TEDSummit
Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
Ed Bojden (Ed Boyden): Pelene za bebe su inspirisale ovaj novi način izučavanja mozga
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,501,957 views
Neuroinženjer Ed Bojden želi da zna kako sitni biomolekuli u našim mozgovima proizvode emocije, misli i osećanja, i želi da pronađe molekularne promene koje dovode do poremećaja kao što su epilepsija i Alchajmerova bolest. Umesto da uveliča ove nevidljive strukture pomoću mikroskopa, zapitao se: „Šta ako ih fizički uvećamo i olakšamo da se vide?“ Saznajte kako isti polimeri koji se koriste da nabubre pelene za bebe mogu biti ključ za bolje razumevanje našeg mozga.
Ed Boyden - Neuroengineer
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hello, everybody.
0
904
1405
Zdravo svima.
00:14
I brought with me today a baby diaper.
1
2333
2643
Doneo sam danas pelenu za bebe.
00:18
You'll see why in a second.
2
6793
1722
Videćete uskoro zašto.
Pelene za bebe imaju zanimljiva svojstva.
00:20
Baby diapers have interesting properties.
3
8539
2010
Mogu da se izuzetno naduju
kada im dodate vode,
kada im dodate vode,
00:22
They can swell enormously
when you add water to them,
when you add water to them,
4
10573
2691
00:25
an experiment done
by millions of kids every day.
by millions of kids every day.
5
13288
2984
što je eksperiment koji sprovode
milioni dece svakoga dana.
milioni dece svakoga dana.
00:28
(Laughter)
6
16296
1150
(Smeh)
00:29
But the reason why
7
17470
1494
Međutim, razlog tome
00:30
is that they're designed
in a very clever way.
in a very clever way.
8
18988
2190
je to što su osmišljene
na vrlo pametan način.
na vrlo pametan način.
00:33
They're made out of a thing
called a swellable material.
called a swellable material.
9
21202
2635
Napravljene su od nečeg
što se zove upijajući materijal.
što se zove upijajući materijal.
00:35
It's a special kind of material that,
when you add water,
when you add water,
10
23861
2737
To je specijalna vrsta materijala koji se,
kada mu dodate vodu, znatno naduje,
kada mu dodate vodu, znatno naduje,
00:38
it will swell up enormously,
11
26622
1430
možda hiljadu puta po veličini.
00:40
maybe a thousand times in volume.
12
28076
2166
00:42
And this is a very useful,
industrial kind of polymer.
industrial kind of polymer.
13
30266
3236
To je vrlo korisna,
industrijska vrsta polimera.
industrijska vrsta polimera.
00:45
But what we're trying to do
in my group at MIT
in my group at MIT
14
33819
2526
Međutim, ono što pokušavamo
u mojoj grupi na MIT-u
u mojoj grupi na MIT-u
00:48
is to figure out if we can do
something similar to the brain.
something similar to the brain.
15
36369
3213
je da otkrijemo da li možemo
da nešto slično uradimo sa mozgom,
da nešto slično uradimo sa mozgom,
da li ga možemo povećati,
00:51
Can we make it bigger,
16
39606
1159
dovoljno da možete da zavirite unutra
00:52
big enough that you
can peer inside
can peer inside
17
40789
1678
i vidite sve te sićušne
sastavne delove, biomolekule,
sastavne delove, biomolekule,
00:54
and see all the tiny building blocks,
the biomolecules,
the biomolecules,
18
42481
2628
00:57
how they're organized in three dimensions,
19
45133
2151
kako su organizovani u tri dimenzije,
00:59
the structure, the ground truth
structure of the brain, if you will?
structure of the brain, if you will?
20
47308
3485
da direktno steknete uvid
u strukturu mozga, ako hoćete.
u strukturu mozga, ako hoćete.
Ako bismo to uspeli,
01:02
If we could get that,
21
50817
1158
možda bismo bolje razumeli
kako je mozak organizovan
kako je mozak organizovan
01:03
maybe we could have a better understanding
of how the brain is organized
of how the brain is organized
22
51999
3509
tako da proizvodi misli, osećanja,
01:07
to yield thoughts and emotions
23
55532
1659
01:09
and actions and sensations.
24
57215
1719
radnje i osećaje.
01:10
Maybe we could try to pinpoint
the exact changes in the brain
the exact changes in the brain
25
58958
3415
Možda bismo mogli da pokušamo da odredimo
upravo one promene u mozgu
upravo one promene u mozgu
01:14
that result in diseases,
26
62397
1776
koje imaju za posledicu bolesti
01:16
diseases like Alzheimer's
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
27
64197
3212
kao što su Alchajmerova,
epilepsija i Parkinsonova bolest,
epilepsija i Parkinsonova bolest,
01:19
for which there are few
treatments, much less cures,
treatments, much less cures,
28
67433
2578
za koje ima malo lečenja,
a još manje lekova,
a još manje lekova,
01:22
and for which, very often,
we don't know the cause or the origins
we don't know the cause or the origins
29
70035
3617
i za koje vrlo često
ne znamo uzrok, poreklo,
ne znamo uzrok, poreklo,
01:25
and what's really causing them to occur.
30
73676
2135
niti šta zaista dovodi do toga da se jave.
01:28
Now, our group at MIT
31
76613
1740
Naša grupa na MIT-u
01:30
is trying to take
a different point of view
a different point of view
32
78377
2686
pokušava da zauzme
drugačiju tačku gledišta
drugačiju tačku gledišta
01:33
from the way neuroscience has
been done over the last hundred years.
been done over the last hundred years.
33
81087
3230
od načina na koji su neuronauke
radile poslednjih sto godina.
radile poslednjih sto godina.
Mi smo programeri. Mi smo pronalazači.
01:36
We're designers. We're inventors.
34
84341
1579
Pokušavamo da otkrijemo
kako da izgradimo tehnologije
kako da izgradimo tehnologije
01:37
We're trying to figure out
how to build technologies
how to build technologies
35
85944
2544
koje nam dozvoljavaju
da posmatramo mozak i popravimo ga.
da posmatramo mozak i popravimo ga.
01:40
that let us look at and repair the brain.
36
88512
2456
01:42
And the reason is,
37
90992
1151
Razlog tome je to što je mozak
neverovatno komplikovan.
neverovatno komplikovan.
01:44
the brain is incredibly,
incredibly complicated.
incredibly complicated.
38
92167
2801
01:47
So what we've learned
over the first century of neuroscience
over the first century of neuroscience
39
95484
2887
Ono što smo naučili
tokom prvog veka neuronauka
tokom prvog veka neuronauka
je da je mozak veoma komplikovana mreža
01:50
is that the brain is a very
complicated network,
complicated network,
40
98395
2303
01:52
made out of very specialized
cells called neurons
cells called neurons
41
100722
2480
sačinjena od vrlo specijalizovanih ćelija
zvanih neuroni
sa vrlo složenom geometrijom,
sa vrlo složenom geometrijom,
01:55
with very complex geometries,
42
103226
1667
01:56
and electrical currents will flow
through these complexly shaped neurons.
through these complexly shaped neurons.
43
104917
4237
a električna struja će proticati
kroz te neurone složenog oblika.
kroz te neurone složenog oblika.
02:01
Furthermore, neurons
are connected in networks.
are connected in networks.
44
109653
2784
Osim toga, neuroni se povezuju u mreže.
02:04
They're connected by little junctions
called synapses that exchange chemicals
called synapses that exchange chemicals
45
112461
3835
Povezani su malim spojevima
zvanim sinapse koje razmenjuju hemikalije
zvanim sinapse koje razmenjuju hemikalije
i omogućavaju neuronima
da međusobno razgovaraju.
da međusobno razgovaraju.
02:08
and allow the neurons
to talk to each other.
to talk to each other.
46
116320
2218
02:10
The density of the brain is incredible.
47
118562
1940
Gustina mozga je neverovatna.
02:12
In a cubic millimeter of your brain,
48
120526
2307
U kubnom milimetru vašeg mozga
02:14
there are about 100,000 of these neurons
49
122857
2457
postoji oko 100 000 ovih neurona
02:17
and maybe a billion of those connections.
50
125338
2517
i možda milijardu tih veza.
02:20
But it's worse.
51
128887
1382
Međutim, još je gore od toga.
02:22
So, if you could zoom in to a neuron,
52
130293
2305
Tako, ako biste uveličali neuron -
02:24
and, of course, this is just
our artist's rendition of it.
our artist's rendition of it.
53
132622
2750
a naravno, ovo je samo umetnički prikaz -
ono što biste videli
jesu hiljade vrsta biomolekula,
jesu hiljade vrsta biomolekula,
02:27
What you would see are thousands
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
54
135396
4207
02:31
little nanoscale machines
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
55
139627
4400
male mašine na nano nivou
organizovane u složene 3D obrasce,
organizovane u složene 3D obrasce,
02:36
and together they mediate
those electrical pulses,
those electrical pulses,
56
144051
2628
a oni zajedno posreduju
između tih električnih impulsa,
između tih električnih impulsa,
02:38
those chemical exchanges
that allow neurons to work together
that allow neurons to work together
57
146703
3937
tih hemijskih razmena
koje omogućavaju neuronima da sarađuju
koje omogućavaju neuronima da sarađuju
02:42
to generate things like thoughts
and feelings and so forth.
and feelings and so forth.
58
150664
3669
da bi proizveli stvari poput misli,
osećanja i tako dalje.
osećanja i tako dalje.
02:46
Now, we don't know how
the neurons in the brain are organized
the neurons in the brain are organized
59
154357
3764
Ne znamo kako su neuroni
organizovani u mozgu
organizovani u mozgu
02:50
to form networks,
60
158145
1174
tako da formiraju mreže
02:51
and we don't know how
the biomolecules are organized
the biomolecules are organized
61
159343
2500
i ne znamo kako se biomolekuli organizuju
02:53
within neurons
62
161867
1174
unutar neurona
da bi formirali te složene,
organizovane mašine.
organizovane mašine.
02:55
to form these complex, organized machines.
63
163065
2405
02:57
If we really want to understand this,
64
165918
1820
Ako zaista želimo da ovo razumemo,
biće nam potrebne nove tehnologije.
02:59
we're going to need new technologies.
65
167762
1817
Međutim, kada bismo dobili takve mape,
03:01
But if we could get such maps,
66
169603
1784
03:03
if we could look at the organization
of molecules and neurons
of molecules and neurons
67
171411
2943
kada bismo mogli da sagledamo
organizaciju molekula i neurona,
organizaciju molekula i neurona,
03:06
and neurons and networks,
68
174378
1566
neurona i mreža,
03:07
maybe we could really understand
how the brain conducts information
how the brain conducts information
69
175968
3437
možda bismo zaista razumeli
kako mozak upravlja informacijama
kako mozak upravlja informacijama
03:11
from sensory regions,
70
179429
1167
iz senzornih oblasti,
03:12
mixes it with emotion and feeling,
71
180620
1736
pomeša ih sa emocijama i osećanjima
03:14
and generates our decisions and actions.
72
182380
2394
i proizvodi naše odluke i postupke.
03:17
Maybe we could pinpoint the exact set
of molecular changes that occur
of molecular changes that occur
73
185131
3789
Možda bismo mogli da tačno utvrdimo
skup molekularnih promena koje se dešavaju
skup molekularnih promena koje se dešavaju
03:20
in a brain disorder.
74
188944
1202
pri poremećajima mozga.
03:22
And once we know how
those molecules have changed,
those molecules have changed,
75
190170
2822
Kada jednom saznamo
kako su se ti molekuli promenili,
kako su se ti molekuli promenili,
03:25
whether they've increased in number
or changed in pattern,
or changed in pattern,
76
193016
2780
bilo da su se brojčano povećali
ili im se promenio obrazac,
ili im se promenio obrazac,
03:27
we could use those
as targets for new drugs,
as targets for new drugs,
77
195820
2939
možemo ih iskoristiti
kao mete za nove lekove,
kao mete za nove lekove,
03:30
for new ways of delivering
energy into the brain
energy into the brain
78
198783
2271
za nove načine dopremanja energije u mozak
03:33
in order to repair the brain
computations that are afflicted
computations that are afflicted
79
201078
3880
da bismo popravili proračune mozga
koji su pogođeni kod pacijenata
koji boluju od poremećaja mozga.
koji boluju od poremećaja mozga.
03:36
in patients who suffer
from brain disorders.
from brain disorders.
80
204982
2299
Svi smo tokom proteklog veka
videli mnogo različitih tehnologija
videli mnogo različitih tehnologija
03:39
We've all seen lots of different
technologies over the last century
technologies over the last century
81
207793
3243
koje nastoje da se suoče sa ovim.
03:43
to try to confront this.
82
211060
1166
03:44
I think we've all seen brain scans
83
212250
1880
Mislim da smo svi videli skeniranja mozga
03:46
taken using MRI machines.
84
214154
2034
pomoću mašina za magnetnu rezonancu.
03:48
These, of course, have the great power
that they are noninvasive,
that they are noninvasive,
85
216212
3347
One, svakako, imaju veliku snagu
u tome što su neinvazivne,
u tome što su neinvazivne,
03:51
they can be used on living human subjects.
86
219583
2355
mogu se koristiti
na živim ljudskim subjektima.
na živim ljudskim subjektima.
03:54
But also, they're spatially crude.
87
222407
2231
Međutim, takođe su prostorno nerafinirane.
03:56
Each of these blobs that you see,
or voxels, as they're called,
or voxels, as they're called,
88
224662
2990
Svaka od ovih mrlja koje vidite,
ili voksela, kako se zovu,
ili voksela, kako se zovu,
može sadržati milione neurona.
03:59
can contain millions
and millions of neurons.
and millions of neurons.
89
227676
2689
Dakle, nemaju nivo rezolucije
04:02
So it's not at the level of resolution
90
230389
1850
na kome se mogu precizno odrediti
molekularne promene koje se javljaju
molekularne promene koje se javljaju
04:04
where it can pinpoint
the molecular changes that occur
the molecular changes that occur
91
232263
2538
04:06
or the changes in the wiring
of these networks
of these networks
92
234825
2286
ili promene povezivanja ovih mreža
04:09
that contributes to our ability
to be conscious and powerful beings.
to be conscious and powerful beings.
93
237135
3946
koje doprinose našoj sposobnosti
da budemo svesna i moćna bića.
da budemo svesna i moćna bića.
04:13
At the other extreme,
you have microscopes.
you have microscopes.
94
241797
3181
Na drugom kraju, imate mikroskope.
Mikroskopi će, naravno, koristiti svetlo
za posmatranje sićušnih stvari.
za posmatranje sićušnih stvari.
04:17
Microscopes, of course, will use light
to look at little tiny things.
to look at little tiny things.
95
245002
3295
Vekovima su korišćeni
za posmatranje stvari poput bakterija.
za posmatranje stvari poput bakterija.
04:20
For centuries, they've been used
to look at things like bacteria.
to look at things like bacteria.
96
248321
3075
Za neuronauke,
04:23
For neuroscience,
97
251420
1151
pomoću mikroskopa su neuroni
zapravo prvobitno otkriveni
zapravo prvobitno otkriveni
04:24
microscopes are actually how neurons
were discovered in the first place,
were discovered in the first place,
98
252595
3412
pre oko 130 godina.
04:28
about 130 years ago.
99
256031
1292
04:29
But light is fundamentally limited.
100
257347
2318
Međutim, svetlo je suštinski ograničeno.
04:31
You can't see individual molecules
with a regular old microscope.
with a regular old microscope.
101
259689
3298
Ne možete videti pojedinačne molekule
običnim starim mikroskopom.
običnim starim mikroskopom.
04:35
You can't look at these tiny connections.
102
263011
2152
Ne možete videti ove sićušne veze.
04:37
So if we want to make our ability
to see the brain more powerful,
to see the brain more powerful,
103
265187
3942
Ako želimo da pojačamo
našu sposobnost da vidimo mozak,
našu sposobnost da vidimo mozak,
04:41
to get down to the ground truth structure,
104
269153
2168
da dođemo do direktnog uvida u strukturu,
04:43
we're going to need to have
even better technologies.
even better technologies.
105
271345
3280
biće nam potrebne još bolje tehnologije.
Moja grupa je pre par godina
počela da razmišlja:
počela da razmišlja:
04:47
My group, a couple years ago,
started thinking:
started thinking:
106
275611
2224
„Zašto ne uradimo suprotno?
04:49
Why don't we do the opposite?
107
277859
1412
04:51
If it's so darn complicated
to zoom in to the brain,
to zoom in to the brain,
108
279295
2461
Ako je toliko komplikovano
uveličati sliku mozga,
uveličati sliku mozga,
zašto ne uvećamo mozak?
04:53
why can't we make the brain bigger?
109
281780
1943
04:56
It initially started
110
284166
1155
Najpre je počelo
04:57
with two grad students in my group,
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
111
285345
2996
sa dva studenta u mojoj grupi,
Feijem Čenom i Polom Tilbergom.
Feijem Čenom i Polom Tilbergom.
Sada mnogi drugi u mojoj grupi
pomažu u ovom procesu.
pomažu u ovom procesu.
05:00
Now many others in my group
are helping with this process.
are helping with this process.
112
288365
2720
Rešili smo da probamo da otkrijemo
da li možemo da uzmemo polimere,
da li možemo da uzmemo polimere,
05:03
We decided to try to figure out
if we could take polymers,
if we could take polymers,
113
291109
2762
05:05
like the stuff in the baby diaper,
114
293895
1629
kao ono u peleni za bebe,
i da ih fizički ugradimo u mozak.
05:07
and install it physically
within the brain.
within the brain.
115
295548
2006
Ako to sprovedete
baš kako treba i dodate vode,
baš kako treba i dodate vode,
05:09
If we could do it just right,
and you add water,
and you add water,
116
297578
2241
potencijalno možete uvećati mozak
05:11
you can potentially blow the brain up
117
299843
1835
do tačke u kojoj možete
međusobno razlikovati te male biomolekule.
međusobno razlikovati te male biomolekule.
05:13
to where you could distinguish
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
118
301702
3377
Možete videti te veze i dobiti mape mozga.
05:17
You would see those connections
and get maps of the brain.
and get maps of the brain.
119
305103
2870
To bi potencijalno moglo biti
prilično dramatično.
prilično dramatično.
05:19
This could potentially be quite dramatic.
120
307997
1988
05:22
We brought a little demo here.
121
310009
3008
Doneli smo malu demonstraciju ovde.
05:25
We got some purified baby diaper material.
122
313538
2575
Imamo malo prečišćenog materijala
za pelene za bebe.
za pelene za bebe.
Mnogo je lakše
samo ga kupiti preko interneta
samo ga kupiti preko interneta
05:28
It's much easier
just to buy it off the Internet
just to buy it off the Internet
123
316137
2274
nego izvući nekoliko zrna
koja zapravo postoje u pelenama.
koja zapravo postoje u pelenama.
05:30
than to extract the few grains
that actually occur in these diapers.
that actually occur in these diapers.
124
318435
3475
05:33
I'm going to put just one teaspoon here
125
321934
2225
Staviću ovde samo jednu kašičicu
05:36
of this purified polymer.
126
324706
1794
prečišćenog polimera.
05:39
And here we have some water.
127
327270
2152
A ovde imamo malo vode.
05:41
What we're going to do
128
329446
1162
Ono što ćemo da uradimo
05:42
is see if this teaspoon
of the baby diaper material
of the baby diaper material
129
330632
3011
jeste da vidimo da li ova kašičica
materijala pelene za bebe
materijala pelene za bebe
05:45
can increase in size.
130
333667
1709
može da se poveća.
05:48
You're going to see it increase in volume
by about a thousandfold
by about a thousandfold
131
336687
3696
Videćete kako mu se povećava obim
oko hiljadu puta
oko hiljadu puta
pred vašim očima.
05:52
before your very eyes.
132
340407
1286
06:01
I could pour much more of this in there,
133
349597
1972
Mogao bih da sipam mnogo više ovoga,
ali mislim da imate predstavu
06:03
but I think you've got the idea
134
351593
1558
da je ovo veoma zanimljiv molekul
06:05
that this is a very,
very interesting molecule,
very interesting molecule,
135
353175
2502
06:07
and if can use it in the right way,
136
355701
1912
i ako ga iskoristimo na pravi način,
mogli bismo zaista uveličati sliku mozga
06:09
we might be able
to really zoom in on the brain
to really zoom in on the brain
137
357637
2321
na način na koji to ne možete uraditi
pomoću prethodnih tehnologija.
pomoću prethodnih tehnologija.
06:11
in a way that you can't do
with past technologies.
with past technologies.
138
359982
2594
06:15
OK. So a little bit of chemistry now.
139
363227
2054
U redu. Sada malo hemije.
06:17
What's going on
in the baby diaper polymer?
in the baby diaper polymer?
140
365305
2442
Šta se dešava u polimeru
u pelenama za bebe?
u pelenama za bebe?
06:19
If you could zoom in,
141
367771
1676
Ako biste ga uvećali,
mogli biste videti nešto
poput onoga što vidite na ekranu.
poput onoga što vidite na ekranu.
06:21
it might look something like
what you see on the screen.
what you see on the screen.
142
369471
2673
06:24
Polymers are chains of atoms
arranged in long, thin lines.
arranged in long, thin lines.
143
372168
4492
Polimeri su lanci atoma
poređani u duge, tanke linije.
poređani u duge, tanke linije.
06:28
The chains are very tiny,
144
376684
1367
Lanci su vrlo mali,
06:30
about the width of a biomolecule,
145
378075
1864
otpilike širine biomolekula,
06:31
and these polymers are really dense.
146
379963
1747
a ti polimeri su veoma gusti.
06:33
They're separated by distances
147
381734
1500
Odvojeni su rastojanjima
06:35
that are around the size of a biomolecule.
148
383258
2252
koja su otpilike veličine biomolekula.
06:37
This is very good
149
385534
1165
To je veoma dobro
06:38
because we could potentially
move everything apart in the brain.
move everything apart in the brain.
150
386723
3041
jer bismo potencijalno mogli
da razdvojimo sve u mozgu.
da razdvojimo sve u mozgu.
06:41
If we add water, what will happen is,
151
389788
1848
Ako dodamo vodu,
desiće se da će upijajući materijal
apsorbovati vodu,
apsorbovati vodu,
06:43
this swellable material
is going to absorb the water,
is going to absorb the water,
152
391660
2515
06:46
the polymer chains will move
apart from each other,
apart from each other,
153
394199
2400
lanci polimera će se međusobno razdvojiti
i celokupni materijal će postati veći.
06:48
and the entire material
is going to become bigger.
is going to become bigger.
154
396623
2634
06:51
And because these chains are so tiny
155
399615
1814
Zato što su lanci tako mali
06:53
and spaced by biomolecular distances,
156
401453
2205
i odvojeni biomolekularnim rastojanjima,
06:55
we could potentially blow up the brain
157
403682
2039
potencijalno bismo mogli uvećati mozak
06:57
and make it big enough to see.
158
405745
1633
i učiniti ga dovoljno velikim da vidimo.
07:00
Here's the mystery, then:
159
408020
1240
Evo u čemu je misterija -
07:01
How do we actually make
these polymer chains inside the brain
these polymer chains inside the brain
160
409284
3610
kako da zapravo napravimo
te lance polimera u mozgu
te lance polimera u mozgu
tako da možemo da razdvojimo
sve biomolekule?
sve biomolekule?
07:04
so we can move all the biomolecules apart?
161
412918
2239
Ako bismo to uspeli,
07:07
If we could do that,
162
415181
1151
možda bismo mogli da dobijemo
mape direktnog uvida u mozak.
mape direktnog uvida u mozak.
07:08
maybe we could get
ground truth maps of the brain.
ground truth maps of the brain.
163
416356
2397
Mogli bismo da sagledamo mrežu.
07:10
We could look at the wiring.
164
418777
1389
07:12
We can peer inside
and see the molecules within.
and see the molecules within.
165
420190
3157
Mogli bismo da zavirimo unutra
i vidimo molekule.
i vidimo molekule.
07:15
To explain this, we made some animations
166
423925
2481
Da bismo ovo objasnili,
napravili smo animacije
napravili smo animacije
07:18
where we actually look
at, in these artist renderings,
at, in these artist renderings,
167
426430
2603
gde zapravo gledamo
na umetničkim prikazima
na umetničkim prikazima
07:21
what biomolecules might look
like and how we might separate them.
like and how we might separate them.
168
429057
3541
kako bi biomolekuli mogli izgledati
i kako bismo ih mogli razdvojiti.
i kako bismo ih mogli razdvojiti.
07:24
Step one: what we'd have
to do, first of all,
to do, first of all,
169
432622
2549
Prvi korak - morali bismo da, najpre,
07:27
is attach every biomolecule,
shown in brown here,
shown in brown here,
170
435195
3389
prikačimo svaki biomolekul,
prikazan braon bojom ovde,
prikazan braon bojom ovde,
07:30
to a little anchor, a little handle.
171
438608
2159
za malo sidro, malu dršku.
07:32
We need to pull the molecules
of the brain apart from each other,
of the brain apart from each other,
172
440791
3095
Morali bismo da molekule
odvojimo jedne od drugih,
odvojimo jedne od drugih,
07:35
and to do that, we need
to have a little handle
to have a little handle
173
443910
2326
a da bismo to uradili,
potrebna nam je mala drška
potrebna nam je mala drška
07:38
that allows those polymers to bind to them
174
446260
2285
koja omogućava polimerima da se vežu
07:40
and to exert their force.
175
448569
1542
i da primene svoju snagu.
07:43
Now, if you just take baby diaper
polymer and dump it on the brain,
polymer and dump it on the brain,
176
451278
3161
Ako samo uzmete polimer iz pelene za bebe
i bacite ga na mozak,
i bacite ga na mozak,
očigledno, stajaće tu na vrhu.
07:46
obviously, it's going to sit there on top.
177
454463
2037
Dakle, potrebno je da nađemo način
da smestimo polimere unutra.
da smestimo polimere unutra.
07:48
So we need to find a way
to make the polymers inside.
to make the polymers inside.
178
456524
2528
07:51
And this is where we're really lucky.
179
459076
1788
Po tom pitanju baš imamo sreće.
Ispostavilo se da možete
da uzmete sastavne delove,
da uzmete sastavne delove,
07:52
It turns out, you can
get the building blocks,
get the building blocks,
180
460888
2188
07:55
monomers, as they're called,
181
463100
1372
monomere, kako se zovu,
07:56
and if you let them go into the brain
182
464496
1784
pa ako ih pustite da uđu u mozak
07:58
and then trigger the chemical reactions,
183
466304
2036
i zatim pokrenete hemijske reakcije,
08:00
you can get them to form
those long chains,
those long chains,
184
468364
2702
možete da ih navedete
da formiraju duge lance,
da formiraju duge lance,
08:03
right there inside the brain tissue.
185
471090
1798
upravo unutar moždanog tkiva.
08:05
They're going to wind their way
around biomolecules
around biomolecules
186
473325
2397
Obmotaće se oko biomolekula
i između biomolekula,
08:07
and between biomolecules,
187
475746
1221
08:08
forming those complex webs
188
476991
1625
formirajući kompleksne mreže
08:10
that will allow you, eventually,
to pull apart the molecules
to pull apart the molecules
189
478640
2862
koje će vam dozvoliti da, na kraju,
razdvojite molekule
razdvojite molekule
jedne od drugih.
08:13
from each other.
190
481526
1175
08:14
And every time one
of those little handles is around,
of those little handles is around,
191
482725
3054
Svaki put kada je prisutna
jedna od tih malih drški,
jedna od tih malih drški,
08:17
the polymer will bind to the handle,
and that's exactly what we need
and that's exactly what we need
192
485803
3350
polimer će se vezati za nju,
a to je upravo ono što nam treba
a to je upravo ono što nam treba
08:21
in order to pull the molecules
apart from each other.
apart from each other.
193
489177
2531
da bismo međusobno razdvojili molekule.
08:23
All right, the moment of truth.
194
491732
1693
U redu, trenutak istine.
08:25
We have to treat this specimen
195
493449
2148
Moramo delovati na ovaj uzorak hemikalijom
08:27
with a chemical to kind of loosen up
all the molecules from each other,
all the molecules from each other,
196
495621
3446
da bismo nekako otpustili
molekule jedne od drugih,
molekule jedne od drugih,
08:31
and then, when we add water,
197
499091
1836
a zatim, kada dodamo vodu,
08:32
that swellable material is going
to start absorbing the water,
to start absorbing the water,
198
500951
2953
taj upijajući materijal će početi
da apsorbuje vodu,
da apsorbuje vodu,
lanci polimera će se razdvojiti,
08:35
the polymer chains will move apart,
199
503928
1703
ali će se sada biomolekuli pridružiti.
08:37
but now, the biomolecules
will come along for the ride.
will come along for the ride.
200
505655
2722
08:40
And much like drawing
a picture on a balloon,
a picture on a balloon,
201
508401
2164
Kao kada nacrtate sliku na balonu,
08:42
and then you blow up the balloon,
202
510589
1587
a zatim nadujete balon -
08:44
the image is the same,
203
512200
1290
slika je ista,
08:45
but the ink particles have moved
away from each other.
away from each other.
204
513514
2548
ali su se čestice mastila
međusobno razdvojile.
međusobno razdvojile.
08:48
And that's what we've been able
to do now, but in three dimensions.
to do now, but in three dimensions.
205
516086
3467
To je ono što smo uspeli
da uradimo sada, ali u tri dimenzije.
da uradimo sada, ali u tri dimenzije.
08:51
There's one last trick.
206
519577
1999
Postoji još jedan trik.
Kao što možete videti ovde,
08:53
As you can see here,
207
521600
1218
08:54
we've color-coded
all the biomolecules brown.
all the biomolecules brown.
208
522842
2109
sve biomolekule smo označili braon bojom.
08:56
That's because they all
kind of look the same.
kind of look the same.
209
524975
2170
To je zato što svi nekako izgledaju isto.
08:59
Biomolecules are made
out of the same atoms,
out of the same atoms,
210
527169
2105
Biomolekuli su sačinjeni od istih atoma,
09:01
but just in different orders.
211
529298
2240
samo imaju različit redosled.
Potrebna nam je još samo jedna stvar
da bismo ih učinili vidljivim.
da bismo ih učinili vidljivim.
09:03
So we need one last thing
212
531562
1500
09:05
in order to make them visible.
213
533086
1695
09:06
We have to bring in little tags,
214
534805
1579
Moramo da unesemo male oznake,
09:08
with glowing dyes
that will distinguish them.
that will distinguish them.
215
536408
3019
kao svetleće boje
po kojima će se raspoznavati.
po kojima će se raspoznavati.
09:11
So one kind of biomolecule
might get a blue color.
might get a blue color.
216
539451
2673
Tako jedna vrsta biomolekula
može dobiti plavu boju,
može dobiti plavu boju,
09:14
Another kind of biomolecule
might get a red color.
might get a red color.
217
542148
2351
druga vrsta biomolekula
može dobiti crvenu boju
može dobiti crvenu boju
i tako dalje.
09:16
And so forth.
218
544523
1276
09:17
And that's the final step.
219
545823
1552
To je poslednji korak.
09:19
Now we can look at something like a brain
220
547399
2278
Sada možemo pogledati
nešto kao što je mozak
nešto kao što je mozak
09:21
and look at the individual molecules,
221
549701
1796
i sagledati pojedinačne molekule,
09:23
because we've moved them
far apart enough from each other
far apart enough from each other
222
551521
2707
jer smo ih dovoljno međusobno razdvojili
da ih možemo razlikovati.
09:26
that we can tell them apart.
223
554252
1698
09:27
So the hope here is that
we can make the invisible visible.
we can make the invisible visible.
224
555974
2834
Ovde postoji nada da možemo
nevidljivo učiniti vidljivim.
nevidljivo učiniti vidljivim.
Možemo izmeniti stvari
koje mogu delovati malo i nejasno
koje mogu delovati malo i nejasno
09:30
We can turn things that might seem
small and obscure
small and obscure
225
558832
2566
09:33
and blow them up
226
561422
1151
i uvećati ih
09:34
until they're like constellations
of information about life.
of information about life.
227
562597
3177
sve dok ne postanu
poput sazvežđa informacija o životu.
poput sazvežđa informacija o životu.
09:37
Here's an actual video
of what it might look like.
of what it might look like.
228
565798
2375
Evo stvarnog snimka
toga kako to može izgledati.
toga kako to može izgledati.
09:40
We have here a little brain in a dish --
229
568197
2371
Ovde imamo malo mozga u posudi,
09:42
a little piece of a brain, actually.
230
570592
1747
komadić mozga, zapravo.
09:44
We've infused the polymer in,
231
572363
1596
Ubrizgali smo polimer u njega
09:45
and now we're adding water.
232
573983
1467
i sada dodajemo vodu.
09:47
What you'll see is that,
right before your eyes --
right before your eyes --
233
575474
2358
Videćete kako će pred vašim očima -
09:49
this video is sped up about sixtyfold --
234
577856
1923
snimak je ubrzan otprilike šest puta -
09:51
this little piece of brain tissue
is going to grow.
is going to grow.
235
579803
2725
ovaj komadić moždanog tkiva porasti.
09:54
It can increase by a hundredfold
or even more in volume.
or even more in volume.
236
582552
3180
Može se povećati stotinu puta
ili više u obimu.
ili više u obimu.
09:57
And the cool part is, because
those polymers are so tiny,
those polymers are so tiny,
237
585756
2949
Zanimljiv deo je u tome što,
zato što su ti polimeri tako mali,
zato što su ti polimeri tako mali,
10:00
we're separating biomolecules
evenly from each other.
evenly from each other.
238
588729
2559
jednako razdvajamo biomolekule međusobno.
10:03
It's a smooth expansion.
239
591312
1658
To je ravnomerno širenje.
10:04
We're not losing the configuration
of the information.
of the information.
240
592994
2687
Ne gubimo raspored informacija.
10:07
We're just making it easier to see.
241
595705
2700
Samo olakšavamo da se vide.
10:11
So now we can take
actual brain circuitry --
actual brain circuitry --
242
599333
2176
Sada možemo uzeti moždane puteve -
10:13
here's a piece of the brain
involved with, for example, memory --
involved with, for example, memory --
243
601533
3134
evo dela mozga koji je uključen,
na primer, u pamćenje -
na primer, u pamćenje -
10:16
and we can zoom in.
244
604691
1263
i možemo ga uveličati.
10:17
We can start to actually look at
how circuits are configured.
how circuits are configured.
245
605978
2890
Moždamo početi da sagledavamo
kako su putevi konfigurisani.
kako su putevi konfigurisani.
Možda ćemo jednog dana
moći da čitamo sećanja.
moći da čitamo sećanja.
10:20
Maybe someday we could read out a memory.
246
608892
1968
10:22
Maybe we could actually look
at how circuits are configured
at how circuits are configured
247
610884
2779
Možda bismo mogli da zaista vidimo
kako su putevi podešeni
kako su putevi podešeni
10:25
to process emotions,
248
613687
1152
da bi obrađivali emocije,
10:26
how the actual wiring
of our brain is organized
of our brain is organized
249
614863
2922
kako je organizovana
ta umreženost našeg mozga
ta umreženost našeg mozga
10:29
in order to make us who we are.
250
617809
2567
da bi nas učinila onakvima kakvi smo.
10:32
And of course, we can pinpoint, hopefully,
251
620400
2047
Naravno, možemo odrediti, nadajmo se,
10:34
the actual problems in the brain
at a molecular level.
at a molecular level.
252
622471
3159
stvarne probleme u mozgu
na molekularnom nivou.
na molekularnom nivou.
Šta ako bismo mogli da pogledamo
u ćelije mozga i otkrijemo -
u ćelije mozga i otkrijemo -
10:37
What if we could actually
look into cells in the brain
look into cells in the brain
253
625654
2569
10:40
and figure out, wow, here are the 17
molecules that have altered
molecules that have altered
254
628247
3083
vau, evo 17 molekula koji su izmenjeni
10:43
in this brain tissue that has been
undergoing epilepsy
undergoing epilepsy
255
631354
3455
u ovom moždanom tkivu
koje prolazi kroz epilepsiju
koje prolazi kroz epilepsiju
ili promene zbog Parkinsonove bolesti
ili su na neki drugi način izmenjeni?
ili su na neki drugi način izmenjeni?
10:46
or changing in Parkinson's disease
256
634833
1650
10:48
or otherwise being altered?
257
636507
1517
10:50
If we get that systematic list
of things that are going wrong,
of things that are going wrong,
258
638048
3043
Ako dobijemo tu sistematičnu listu
stvari koje idu po zlu,
stvari koje idu po zlu,
10:53
those become our therapeutic targets.
259
641115
2199
one postaju naše mete u terapiji.
Možemo napraviti lekove
da se vežu za njih.
da se vežu za njih.
10:55
We can build drugs that bind those.
260
643338
1677
Možda možemo usmeriti energiju
na različite delove mozga
na različite delove mozga
10:57
We can maybe aim energy
at different parts of the brain
at different parts of the brain
261
645039
2627
kako bismo pomogli ljudima
sa Parkinsonovom bolešću, epilepsijom
sa Parkinsonovom bolešću, epilepsijom
10:59
in order to help people
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
262
647690
2687
11:02
or other conditions that affect
over a billion people
over a billion people
263
650401
2551
ili drugim stanjima koja pogađaju
više od milijardu ljudi širom sveta.
više od milijardu ljudi širom sveta.
11:04
around the world.
264
652976
1213
11:07
Now, something interesting
has been happening.
has been happening.
265
655246
2206
Nešto zanimljivo se dešavalo.
11:09
It turns out that throughout biomedicine,
266
657476
2705
Ispostavilo se da u okviru biomedicine
postoje drugi problemi
u vezi sa kojima širenje može pomoći.
u vezi sa kojima širenje može pomoći.
11:12
there are other problems
that expansion might help with.
that expansion might help with.
267
660205
2666
11:14
This is an actual biopsy
from a human breast cancer patient.
from a human breast cancer patient.
268
662895
3234
Ovo je stvarna biopsija
od pacijenta sa rakom dojke.
od pacijenta sa rakom dojke.
11:18
It turns out that if you look at cancers,
269
666505
2188
Ispostavilo se da, ako pogledate rak,
11:20
if you look at the immune system,
270
668717
1611
ako pogledate imuni sistem,
11:22
if you look at aging,
if you look at development --
if you look at development --
271
670352
2513
starenje, razvoj -
11:24
all these processes are involving
large-scale biological systems.
large-scale biological systems.
272
672889
4497
svi ti procesi podrazumevaju
biološke sisteme velikih razmera.
biološke sisteme velikih razmera.
11:29
But of course, the problems begin
with those little nanoscale molecules,
with those little nanoscale molecules,
273
677410
4024
Međutim, naravno, problem počinje
sa tim malim molekulima na nano nivou,
sa tim malim molekulima na nano nivou,
11:33
the machines that make the cells
and the organs in our body tick.
and the organs in our body tick.
274
681458
3869
mašinama koje čine da ćelije
i organi u našem telu funkcionišu.
i organi u našem telu funkcionišu.
11:37
So what we're trying
to do now is to figure out
to do now is to figure out
275
685351
2222
Stoga pokušavamo da sada otkrijemo
da li možemo zaista koristiti
ovu tehnologiju
ovu tehnologiju
11:39
if we can actually use this technology
to map the building blocks of life
to map the building blocks of life
276
687597
3466
da bismo mapirali sastavne delove života
u širokom spektru oboljenja.
u širokom spektru oboljenja.
11:43
in a wide variety of diseases.
277
691087
1745
11:44
Can we actually pinpoint
the molecular changes in a tumor
the molecular changes in a tumor
278
692856
2896
Možemo li zaista odrediti
molekularne promene kod tumora
molekularne promene kod tumora
11:47
so that we can actually
go after it in a smart way
go after it in a smart way
279
695776
2369
tako da možemo da ga napadnemo
na pametan način
na pametan način
11:50
and deliver drugs that might wipe out
exactly the cells that we want to?
exactly the cells that we want to?
280
698169
3944
i dostavimo lekove koji bi mogle uništiti
upravo one ćelije koje želimo?
upravo one ćelije koje želimo?
11:54
You know, a lot of medicine
is very high risk.
is very high risk.
281
702137
2335
Znate, dobar deo medicine
je veoma rizičan.
je veoma rizičan.
11:56
Sometimes, it's even guesswork.
282
704496
1782
Ponekad čak podrazumeva nagađanje.
11:58
My hope is we can actually turn
what might be a high-risk moon shot
what might be a high-risk moon shot
283
706626
3875
Moja je nada da možemo pretvoriti
ono što može biti
visoko rizičan poduhvat na Mesec
visoko rizičan poduhvat na Mesec
12:02
into something that's more reliable.
284
710525
1769
u nešto što je pouzdanije.
Ako razmislite
12:04
If you think about the original moon shot,
285
712318
2055
o prvobitnom poduhvatu na Mesec,
kada su zapravo sleteli na Mesec,
kada su zapravo sleteli na Mesec,
12:06
where they actually landed on the moon,
286
714397
1898
zasnovan je na čvrstoj nauci.
12:08
it was based on solid science.
287
716319
1444
12:09
We understood gravity;
288
717787
1603
Razumeli smo gravitaciju,
razumeli smo aerodinamiku.
12:11
we understood aerodynamics.
289
719414
1341
Znali smo kako da napravimo rakete.
12:12
We knew how to build rockets.
290
720779
1395
12:14
The science risk was under control.
291
722198
2468
Naučni rizik je bio pod kontrolom.
12:16
It was still a great, great
feat of engineering.
feat of engineering.
292
724690
2753
Ipak je to bio veliki podvig inženjerstva.
12:19
But in medicine, we don't
necessarily have all the laws.
necessarily have all the laws.
293
727467
2645
Međutim, u medicini,
nemamo nužno sve zakone.
nemamo nužno sve zakone.
12:22
Do we have all the laws
that are analogous to gravity,
that are analogous to gravity,
294
730136
3109
Da li imamo sve zakone
koji su analogni gravitaciji,
koji su analogni gravitaciji,
12:25
that are analogous to aerodynamics?
295
733269
2344
koji su analogni aerodinamici?
12:27
I would argue that with technologies
296
735637
1730
Tvrdim da ih sa tehnologijama
12:29
like the kinds I'm talking about today,
297
737391
1872
poput onih o kojima govorim danas,
možda zapravo možemo proizvesti.
12:31
maybe we can actually derive those.
298
739287
1693
Možemo napraviti mapu obrazaca
koji se javljaju u živim sistemima
koji se javljaju u živim sistemima
12:33
We can map the patterns
that occur in living systems,
that occur in living systems,
299
741004
2857
12:35
and figure out how to overcome
the diseases that plague us.
the diseases that plague us.
300
743885
4558
i otkriti kako da prevaziđemo
bolesti koje nas muče.
bolesti koje nas muče.
Znate, moja žena i ja imamo dvoje dece
12:41
You know, my wife and I
have two young kids,
have two young kids,
301
749499
2079
i jedna od mojih nada kao bioinženjera
je da učinim život boljim za njih
je da učinim život boljim za njih
12:43
and one of my hopes as a bioengineer
is to make life better for them
is to make life better for them
302
751602
3234
12:46
than it currently is for us.
303
754860
1729
od onoga kakav je trenutno za nas.
12:48
And my hope is, if we can
turn biology and medicine
turn biology and medicine
304
756613
3730
Moja nada je, ako možemo
da preokrenemo biologiju i medicinu
da preokrenemo biologiju i medicinu
12:52
from these high-risk endeavors
that are governed by chance and luck,
that are governed by chance and luck,
305
760367
4357
od tih visoko rizičnih poduhvata
kojima rukovode slučaj i sreća
kojima rukovode slučaj i sreća
12:56
and make them things
that we win by skill and hard work,
that we win by skill and hard work,
306
764748
3927
i učinimo ih stvarima u kojima pobeđujemo
veštinama i napornim radom,
veštinama i napornim radom,
13:00
then that would be a great advance.
307
768699
1898
onda bi to bio veliki napredak.
13:02
Thank you very much.
308
770621
1206
Hvala vam mnogo.
13:03
(Applause)
309
771851
10383
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com