Sam Rodriques: What we'll learn about the brain in the next century
Sam Rodriques: O que aprenderemos sobre o cérebro no próximo século
Sam Rodriques invents new technologies to help neuroscientists understand how the brain works. Full bio
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something about neuroscience.
how the brain works.
como o cérebro funciona.
that we really want to understand.
que realmente queremos entender.
about halfway, with water.
com água até a metade.
and you put the mouse in the jar, OK?
e o coloca na jarra.
for a little while
the mouse gets tired
e decide parar de nadar.
that's depression.
very sophisticated mathematical models
modelos matemáticos bem sofisticados
físicos com precisão.
is the model for depression,
o modelo para a depressão,
we have a lot of work to do."
temos muito trabalho a fazer".
problem in neuroscience.
generalizado na neurociência.
in mice or monkeys
em ratos ou macacos,
como eles estão se sentindo.
or what they're experiencing.
to understand emotion,
what's called motivated behavior,
comportamento motivado,
when it really, really wants cheese."
quando quer muito comer queijo.
spends about 5.5 billion dollars a year
dos EUA gasta US$ 5,5 bilhões por ano
no significant improvements in outcomes
melhoras significativas nos resultados
in the past 40 years.
neurológicas nos últimos 40 anos.
is basically due to the fact
isso se deve ao fato
for cancer or diabetes,
para câncer ou diabetes,
is just not sophisticated enough
or human brain disease.
ou as doenças neurológicas dos humanos.
why are we still using them?
por que ainda são usados?
electrical signals to each other.
sinais elétricos umas às outras.
how the brain works,
como o cérebro funciona,
the electrical activity of these neurons.
a atividade elétrica desses neurônios.
really close to the neurons
muito perto dos neurônios
recording device or a microscope.
elétrico ou microscópio.
and you can do it in monkeys,
put things into their brain
coisas no cérebro deles,
o mesmo em humanos.
can't do that in humans, OK?
all these proxies.
diversas alternativas.
pretty pictures like this,
bonitas como esta,
of your brain light up
do cérebro acendem
in different activities.
neural activity here.
mensurada de fato.
is you're measuring, essentially,
onde há mais sangue.
mas vocês entenderam.
but you get the idea, OK?
is you can do this --
these electrodes on your head, OK?
colocando eletrodos na cabeça
electrical activity.
realmente está sendo medida.
the activity of neurons.
these electrical currents,
indo e voltando no cérebro.
that these technologies that we have
that we want to understand --
que queremos entender...
kind of neuron deep in your brain
de neurônio no cérebro
the resolution that you need
não têm a resolução necessária
we're still stuck with the animals.
presos aos animais.
to be studying depression
colocando ratos em jarras,
sense that it's not possible
de que não é possível
in healthy humans.
em humanos saudáveis.
I think it could potentially be possible.
através da qual isso seria possível.
I don't have all the details.
que não tenho todos os detalhes.
with a kind of outline.
is a bit warmer that what you're used to.
está um pouco mais quente.
that you know and love
que você conhece e ama
were not always so good.
most things are surprisingly recognizable.
é bem reconhecível no ano 2100.
of Alzheimer's.
genetic therapies or drugs
ou drogas específicas
before it begins.
antes de ele começar.
that we had to figure out
connections through the skull
elétricas através do crânio
the electrical activity of neurons.
elétrica dos neurônios.
it had to be easy and risk-free.
would be OK with,
to get through the skull
de atravessar o crânio
the size of quarters.
do tamanho de moedas.
someone do that to you.
rather than drilling these gigantic holes,
em vez dos buracos gigantescos,
no thicker than a piece of hair.
da espessura de um fio de cabelo.
was really for diagnosis --
of brain disorders
de distúrbios cerebrais,
at the neural activity beneath the skull
dos neurônios sob o crânio.
these microscopic holes
for the patient.
para o paciente.
like getting a shot.
that comes down on your head,
it was fast and extremely reliable,
the holes were there,
that one of your hairs was missing.
um fio de cabelo faltando.
using lasers to drill holes in your skull,
usar lasers para fazer furos no crânio,
shooting lasers into their eyes
dos olhos eram considerados normais
it's not that big of a step.
that happened in the 2030s,
getting through the skull.
into the brain tissue itself.
no próprio tecido cerebral.
you put something into the brain tissue,
é colocado no tecido cerebral,
a blood vessel and burst it,
causando um derrame.
we had invented these flexible probes
inventamos sondas flexíveis
around blood vessels,
dos vasos sanguíneos,
huge batteries of these probes
várias dessas sondas
without any risk to them.
sem qualquer risco.
sort of to our surprise,
meio que para nossa surpresa,
to things like ideas or emotion,
a ideias ou emoções,
to things like Jennifer Aniston
a coisas como Jennifer Aniston
have been that surprised.
spend most of their time thinking about?
a maior parte do tempo pensando?
studying neuroscience in individuals.
a estudar neurociência em indivíduos.
at the single cell level,
para a genética, em nível celular,
at the single human level.
em nível individual.
to medical applications,
para aplicações médicas,
sick brains, not healthy brains.
doentes, não cérebros saudáveis.
your technology is,
into someone's brain
no cérebro de alguém
an electrical connection to the brain,
uma conexão elétrica no cérebro,
the brain up to a computer.
was very skeptical at first.
cético no início.
their brain up to their computers?
a computadores?
to send an email with a thought.
com um pensamento.
a picture with your eyes, OK?
com seus olhos.
that you choose to remember
que você queira lembrar
on a hard drive somewhere,
em um disco rígido,
between crazy and visionary
these laser-drilling systems, in 2043,
os sistemas de laser, em 2043,
Enviado do meu cérebro".
popped up left and right,
in neural interfacing technology.
de interface neural.
if you were a neuroscientist,
se você fosse neurocientista,
essentially from off the street.
e entrar em seu laboratório
in some emotional task
ou raciocínio abstrato,
the activity of their neurons
dos neurônios da pessoa
that they already had.
about what they were experiencing.
o que a pessoa estava sentindo.
psychology and neuroscience
e neurociência,
in the animals, was suddenly there.
de repente estava lá.
of the neural basis for insight.
das bases neurais do insight.
it all comes together, it clicks.
by two scientists in 2055,
por dois cientistas em 2055,
prefrontal cortex,
pré-frontal dorsal do cérebro
trying to understand an idea,
would reorganize themselves --
de neurônios se reorganizavam.
activity here in orange --
in a way that leads to positive feedback.
levando a um feedback positivo.
at the things that make us human.
ao que nos faz humanos.
to major insights from medicine.
para grandes descobertas da medicina.
the neural activity
a atividade neural
with these different mental diseases,
com diferentes doenças neurológicas,
on the basis of their symptoms,
com base em seus sintomas,
na patologia observada no nível neural.
that we observed at the neural level.
dozens of different diseases,
dezenas de diferentes doenças
at the start of the century,
no começo do século
to do with each other,
in different ways.
de maneiras diferentes.
in retrospect,
diferentes com a mesma droga,
all those different diseases
dando anfetamina às pessoas.
basically is what we were doing.
com a esquizofrenia e a depressão.
are the same way.
essentially at random,
medicamentos aleatoriamente,
which drugs would be most effective
seriam mais eficazes em cada paciente.
melhoria nos resultados.
improvement in outcomes.
to the year 2017.
de volta para o ano de 2017.
or even far fetched.
pode soar satírico ou muito artificial.
see into the future.
or thousands of microscopic holes
de perfurações microscópicas
to make any progress
or human diseases
ou das doenças humanas
at the electrical activity of neurons
à atividade elétrica dos neurônios
on figuring out how to do that today.
descobrir como fazer isso atualmente.
to put down the mouse brain
abandonarem o cérebro do rato
and investment necessary
and human disease.
e as doenças dos humanos.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sam Rodriques - NeuroengineerSam Rodriques invents new technologies to help neuroscientists understand how the brain works.
Why you should listen
Sam Rodriques has designed a new nanofabrication method and a new approach to sensing neural activity with probes in the bloodstream, and his forthcoming technologies are aimed at understanding the spatial organization of cells in the brain and the transcriptional activity of neurons over time. He is a graduate student in Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with affiliations at the MIT Media Lab, the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT. He graduated summa cum laude with highest honors in Physics from Haverford College, where he worked on new methods for calculating quantum entanglement in multipartite quantum systems. He has received numerous national awards and fellowships to support his research, including the Hertz Foundation Graduate Fellowship, an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship and a Churchill Scholarship.
Sam Rodriques | Speaker | TED.com