Sam Rodriques: What we'll learn about the brain in the next century
샘 로드리게스 (Sam Rodriques): 다음 세기에 배울 뇌에 관한 것들
Sam Rodriques invents new technologies to help neuroscientists understand how the brain works. Full bio
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something about neuroscience.
how the brain works.
연구하기 시작했어요.
대해 연구한다는 사실을요.
that we really want to understand.
정말 잘 알고 싶어 하니까요.
about halfway, with water.
and you put the mouse in the jar, OK?
알겠죠?
for a little while
the mouse gets tired
that's depression.
헤엄치기를 멈추는 거예요.
very sophisticated mathematical models
복잡한 수학 공식을 다루는
is the model for depression,
이런 생각이 들었어요.
we have a lot of work to do."
problem in neuroscience.
좀 일반적인 문제입니다.
이해하고 싶어합니다.
in mice or monkeys
감정을 연구할 순 없어요.
or what they're experiencing.
to understand emotion,
알고 싶은 사람들이
what's called motivated behavior,
동기가 부여된 행동인데
when it really, really wants cheese."
고상한 표현이죠.
spends about 5.5 billion dollars a year
매년 약 55억 불을
no significant improvements in outcomes
in the past 40 years.
별로 없었다는 사실입니다.
is basically due to the fact
많은 이유를 찾아볼 수 있어요.
for cancer or diabetes,
쥐를 이용할 수도 있겠지만,
is just not sophisticated enough
or human brain disease.
why are we still using them?
왜 여전히 실험에 쓰는 걸까요?
electrical signals to each other.
작은 신경세포들로 만들어 지죠.
how the brain works,
the electrical activity of these neurons.
측정할 수 있어야 합니다.
really close to the neurons
아주 자세히 살펴봐야 하는데,
recording device or a microscope.
현미경 등을 사용하겠죠.
and you can do it in monkeys,
put things into their brain
뇌 속에 넣을 수 있으니까요.
can't do that in humans, OK?
사용할 수 없습니다. 아시죠?
all these proxies.
여럿 개발됩니다.
fMRI 입니다.
pretty pictures like this,
of your brain light up
in different activities.
빛으로 보여줍니다.
neural activity here.
측정하는 것이 아니니까요.
is you're measuring, essentially,
but you get the idea, OK?
무슨 말인지 다들 아시죠?
is you can do this --
these electrodes on your head, OK?
머리에 쓰는 이런 전극 아시죠?
electrical activity.
전기활동을 측정할 수 있지만,
the activity of neurons.
알수가 없습니다.
these electrical currents,
측정할 뿐이에요.
that these technologies that we have
우리가 사용하는 이런 기술들은
측정한다는 것입니다.
that we want to understand --
질병의 대부분은
kind of neuron deep in your brain
이 파킨슨병의 주요 원인인
the resolution that you need
we're still stuck with the animals.
실험에 쓸 수 밖에 없죠.
to be studying depression
우울증을 연구하고 싶진 않을 거예요.
맞나요?
sense that it's not possible
건강한 사람들의
in healthy humans.
불가능하다고 생각합니다.
I think it could potentially be possible.
방법 하나가 있거든요.
I don't have all the details.
먼저 말씀드릴게요.
with a kind of outline.
보여 드리려고 합니다.
is a bit warmer that what you're used to.
좀 더 더워 지겠죠.
that you know and love
이 로봇 진공청소기는
were not always so good.
most things are surprisingly recognizable.
익숙한 것들이 대부분일 거예요.
얘기가 완전히 달라집니다.
of Alzheimer's.
근본 원인을 밝혀 내죠.
genetic therapies or drugs
약물치료가 가능해 지는데,
before it begins.
막는 겁니다.
that we had to figure out
connections through the skull
the electrical activity of neurons.
측정하는 법을 찾아야 했죠.
it had to be easy and risk-free.
안전해야 했습니다.
would be OK with,
부담없이 받을 수 있는
to get through the skull
the size of quarters.
구멍을 뚫어야 했거든요.
someone do that to you.
rather than drilling these gigantic holes,
이렇게 엄청나게 큰 구멍을
no thicker than a piece of hair.
구멍으로 대체하는 것이었죠.
was really for diagnosis --
of brain disorders
오랜 시간이 걸리는데,
at the neural activity beneath the skull
these microscopic holes
관찰할 수 있어서,
for the patient.
like getting a shot.
that comes down on your head,
it was fast and extremely reliable,
매우 안정적이며,
the holes were there,
that one of your hairs was missing.
using lasers to drill holes in your skull,
정신없는 소리라는 것 저도 압니다.
shooting lasers into their eyes
눈에 레이저를 쐈거든요.
it's not that big of a step.
that happened in the 2030s,
getting through the skull.
그치지 않습니다.
into the brain tissue itself.
들여다 봐야 하는데,
you put something into the brain tissue,
아주 위험한 일이죠.
a blood vessel and burst it,
we had invented these flexible probes
아주 유연한 탐침을 개발해
around blood vessels,
huge batteries of these probes
without any risk to them.
별 문제없이 기록할 수 있습니다.
sort of to our surprise,
신경세포들은
to things like ideas or emotion,
반응하지 않는다는 것이었어요.
to things like Jennifer Aniston
제니퍼 애니스턴
사람들이었습니다.
have been that surprised.
그렇게 놀랄 일도 아니네요.
spend most of their time thinking about?
주로 무슨 생각을 하는 겁니까?
studying neuroscience in individuals.
가능해 졌다는 사실입니다.
at the single cell level,
유전학으로까지 발전한 것처럼,
at the single human level.
연구하기 시작한 거죠.
to medical applications,
sick brains, not healthy brains.
연구하기 때문이죠.
your technology is,
into someone's brain
넣을 수는 없으니까요.
이걸 원하게 될까요?
an electrical connection to the brain,
the brain up to a computer.
was very skeptical at first.
처음엔 아주 회의적이었죠.
their brain up to their computers?
컴퓨터에 연결하려고 하겠어요?
to send an email with a thought.
보낼 수 있다고 상상해 보세요.
a picture with your eyes, OK?
상상해 보세요, 알겠죠?
않는다고 상상해 보세요.
that you choose to remember
on a hard drive somewhere,
영구적으로 저장하고,
between crazy and visionary
these laser-drilling systems, in 2043,
레이저 천공 시스템을 허가합니다.
폭발적으로 늘어납니다.
이런 식으로 쓰기 시작하죠.
popped up left and right,
곳곳에서 소개됩니다.
in neural interfacing technology.
보유하고 있는 것들이죠.
고대역폭으로 이용할 수도 있어요.
if you were a neuroscientist,
essentially from off the street.
누구나 연구실로 불러,
in some emotional task
감정을 실험해 볼 수 있겠죠.
실험할 수 없는 것들이요.
the activity of their neurons
기록하게 되는데,
that they already had.
접속 장치를 이용합니다.
about what they were experiencing.
것들에 대한 질문도 가능하죠.
psychology and neuroscience
어느새 가능해 집니다.
in the animals, was suddenly there.
of the neural basis for insight.
신경 기반의 발견입니다.
it all comes together, it clicks.
맞아 떨어지는 순간 말이죠.
by two scientists in 2055,
발견된 것이 있어요.
prefrontal cortex,
이들이 관찰한 건,
trying to understand an idea,
would reorganize themselves --
어떻게 재편성 되는지 등인데,
activity here in orange --
주황색으로 빛이 납니다.
in a way that leads to positive feedback.
나타나게끔 정렬되기까지 말이죠.
at the things that make us human.
것들에 대해 알게 됩니다.
to major insights from medicine.
가는 길을 열어줬어요.
the neural activity
with these different mental diseases,
기록할 수 있었기 때문입니다.
on the basis of their symptoms,
that we observed at the neural level.
기반을 두기 시작한 것이죠.
dozens of different diseases,
나뉜다는 걸 알게 됩니다.
at the start of the century,
to do with each other,
in different ways.
in retrospect,
좀 믿기가 힘들어요.
all those different diseases
basically is what we were doing.
주는게 전부였으니까요.
are the same way.
마찬가지입니다.
essentially at random,
which drugs would be most effective
가장 효과적일지
improvement in outcomes.
to the year 2017.
or even far fetched.
우습게 들릴 수도 있어요.
see into the future.
제가 미래를 볼 순 없잖아요.
or thousands of microscopic holes
미세한 구멍을 뚫게 될지
to make any progress
or human diseases
질병의 이해를 돕는
at the electrical activity of neurons
방법을 찾아내지 못한다면요.
on figuring out how to do that today.
사람들은 거의 없습니다.
to put down the mouse brain
쥐의 뇌는 그만 내려 놓고
and investment necessary
이해하는데 정말 필요한
and human disease.
때라고 생각합니다.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sam Rodriques - NeuroengineerSam Rodriques invents new technologies to help neuroscientists understand how the brain works.
Why you should listen
Sam Rodriques has designed a new nanofabrication method and a new approach to sensing neural activity with probes in the bloodstream, and his forthcoming technologies are aimed at understanding the spatial organization of cells in the brain and the transcriptional activity of neurons over time. He is a graduate student in Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with affiliations at the MIT Media Lab, the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT. He graduated summa cum laude with highest honors in Physics from Haverford College, where he worked on new methods for calculating quantum entanglement in multipartite quantum systems. He has received numerous national awards and fellowships to support his research, including the Hertz Foundation Graduate Fellowship, an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship and a Churchill Scholarship.
Sam Rodriques | Speaker | TED.com