気が流れているということです
are connected in networks.
作っているニューロンは
called synapses that exchange chemicals
化学物質で伝達し合い
to talk to each other.
our artist's rendition of it.
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
複雑な3Dの形態で構成され
those electrical pulses,
that allow neurons to work together
ニューロンを恊働させ
and feelings and so forth.
ネットワークを作っているのか
the neurons in the brain are organized
the biomolecules are organized
持っているのか分かっていません
of molecules and neurons
見られたとしたら
how the brain conducts information
知覚野からの情報を
本当に理解できるかも知れません
of molecular changes that occur
脳の疾患を起こしているか
those molecules have changed,
変わったかが分かれば
or changed in pattern,
パターンが変わろうと
as targets for new drugs,
energy into the brain
新しい方法の為に使い
computations that are afflicted
from brain disorders.
technologies over the last century
多種多様なテクノロジーを使い
that they are noninvasive,
or voxels, as they're called,
and millions of neurons.
the molecular changes that occur
of these networks
to be conscious and powerful beings.
突き止めることはできません
you have microscopes.
to look at little tiny things.
見るために光を使います
to look at things like bacteria.
見るのに使われてきました
were discovered in the first place,
というのが始まりで
基本的に限られています
with a regular old microscope.
分子は見分けられません
to see the brain more powerful,
even better technologies.
必要になって来るでしょう
started thinking:
こう考え始めました
to zoom in to the brain,
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
と共に始めました
are helping with this process.
このプロセスに参加しています
if we could take polymers,
ポリマーが使えるかどうか
within the brain.
and you add water,
水を加えると
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
見分けられます
and get maps of the brain.
脳の地図ができます
just to buy it off the Internet
that actually occur in these diapers.
少量のポリマーを抽出するよりは
of the baby diaper material
by about a thousandfold
very interesting molecule,
お分かりになると思います
to really zoom in on the brain
できないやり方で
with past technologies.
できるかもしれません
in the baby diaper polymer?
何が起きているのでしょう?
what you see on the screen.
arranged in long, thin lines.
move everything apart in the brain.
かもしれないからです
is going to absorb the water,
apart from each other,
is going to become bigger.
脳を膨らませることができるでしょう
脳を膨らませることができるでしょう
these polymer chains inside the brain
どうやって こんなポリマーの鎖を
ということです
ground truth maps of the brain.
and see the molecules within.
分子を見る事ができます
アニメーションを作成しました
at, in these artist renderings,
like and how we might separate them.
そして それらの分離の様子です
to do, first of all,
shown in brown here,
生体分子全てに
of the brain apart from each other,
離さなくてはならないので
to have a little handle
polymer and dump it on the brain,
脳の上に置いたら
to make the polymers inside.
考え出す必要があります
get the building blocks,
those long chains,
作る事ができるのです
around biomolecules
to pull apart the molecules
お互いから引き離します
お互いから引き離します
of those little handles is around,
and that's exactly what we need
まさにこれが必要なことで
apart from each other.
all the molecules from each other,
to start absorbing the water,
水を吸い始めるのです
will come along for the ride.
お互い遠のき合います
a picture on a balloon,
絵を描くのと似ています
away from each other.
1つ1つ遠のいて行きます
to do now, but in three dimensions.
all the biomolecules brown.
色分けしてあります
kind of look the same.
out of the same atoms,
that will distinguish them.
見分けるようにします
might get a blue color.
might get a red color.
far apart enough from each other
we can make the invisible visible.
見えるようにすることが目標です
small and obscure
of information about life.
星座のように見られます
of what it might look like.
実際のビデオです
right before your eyes --
圧縮されています
is going to grow.
or even more in volume.
those polymers are so tiny,
ポリマーがとても小さいので
evenly from each other.
分離させている事です
of the information.
actual brain circuitry --
見る事ができます
involved with, for example, memory --
脳の部分があります
how circuits are configured.
見る事ができます
読み取れるようになるかも
at how circuits are configured
of our brain is organized
ヒトとしての我々を作っているのか
的確に
at a molecular level.
分子レベルで突き止められるので
look into cells in the brain
molecules that have altered
てんかんの原因となっているんだ」
undergoing epilepsy
of things that are going wrong,
at different parts of the brain
集中的にエネルギー照射をして
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
over a billion people
世界中の十億以上の人々を
has been happening.
拡大して観察できることが
that expansion might help with.
from a human breast cancer patient.
if you look at development --
large-scale biological systems.
生物学的システム全体が関与していますが
with those little nanoscale molecules,
人体が機能する為の細胞や臓器を作る
and the organs in our body tick.
to do now is to figure out
to map the building blocks of life
このテクノロジーを使い
取り組んでいます
the molecular changes in a tumor
ピンポイントで見つけ
go after it in a smart way
exactly the cells that we want to?
除きたい細胞だけをとり除けないか?
is very high risk.
危険を伴い
what might be a high-risk moon shot
危険性の高い無謀な治療を
feat of engineering.
技術の集結でしたが
necessarily have all the laws.
必ずしもあるとは言えません
that are analogous to gravity,
that occur in living systems,
起きているパターンの地図を作り
the diseases that plague us.
見つけられます
have two young kids,
is to make life better for them
子供たちのために今より良い未来をと
turn biology and medicine
that are governed by chance and luck,
危険性の高い試みから
that we win by skill and hard work,
可能なものにできるならば
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com