Ed Boyden: A new way to study the brain's invisible secrets
Ed Boyden: Une nouvelle méthode pour étudier les secrets invisibles du cerveau
Ed Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute. Full bio
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when you add water to them,
quand vous y ajoutez de l'eau,
by millions of kids every day.
d'enfants tous les jours.
très intelligemment.
in a very clever way.
called a swellable material.
when you add water,
industrial kind of polymer.
in my group at MIT
au MIT essaie de faire
something similar to the brain.
chose de semblable au cerveau.
can peer inside
the biomolecules,
blocs, les biomolécules,
trois dimensions ?
structure of the brain, if you will?
du cerveau, on pourrait dire ?
of how the brain is organized
comment le cerveau est organisé pour
the exact changes in the brain
les changements exacts
and epilepsy and Parkinson's,
et Parkinson,
treatments, much less cures,
peu de soins et de remèdes
we don't know the cause or the origins
rarement les origines,
a different point of view
d'une autre façon en retraçant
been done over the last hundred years.
au cours des 100 dernières années.
how to build technologies
incredibly complicated.
sacrément compliqué.
over the first century of neuroscience
siècle de la neuroscience
complicated network,
réseau très complexe
cells called neurons
des cellules spécialisées
through these complexly shaped neurons.
des courants électriques.
are connected in networks.
sont connectés en réseaux
called synapses that exchange chemicals
qui transmettent les éléments chimiques
to talk to each other.
communiquer entre eux.
un milliard de ces jonctions.
our artist's rendition of it.
représentation artistique --
and thousands of kinds of biomolecules,
milliers de types de biomolécules,
organized in complex, 3D patterns,
organisées en schémas 3D
those electrical pulses,
les impulsions électriques,
that allow neurons to work together
aux neurones de travailler ensemble
and feelings and so forth.
les pensées et les sentiments.
the neurons in the brain are organized
comment sont organisés ces neurones
the biomolecules are organized
biomolécules à l'intérieur des neurones
of molecules and neurons
des molécules et neurones, et
how the brain conducts information
le cerveau dirige de l'information
of molecular changes that occur
moléculaires exacts qui se produisent
those molecules have changed,
ces molécules ont changé,
or changed in pattern,
as targets for new drugs,
pour de nouveaux médicaments,
energy into the brain
transmettre de l'énergie
computations that are afflicted
les computations abîmées
from brain disorders.
de troubles cérébraux.
technologies over the last century
au cours du dernier siècle
that they are noninvasive,
non invasivité, donc on peut
sujets humains vivants.
visuellement peu raffinés.
or voxels, as they're called,
à l'écran, des voxels,
and millions of neurons.
the molecular changes that occur
changements moléculaires
of these networks
le câblage du cerveau
to be conscious and powerful beings.
êtres conscients et capables.
you have microscopes.
vous avez les microscopes.
to look at little tiny things.
observer des choses minuscules.
to look at things like bacteria.
observé les bactéries, etc.
were discovered in the first place,
la découverte des neurones
with a regular old microscope.
individuelles avec un microscope.
to see the brain more powerful,
la façon d'observer le cerveau,
even better technologies.
started thinking:
to zoom in to the brain,
zoomer sur le cerveau,
Fei Chen and Paul Tillberg.
Fei Chen et Paul Tillberg.
are helping with this process.
dans cette expérience.
if we could take polymers,
prendre des polymères
within the brain.
and you add water,
et on y ajoute de l'eau,
those tiny biomolecules from each other.
une molécule d'une autre.
and get maps of the brain.
et cartographier le cerveau.
just to buy it off the Internet
acheter sur Internet
that actually occur in these diapers.
qui se trouvent dans les couches.
of the baby diaper material
de matière de couche
by about a thousandfold
very interesting molecule,
to really zoom in on the brain
le cerveau d'une façon
with past technologies.
n'ont pas pu faire.
in the baby diaper polymer?
ce polymère de couche ?
what you see on the screen.
ce qu'il y a sur l'écran.
arranged in long, thin lines.
et minces chaînes d'atomes.
move everything apart in the brain.
écarter dans le cerveau.
is going to absorb the water,
apart from each other,
l'une de l'autre
is going to become bigger.
distances biomoléculaires,
these polymer chains inside the brain
de polymère dans le cerveau
ground truth maps of the brain.
les bases du cerveau.
and see the molecules within.
pour voir les molécules.
pour mieux expliquer ceci.
at, in these artist renderings,
nous permettent de voir
like and how we might separate them.
si nous les écartions.
to do, first of all,
shown in brown here,
(ici en marron)
of the brain apart from each other,
cerveau l'une de l'autre,
to have a little handle
d'une petite anse
se lient à elles
polymer and dump it on the brain,
le polymère sur le cerveau,
to make the polymers inside.
à l'intérieur même.
get the building blocks,
those long chains,
en ces longues chaînes
around biomolecules
autour des biomolécules
to pull apart the molecules
d'écarter les molécules
of those little handles is around,
a une petite anse,
and that's exactly what we need
et c'est ce dont on a besoin
apart from each other.
les unes des autres.
all the molecules from each other,
détacher chaque molécule de l'autre,
to start absorbing the water,
commencer à l'absorber
will come along for the ride.
vont les accompagner.
a picture on a balloon,
on dessine un ballon
away from each other.
se sont écartées.
to do now, but in three dimensions.
all the biomolecules brown.
les biomolécules en marron
kind of look the same.
out of the same atoms,
that will distinguish them.
qui les différencient.
might get a blue color.
la couleur bleue.
might get a red color.
regarder le cerveau
far apart enough from each other
écartées l'une de l'autre
we can make the invisible visible.
small and obscure
minuscules et obscures
of information about life.
des constellations d'information.
of what it might look like.
pourrait ressembler.
right before your eyes --
is going to grow.
de tissu cérébral.
or even more in volume.
ou encore plus en volume.
those polymers are so tiny,
ces polymères sont si petites
evenly from each other.
biomolécules est uniforme.
of the information.
ne se perd pas.
plus facile à voir.
actual brain circuitry --
vrai circuit cérébral,
involved with, for example, memory --
qui s'occupe de la mémoire,
how circuits are configured.
sont configurés ces circuits.
at how circuits are configured
of our brain is organized
est vraiment organisé
at a molecular level.
au niveau moléculaire.
look into cells in the brain
dans les cellules du cerveau
molecules that have altered
molécules ont changé
undergoing epilepsy
est atteint d'épilepsie
of things that are going wrong,
tout ce qui va de travers,
cibles thérapeutiques
at different parts of the brain
sur certaines parties
with Parkinson's or epilepsy
Parkinson ou d'épilepsie
over a billion people
d'un milliard de personnes dans le monde.
has been happening.
that expansion might help with.
résoudre d'autres problèmes.
from a human breast cancer patient.
atteinte d'un cancer du sein.
if you look at development --
large-scale biological systems.
systèmes biologiques à grande échelle,
with those little nanoscale molecules,
à l'échelle des molécules nanométriques,
and the organs in our body tick.
les cellules et organes de nos corps.
to do now is to figure out
to map the building blocks of life
cartographier les schémas structuraux
the molecular changes in a tumor
changements dans une tumeur
go after it in a smart way
de manière intelligente
exactly the cells that we want to?
précisément les cellules qu'il faut ?
is very high risk.
ont un risque très élevé.
what might be a high-risk moon shot
chose à risque très élevé
avait des bases scientifiques solides.
était sous contrôle,
feat of engineering.
grand exploit d'ingénierie.
necessarily have all the laws.
toujours toutes les lois.
that are analogous to gravity,
analogues à celle de la gravité,
that occur in living systems,
profils des systèmes vivants
the diseases that plague us.
maladies qui nous affectent.
have two young kids,
is to make life better for them
que leur vie soit meilleure
turn biology and medicine
la biologie et la médecine
that are governed by chance and luck,
gouvernés par la chance et le hasard,
that we win by skill and hard work,
à l'effort et aux compétences.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Boyden - NeuroengineerEd Boyden is a professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at the MIT Media Lab and the MIT McGovern Institute.
Why you should listen
Ed Boyden leads the Synthetic Neurobiology Group, which develops tools for analyzing and repairing complex biological systems such as the brain. His group applies these tools in a systematic way in order to reveal ground truth scientific understandings of biological systems, which in turn reveal radical new approaches for curing diseases and repairing disabilities. These technologies include expansion microscopy, which enables complex biological systems to be imaged with nanoscale precision, and optogenetic tools, which enable the activation and silencing of neural activity with light (TED Talk: A light switch for neurons). Boyden also co-directs the MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, which aims to develop new tools to accelerate neuroscience progress.
Amongst other recognitions, Boyden has received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2016), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2015), the Carnegie Prize in Mind and Brain Sciences (2015), the Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award (2013), the Grete Lundbeck Brain Prize (2013) and the NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2013). He was also named to the World Economic Forum Young Scientist list (2013) and the Technology Review World's "Top 35 Innovators under Age 35" list (2006). His group has hosted hundreds of visitors to learn how to use new biotechnologies and spun out several companies to bring inventions out of his lab and into the world. Boyden received his Ph.D. in neurosciences from Stanford University as a Hertz Fellow, where he discovered that the molecular mechanisms used to store a memory are determined by the content to be learned. Before that, he received three degrees in electrical engineering, computer science and physics from MIT. He has contributed to over 300 peer-reviewed papers, current or pending patents and articles, and he has given over 300 invited talks on his group's work.
Ed Boyden | Speaker | TED.com