TEDGlobal 2010
Tim Jackson: An economic reality check
Verificarea realitatii economice facuta de Tim Jackson
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Acum ca lumea se confrunta cu recesiunea, cu schimbari climatice, nedreptati si alte lucruri similare, Tim Jackson ne ofera o incitanta incercare de a stabili principii economice, explicand cum am putea opri alimentarea crizei si cum am putea incepe sa investim in viitorul nostru.
Tim Jackson - Economist
Tim Jackson is a British ecological economist and professor for sustainable development at the University of Surrey. He is the author of "Prosperity without Growth" and director of the Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity. Full bio
Tim Jackson is a British ecological economist and professor for sustainable development at the University of Surrey. He is the author of "Prosperity without Growth" and director of the Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to talk to you today about prosperity,
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Doresc sa va vorbesc astazi despre prosperitate,
00:18
about our hopes
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despre sperantele noastre
00:20
for a shared and lasting prosperity.
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pentru o prosperitate impartasita si care dureaza.
00:23
And not just us,
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Si nu doar noi,
00:25
but the two billion people worldwide
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ci si cele doua miliare de oameni de peste tot
00:27
who are still chronically undernourished.
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care sunt in continuare subnutriti zi de zi.
00:30
And hope actually is at the heart of this.
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Iar speranta e in centrul acestei prezentari.
00:33
In fact, the Latin word for hope
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De fapt, cuvantul latin pentru speranta
00:35
is at the heart of the word prosperity.
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este in centrul cuvantului prosperitate.
00:37
"Pro-speras," "speras," hope --
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"Pro-speras", "speras", speranta --
00:40
in accordance with our hopes and expectations.
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in acord cu sperantele si asteptarile noastre.
00:43
The irony is, though,
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Ironia este, cred,
00:45
that we have cashed-out prosperity
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ca noi ne imaginam prosperitatea
00:48
almost literally in terms of money and economic growth.
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literalmente, in termeni de bani si crestere economica.
00:51
And we've grown our economies so much
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Si ne-am crescut economiile atat de mult
00:53
that we now stand
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ca acum suntem
00:55
in a real danger
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intr-un pericol real
00:57
of undermining hope --
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de a ne submina speranta --
01:00
running down resources, cutting down rainforests,
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epuizand resursele, taind padurile tropicale,
01:03
spilling oil into the Gulf of Mexico,
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varsand petrol in Golful Mexic,
01:06
changing the climate --
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schimband clima --
01:08
and the only thing that has actually
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iar singurul lucru care intr-adevar
01:10
remotely slowed down the relentless rise
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in mica masura a incetinit cresterea neinduratoare
01:12
of carbon emissions over the last two to three decades
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a emisiilor de carbon din ultimile doua-trei decade
01:15
is recession.
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este recesiunea.
01:17
And recession, of course,
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Si nici recesiunea, desigur,
01:19
isn't exactly a recipe for hope either,
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nu e exact o reteta pentru speranta,
01:21
as we're busy finding out.
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asa cum am aflat deja.
01:23
So we're caught in a kind of trap.
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Asa ca suntem prinsi intr-un fel de capcana.
01:25
It's a dilemma, a dilemma of growth.
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Este o dilema, o dilema a cresterii.
01:27
We can't live with it; we can't live without it.
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Nu putem trai cu ea; nu putem trai fara ea.
01:29
Trash the system or crash the planet --
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Distruge sistemul sau distruge planeta.
01:32
it's a tough choice; it isn't much of a choice.
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Este o alegere dificila. Dar nu prea ai de ales.
01:35
And our best avenue of escape from this actually
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Si cea mai buna cale de scapare din asta
01:38
is a kind of blind faith
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e un fel de credinta oarba
01:41
in our own cleverness and technology and efficiency
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in propria noasta inteligenta si tehnologie si eficienta
01:44
and doing things more efficiently.
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si in realizarea lucrurilor mai eficient.
01:46
Now I haven't got anything against efficiency.
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Acum eu n-am nimic impotriva eficientei.
01:48
And I think we are a clever species sometimes.
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Si cred ca suntem o specie inteligenta uneori.
01:52
But I think we should also just check the numbers,
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Dar cred ca trebuie de asemenea sa verificam numerele,
01:55
take a reality check here.
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sa verificam realitatea.
01:57
So I want you to imagine a world,
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As vrea sa va imaginati o lume,
01:59
in 2050, of around nine billion people,
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in 2050, cu aproximativ noua miliarde de oameni,
02:02
all aspiring to Western incomes,
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toti aspirand la veniturile din vest,
02:04
Western lifestyles.
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la stilul de viata occidental.
02:07
And I want to ask the question --
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Si vreau sa va pun o intrebare --
02:09
and we'll give them that two percent hike in income, in salary each year as well,
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si le dam o crestere a veniturilor de doua procente, pentru salarii in fiecare an,
02:12
because we believe in growth.
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pentru ca noi credem in crestere.
02:14
And I want to ask the question:
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Si vreau sa va pun intrebarea:
02:16
how far and how fast would be have to move?
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cat de departe si cat de repede ar trebui sa ne miscam?
02:19
How clever would we have to be?
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Cat de inteligenti ar trebui sa fim?
02:21
How much technology would we need in this world
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De cata tehnologie am avea nevoie in aceasta lume
02:23
to deliver our carbon targets?
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pentru a ne atinge obiectivele de carbon?
02:25
And here in my chart --
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Si iata graficul meu.
02:27
on the left-hand side is where we are now.
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In partea stanga e situatia in care ne aflam acum.
02:30
This is the carbon intensity of economic growth
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Asta e intensitatea emisiilor de carbon din cresterea economica
02:32
in the economy at the moment.
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in economia de acum.
02:34
It's around about 770 grams of carbon.
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Este aproximativ 770 grame de carbon.
02:37
In the world I describe to you,
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In lumea pe care v-o descriu,
02:39
we have to be right over here at the right-hand side
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trebuie sa fim exact aici in partea dreapta
02:41
at six grams of carbon.
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la sase grame de carbon.
02:43
It's a 130-fold improvement,
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Este o imbunatatire de 130 de ori,
02:45
and that is 10 times further and faster
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si asta e de 10 ori mai mult si mai repede
02:47
than anything we've ever achieved in industrial history.
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decat orice am atins vreodata in istoria industriala.
02:50
Maybe we can do it, maybe it's possible -- who knows?
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Poate putem sa o facem, poate este posibil -- cine stie?
02:52
Maybe we can even go further
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Poate putem si mai mult
02:54
and get an economy that pulls carbon out of the atmosphere,
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si putem avea o economie care scoate carbonul din atmosfera,
02:57
which is what we're going to need to be doing
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ceea ce e ce va trebui sa facem
02:59
by the end of the century.
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pana la sfarsitul secolului.
03:01
But shouldn't we just check first
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Dar n-ar trebui sa verificam prima data
03:04
that the economic system that we have
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daca sistemul economic pe care-l avem
03:07
is remotely capable of delivering
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este capabil sa ne ofere
03:09
this kind of improvement?
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acest fel de imbunatatire?
03:11
So I want to just spend a couple of minutes on system dynamics.
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Asa ca doresc sa discutam putin despre dinamica sistemului.
03:14
It's a bit complex, and I apologize for that.
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Este un pic complex, si imi cer scuze pentru asta.
03:16
What I'll try and do, is I'll try and paraphrase it
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Ce incerc sa fac, e ca voi incerca si-l voi parafraza
03:18
is sort of human terms.
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intr-un fel in termeni umani.
03:20
So it looks a little bit like this.
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Arata intr-un fel cam asa.
03:23
Firms produce goods for households -- that's us --
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Firmele produc bunuri pentru gospodarii -- astia suntem noi --
03:25
and provide us with incomes,
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si ne ofera venituri,
03:27
and that's even better, because we can spend those incomes
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si asta-i si mai bine, pentru ca noi sa putem cheltui aceste venituri
03:30
on more goods and services.
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pe mai multe bunuri si servicii.
03:32
That's called the circular flow of the economy.
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Acest lucru se numeste ciclu economic.
03:35
It looks harmless enough.
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Arata suficient de pasnic.
03:37
I just want to highlight one key feature of this system,
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Doresc sa accentuez o caracteristica importanta a sistemului,
03:39
which is the role of investment.
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si anume rolul investitiei.
03:41
Now investment constitutes
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Acum investitia constituie
03:43
only about a fifth of the national income
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doar aproximativ o cincime din venitul national
03:45
in most modern economies,
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in cele mai multe economii moderne,
03:47
but it plays an absolutely vital role.
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dar joaca un rol absolut vital.
03:49
And what it does essentially
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Si ce face in mod esential
03:51
is to stimulate further consumption growth.
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este sa stimuleze viitoarea crestere a consumului.
03:54
It does this in a couple of ways --
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Face asta in mai multe feluri --
03:56
chasing productivity,
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tintind productivitatea,
03:58
which drives down prices and encourages us to buy more stuff.
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care face ca preturile sa scada si ne incurajeaza sa cumparam si mai multe bunuri.
04:01
But I want to concentrate
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Dar vreau sa ne concentram
04:03
on the role of investment
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pe rolul investitiei
04:05
in seeking out novelty,
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in cautarea noutatii,
04:07
the production and consumption of novelty.
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a noutatii productiei si consumului.
04:10
Joseph Schumpeter called this
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Joseph Schumpeter a numit asta
04:12
"the process of creative destruction."
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"procesul distrugerii creative".
04:15
It's a process of the production and reproduction of novelty,
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Este un proces de productie si reproductie a noutatii,
04:17
continually chasing expanding consumer markets,
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urmarind continua extindere a pietelor de consum,
04:20
consumer goods, new consumer goods.
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produselor de consum, a noilor produse de consum.
04:22
And this, this is where it gets interesting,
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Iar acest aspect este interesant
04:24
because it turns out that human beings
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pentru ca arata ca fiintele umane
04:27
have something of an appetite for novelty.
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au un oarecare apetit pentru noutate.
04:30
We love new stuff --
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Iubim lucrurile noi --
04:32
new material stuff for sure --
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noile lucruri materiale cu siguranta --
04:34
but also new ideas, new adventures,
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dar deasemenea ideile noi, aventurile noi,
04:36
new experiences.
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experientele noi.
04:38
But the materiality matters too,
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Dar materialitatea conteaza de asemenea.
04:40
because in every society
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Deoarece, in fiecare societate
04:43
that anthropologists have looked at,
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pe care au studiat-o antropologii,
04:45
material stuff
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lucrurile materiale
04:47
operates as a kind of language --
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opereaza ca un fel de limbaj,
04:49
a language of goods,
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un limbaj al bunurilor,
04:51
a symbolic language
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un limbaj simbolic
04:53
that we use to tell each other stories --
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pe care-l folosim pentru a spune unul altuia povesti --
04:55
stories, for example,
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povesti, de exemplu,
04:57
about how important we are.
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despre cat de importanti suntem noi.
04:59
Status-driven, conspicuous consumption
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Situatia noastra sociala, consumul nemasurat
05:02
thrives from the language
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provine din limbajul
05:05
of novelty.
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noutatii.
05:07
And here, all of a sudden,
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Si aici, dintr-o data,
05:09
we have a system
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avem un sistem
05:11
that is locking economic structure with social logic --
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care pune alaturi structura economica cu logica sociala --
05:14
the economic institutions, and who we are as people, locked together
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institutiile economice, si cine suntem ca persoane, puse impreuna
05:17
to drive an engine of growth.
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pentru a conduce un motor al dezvoltarii.
05:20
And this engine is not just economic value;
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Si acest motor nu este doar o valoarea economica;
05:22
it is pulling material resources
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reprezinta resurse materiale care se aduc
05:25
relentlessly through the system,
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permanent in sistem,
05:28
driven by our own insatiable appetites,
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influentate de apetitul nostru insatiabil,
05:31
driven in fact by a sense of anxiety.
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influentate de fapt de sentimentul anxietatii.
05:34
Adam Smith, 200 years ago,
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Acum 200 de ani, Adam Smith
05:36
spoke about our desire
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vorbea despre dorinta
05:38
for a life without shame.
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de a avea o viata fara rusine.
05:40
A life without shame:
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O viata fara rusine:
05:42
in his day, what that meant was a linen shirt,
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in zilele lui acest lucru insemna camasile de in,
05:45
and today, well, you still need the shirt,
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si astazi, in continuare ai nevoie de camasa,
05:47
but you need the hybrid car,
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dar ai nevoie de o masina hibrid,
05:50
the HDTV, two holidays a year in the sun,
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de HDTV, de doua vacante pe an in plin soare,
05:53
the netbook and iPad, the list goes on --
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de netbook si de iPad, iar lista poate continua --
05:56
an almost inexhaustible supply of goods,
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cu o oferta aproape inepuizabila de bunuri,
05:58
driven by this anxiety.
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generata de aceasta anxietate.
06:00
And even if we don't want them,
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Si chiar daca noi nu le dorim,
06:02
we need to buy them,
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e nevoie sa le cumparam,
06:04
because, if we don't buy them, the system crashes.
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pentru ca, daca nu le cumparam, sistemul se prabuseste.
06:06
And to stop it crashing
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Si pentru a-i opri prabusirea
06:08
over the last two to three decades,
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in ultimele doua trei decenii,
06:10
we've expanded the money supply,
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am extins oferta de bani,
06:12
expanded credit and debt,
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am extins creditul si datoriile,
06:14
so that people can keep buying stuff.
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pentru ca oamenii sa continue sa cumpere lucruri.
06:16
And of course, that expansion was deeply implicated in the crisis.
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Si desigur, aceasta expansiune a fost extrem de implicata in criza.
06:19
But this -- I just want to show you some data here.
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Dar aceasta -- vreau sa va arat cateva date.
06:21
This is what it looks like, essentially,
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Asa arata, esential,
06:23
this credit and debt system, just for the U.K.
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sistemul de credit si datorie, doar pentru Marea Britanie.
06:25
This was the last 15 years before the crash,
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Asa arata in ultimii 15 ani inainte de prabusire.
06:28
and you can see there, consumer debt rose dramatically.
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Si puteti vedea aici, datoriile de consum au crescut dramatic.
06:31
It was above the GDP for three years in a row
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Au fost peste PIB in trei ani consecutiv
06:33
just before the crisis.
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doar inainte de criza.
06:35
And in the mean time, personal savings absolutely plummeted.
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Si intre timp, economiile populatiei au secatuit.
06:38
The savings ratio, net savings,
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Proportia economiilor, economiile nete,
06:40
were below zero in the middle of 2008,
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au fost sub zero la mijlocul lui 2008,
06:42
just before the crash.
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chiar inainte de prabusire.
06:44
This is people expanding debt, drawing down their savings,
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Sunt persoane care isi maresc datoriile, punand capat economiilor
06:47
just to stay in the game.
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doar pentru a ramane in joc.
06:50
This is a strange, rather perverse, story,
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Este o ciudata, poate perversa, poveste,
06:53
just to put it in very simple terms.
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spusa in termeni simpli.
06:55
It's a story about us, people,
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Este o poveste despre noi, oamenii,
06:59
being persuaded
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fiind convinsi
07:01
to spend money we don't have
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sa cheltuim bani pe care nu-i avem
07:03
on things we don't need
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pe lucruri de care nu avem nevoie
07:05
to create impressions that won't last
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pentru a crea impresii care nu vor rezista in timp
07:07
on people we don't care about.
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asupra unor oameni de care nu ne pasa.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
07:11
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
07:15
But before we consign ourselves to despair,
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Dar inainte de a ne da batuti in fata disperarii,
07:18
maybe we should just go back and say, "Did we get this right?
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poate ar trebui sa ne intoarcem si sa spunem, "Am inteles bine?
07:20
Is this really how people are?
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Asa sunt intr-adevar oamenii?
07:22
Is this really how economies behave?"
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Asa se comporta intr-adevar economia?"
07:24
And almost straightaway
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Si aproape imediat
07:26
we actually run up against a couple of anomalies.
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ne indreptam impotriva unor anomalii.
07:29
The first one is in the crisis itself.
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Prima se gaseste chiar in criza.
07:31
In the crisis, in the recession, what do people want to do?
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In timp de criza, in recesiune, ce doresc sa faca oamenii?
07:34
They want to hunker down, they want to look to the future.
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Vor sa se protejeze. Vor sa priveasca catre viitor.
07:37
They want to spend less and save more.
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Vor sa cheltuie mai putin si sa economiseasca mai mult.
07:40
But saving is exactly the wrong thing to do
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Insa a economisi este exact lucrul gresit
07:42
from the system point of view.
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din punctul de vedere al sistemului.
07:44
Keynes called this the "paradox of thrift" --
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Keyness a numit acest lucru "paradoxul cumpatarii" --
07:46
saving slows down recovery.
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economiile incetinesc revenirea economica.
07:48
And politicians call on us continually
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Iar politicienii ne cer intruna
07:51
to draw down more debt,
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sa ne finantam mai multe datorii,
07:53
to draw down our own savings even further,
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sa reducem nivelul economiilor noastre chiar mai mult,
07:55
just so that we can get the show back on the road,
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pentru ca doar asa putem redresa situatia,
07:57
so we can keep this growth-based economy going.
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si astfel sa mentinem functionala aceasta economie bazata pe crestere.
07:59
It's an anomaly,
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Este o anomalie,
08:01
it's a place where the system actually is at odds
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este un loc unde sistemul nu e de acord
08:03
with who we are as people.
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cu cine suntem noi ca oameni.
08:06
Here's another one -- completely different one:
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Iata altul -- complet diferit:
08:08
Why is it
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De ce
08:10
that we don't do the blindingly obvious things we should do
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nu facem lucrurile pe care trebuie sa le facem
08:12
to combat climate change,
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pentru a combate schimbarea climei,
08:14
very, very simple things
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lucruri foarte, foarte simple,
08:16
like buying energy-efficient appliances,
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precum cumpararea de aparate eficiente energetic,
08:18
putting in efficient lights, turning the lights off occasionally,
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utilizarea de becuri eficiente, inchiderea luminii cand nu avem nevoie de ea,
08:20
insulating our homes?
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izolarea caselor noastre?
08:22
These things save carbon, they save energy,
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Aceste lucruri duc la economii de carbon, economisesc energie,
08:24
they save us money.
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ne economisesc din bani.
08:27
So is it that, though they make perfect economic sense,
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Deci daca are sens din punct de vedere economic,
08:30
we don't do them?
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de ce nu le facem?
08:32
Well, I had my own personal insight into this
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Pai, am avut propria mea intuitie despre acest lucru
08:34
a few years ago.
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acum cativa ani.
08:36
It was a Sunday evening, Sunday afternoon,
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Era intr-o duminica seara, duminica dupa-amiaza,
08:38
and it was just after --
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si era chiar dupa --
08:40
actually, to be honest, too long after --
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de fapt, sa fiu corect, mult dupa --
08:43
we had moved into a new house.
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ce ne-am mutat in noua casa.
08:45
And I had finally got around to doing some draft stripping,
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In sfarsit am ajuns sa pun benzi izolante,
08:48
installing insulation around the windows and doors
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instaland izolatie in jurul ferestrelor si usilor
08:50
to keep out the drafts.
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pentru a nu lasa aerul rece inauntru.
08:52
And my, then, five year-old daughter
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Si fetita mea de cinci ani pe atunci
08:55
was helping me in the way that five year-olds do.
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ma ajuta asa cum copiii de cinci ani o fac.
08:58
And we'd been doing this for a while,
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Si facem lucrul asta de ceva vreme,
09:01
when she turned to me very solemnly and said,
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cand se intoarce catre mine foarte solemn si spune,
09:05
"Will this really keep out the giraffes?"
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"Chiar va tine asta girafele afara?"
09:08
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
09:10
"Here they are, the giraffes."
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"Iata girafele."
09:12
You can hear the five-year-old mind working.
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Poti auzi mintea unui copil de cinci ani lucrand.
09:14
These ones, interestingly, are 400 miles north of here
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Acestea, interesant, sunt la 645 km nord de aici
09:17
outside Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria.
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dincolo de Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria.
09:20
Goodness knows what they make of the Lake District weather.
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Dumnezeu stie ce inteleg ele din vremea de la Lake District.
09:23
But actually that childish misrepresentation
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Dar acea interpretare gresita copilareasca
09:26
stuck with me,
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s-a lipit de mine,
09:28
because it suddenly became clear to me
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pentru ca dintr-o data a devenit clar pentru mine
09:31
why we don't do the blindingly obvious things.
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de ce nu face lucruri evidente, pe care trebuie sa le facem.
09:33
We're too busy keeping out the giraffes --
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Suntem prea ocupati sa tinem afara girafele --
09:35
putting the kids on the bus in the morning,
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sa urcam copiii in autobuz dimineata,
09:37
getting ourselves to work on time,
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sa ajungem la lucru la timp,
09:40
surviving email overload
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sa supravietuim supraincarcarii cu emailuri
09:42
and shop floor politics,
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si politicii,
09:44
foraging for groceries, throwing together meals,
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cautand disperati hrana, incropind mese,
09:47
escaping for a couple of precious hours in the evening
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evadand pentru cateva ore pretioase seara
09:50
into prime-time TV
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la TV in prime-time
09:52
or TED online,
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sau pe TED online,
09:54
getting from one end of the day to the other,
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trecand de la un sfarsit de zi la altul,
09:57
keeping out the giraffes.
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tinand afara girafele.
09:59
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
10:01
What is the objective?
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Care este obiectivul?
10:03
"What is the objective of the consumer?"
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"Care este obiectivul consumatorului?"
10:06
Mary Douglas asked in an essay on poverty
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Mary Douglas a intrebat intr-un eseu despre saracie
10:09
written 35 years ago.
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scris acum 35 de ani.
10:11
"It is," she said,
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"Este", spune ea,
10:14
"to help create the social world
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"de a ajuta la crearea unei lumi sociale
10:17
and find a credible place in it."
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si de a-si gasi un loc credibil in ea."
10:20
That is a deeply humanizing
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Asta este o viziune profund umanizanta
10:23
vision of our lives,
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a vietilor noastre,
10:25
and it's a completely different vision
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si este viziune complet diferita
10:28
than the one that lies at the heart
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de cea pe care se intemeiaza
10:31
of this economic model.
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acest model economic.
10:33
So who are we?
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Deci cine suntem noi?
10:35
Who are these people?
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Cine sunt acesti oameni?
10:38
Are we these novelty-seeking, hedonistic,
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Suntem noi acele persoane care cauta noutatea, hedonisti,
10:40
selfish individuals?
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persoanele egoiste?
10:43
Or might we actually occasionally be
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Sau poate ca suntem ocazional
10:46
something like the selfless altruist
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ceva asemanator altruistului
10:49
depicted in Rembrandt's lovely, lovely sketch here?
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infatisat aici in aceasta frumoasa schita de Rembrandt?
10:52
Well psychology actually says
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Psihologia spune
10:54
there is a tension --
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ca exista o tensiune,
10:56
a tension between self-regarding behaviors
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o tensiune intre comportamentele cu privire la sine
10:59
and other regarding behaviors.
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si alte comportamente fata de altii.
11:01
And these tensions have deep evolutionary roots,
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Iar aceste tensiuni au radacini adanci evolutionare.
11:04
so selfish behavior
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Astfel incat comportamentul egoist
11:06
is adaptive in certain circumstances --
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este adaptiv in anumite circumstante --
11:08
fight or flight.
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lupta sau zbor.
11:10
But other regarding behaviors
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Dar alte comportamente de raportare
11:12
are essential to our evolution
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sunt esentiale pentru evolutia noastra
11:14
as social beings.
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ca fiinte sociale.
11:16
And perhaps even more interesting from our point of view,
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Si poate si mai interesant din punctul nostru de vedere,
11:18
another tension between novelty-seeking behaviors
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o alta tensiune intre comportamentele de cautare a noutatilor
11:21
and tradition or conservation.
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si traditie sau conservare.
11:25
Novelty is adaptive when things are changing
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Noutatea este adaptiva atunci cand lucrurile sunt in schimbare
11:27
and you need to adapt yourself.
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si trebuie tu insuti sa te adaptezi.
11:29
Tradition is essential to lay down the stability
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Traditia este esentiala pentru a avea stabilitatea
11:32
to raise families and form cohesive social groups.
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pentru a creste familii si pentru a forma grupuri sociale coezive.
11:35
So here, all of a sudden,
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Si aici, asa dintr-o data,
11:37
we're looking at a map of the human heart.
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ne uitam la o harta a inimii omului.
11:40
And it reveals to us, suddenly,
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Si ea ne dezvaluie, pe neasteptate,
11:43
the crux of the matter.
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enigma lucrurilor importante.
11:45
What we've done is we've created economies.
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Ce-am facut noi este ca am creat economii.
11:47
We've created systems,
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Am creat sisteme
11:49
which systematically privilege, encourage,
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care privilegiaza sistematic, incurajeaza,
11:52
one narrow quadrant
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un cadran ingust
11:54
of the human soul
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al sufletului omenesc
11:56
and left the others unregarded.
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si nu le iau in considerare pe celelalte.
11:59
And in the same token, the solution becomes clear,
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Si cu acelasi indiciu, solutia devine clara,
12:02
because this isn't, therefore,
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pentru ca asta nu este, deci,
12:04
about changing human nature.
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despre schimbarea naturii umane.
12:06
It isn't, in fact, about curtailing possibilities.
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Nu este, de fapt, despre privarea de posibilitati.
12:09
It is about opening up.
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Este despre deschidere lor.
12:11
It is about allowing ourselves the freedom
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Este despre a ne permite noua libertatea
12:13
to become fully human,
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de a deveni pe deplin umani,
12:15
recognizing the depth and the breadth
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recunoscand datoria si latimea
12:17
of the human psyche
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psihicului uman
12:19
and building institutions
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si constructia institutiilor
12:21
to protect Rembrandt's fragile altruist within.
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pentru a proteja altruismul fragil al lui Rembrandt din inauntrul sau.
12:26
What does all this mean for economics?
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Ce inseamna acest lucru pentru stiinta economica?
12:29
What would economies look like
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Cum vor arata economiile
12:31
if we took that vision of human nature
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daca am prelua acea viziune a naturii umane
12:33
at their heart
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la inima lor
12:35
and stretched them
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si le-am intinde
12:37
along these orthogonal dimensions
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peste aceste dimensiuni octogonale
12:39
of the human psyche?
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ale psihicului uman?
12:41
Well, it might look a little bit
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Pai, ar putea arata un pic
12:43
like the 4,000 community-interest companies
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precum cele 4.000 de companii create pentru interesul comunitatii
12:45
that have sprung up in the U.K. over the last five years
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care au aparut in Marea Britanie in ultimii cinci ani
12:48
and a similar rise in B corporations in the United States,
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si o crestere similara a companiilor B in Statele Unite,
12:51
enterprises
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intreprinderi
12:53
that have ecological and social goals
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care au scopuri ecologice si sociale
12:55
written into their constitution
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scrise in constitutia lor
12:57
at their heart --
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in inima lor,
12:59
companies, in fact, like this one, Ecosia.
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companii, de fapt, ca aceasta, Ecosia.
13:02
And I just want to, very quickly, show you this.
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Si vreau doar sa, foarte repede, sa va arat asta.
13:04
Ecosia is an Internet search engine.
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Ecosia este un motor de cautare pe internet.
13:06
Internet search engines work
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Motoarele de cautare pe internet functioneaza
13:08
by drawing revenues from sponsored links
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prin atragerea de venituri din legaturile sponsorizate
13:10
that appear when you do a search.
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care apar atunci cand cauti ceva.
13:12
And Ecosia works in pretty much the same way.
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Iar Ecosia functioneaza cam in acelasi fel.
13:16
So we can do that here --
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Asa ca putem face asta aici.
13:18
we can just put in a little search term.
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Putem introduce un mic termen pentru cautare.
13:20
There you go, Oxford, that's where we are. See what comes up.
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Iata, Oxford, este locul in care ne aflam. Uitati ce a aparut.
13:23
The difference with Ecosia though
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Diferenta cu Ecosia totusi
13:25
is that, in Ecosia's case,
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este ca, in cazul Ecosiei,
13:27
it draws the revenues in the same way,
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isi atrage veniturile in acelasi fel,
13:30
but it allocates
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dar aloca
13:32
80 percent of those revenues
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80 de procente din aceste venituri
13:35
to a rainforest protection project in the Amazon.
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pentru protejarea padurilor tropicale din Amazon.
13:37
And we're going to do it.
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Si vom face acest lucru.
13:39
We're just going to click on Naturejobs.uk.
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Sa facem click pe Naturejobs.uk.
13:41
In case anyone out there is looking for a job in a recession,
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In cazul in care cineva isi cauta de lucru in recesiune,
13:43
that's the page to go to.
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asta-i pagina pe care trebuie sa mergeti.
13:45
And what happened then was
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Iar ce s-a intamplat a fost
13:47
the sponsor gave revenues to Ecosia,
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ca sponsorul a dat venituri catre Ecosia,
13:50
and Ecosia is giving 80 percent of those revenues
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iar Ecosia da 80 la suta din aceste venituri
13:52
to a rainforest protection project.
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catre proiectul de protejare a padurilor tropicale.
13:54
It's taking profits from one place
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Se ia profitul dintr-un loc
13:56
and allocating them
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si se aloca
13:58
into the protection of ecological resources.
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pentru protejarea resurselor ecologice.
14:00
It's a different kind of enterprise
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Este un fel diferit de intreprindere
14:02
for a new economy.
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pentru o noua economie.
14:04
It's a form, if you like,
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Este o forma, daca vreti,
14:06
of ecological altruism --
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de altruism ecologic --
14:08
perhaps something along those lines. Maybe it's that.
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poate ceva de genul asta. Poate este asta.
14:11
Whatever it is,
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Orice este,
14:13
whatever this new economy is,
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orice este aceasta noua economie,
14:16
what we need the economy to do, in fact,
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ce avem nevoie ca economia sa faca, de fapt,
14:19
is to put investment
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este sa puna investitia
14:21
back into the heart of the model,
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inapoi in inima modelului,
14:23
to re-conceive investment.
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pentru a re-concepe investitia.
14:25
Only now, investment
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Doar acum, investitia
14:27
isn't going to be
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nu va fi
14:29
about the relentless and mindless
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despre neinduratoarea si nepasatoarea
14:31
pursuit of consumption growth.
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cautare a cresterii consumului.
14:33
Investment has to be a different beast.
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Investitia trebuie sa fie o altfel de fiara.
14:36
Investment has to be,
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Investitia trebuie sa fie,
14:38
in the new economy,
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in noua economie,
14:40
protecting and nurturing
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protectiva si educativa
14:42
the ecological assets on which our future depends.
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cu activele ecologice de care depinde viitorul nostru.
14:45
It has to be about transition.
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Trebuie sa fie despre tranzitie.
14:47
It has to be investing in low-carbon technologies
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Trebuie sa fie despre investitii in tehnologii cu nivel redus de carbon
14:49
and infrastructures.
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2000
si infrastructura
14:51
We have to invest, in fact,
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Trebuie sa investim, de fapt,
14:54
in the idea of a meaningful prosperity,
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in ideea de prosperitate semnificativa,
14:57
providing capabilities
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oferind capabilitati
15:00
for people to flourish.
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pentru ca oamenii de infloreasca.
15:03
And of course, this task has material dimensions.
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Si desigur, aceasta sarcina are dimeniuni materiale.
15:05
It would be nonsense to talk about people flourishing
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Ar fi un nonsens sa vorbesti despre oameni infloritori
15:08
if they didn't have food, clothing and shelter.
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daca ei nu au mancare, imbracaminte si adapost.
15:10
But it's also clear that prosperity goes beyond this.
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Dar e clar si ca prosperitatea este mai mult decat aceste lucruri.
15:13
It has social and psychological aims --
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Are tinte sociale si psihologice --
15:16
family, friendship,
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familie, prietenie,
15:18
commitments, society,
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angajamente, societate,
15:20
participating in the life of that society.
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participarea la viata acelei societati.
15:23
And this too
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Iar acest lucru de asemenea
15:25
requires investment,
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necesita investitie,
15:28
investment -- for example, in places --
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investitie, de exemplu, in locuri,
15:30
places where we can connect,
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in locuri in care sa ne conectam,
15:32
places where we can participate,
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2000
locuri unde putem participa,
15:34
shared spaces,
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2000
spatii pentru toti,
15:36
concert halls, gardens,
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2000
sali de concert, gradini,
15:38
public parks,
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parcuri publice,
15:40
libraries, museums, quiet centers,
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2000
biblioteci, muzee, centre de liniste,
15:42
places of joy and celebration,
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3000
locuri de bucurie si celebrare,
15:45
places of tranquility and contemplation,
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locuri de liniste si contemplatie,
15:48
sites for the "cultivation
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2000
locuri pentru "cultivarea
15:50
of a common citizenship,"
394
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3000
cetateniei comune"
15:53
in Michael Sandel's lovely phrase.
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3000
cum spune frumoasa fraza a lui Michael Sandel.
15:56
An investment -- investment, after all, is just such a basic economic concept --
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4000
O investitie -- investitia, pana la urma, este doar un concept economic de baza --
16:00
is nothing more nor less
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nu este altceva decat
16:02
than a relationship
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2000
decat o relatie
16:04
between the present and the future,
399
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intre prezent si viitor,
16:06
a shared present and a common future.
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un prezent al tuturor si un viitor comun.
16:09
And we need that relationship to reflect,
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Si noi vrem ca aceasta relatie sa reflecte,
16:11
to reclaim hope.
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sa recupereze speranta.
16:15
So let me come back, with this sense of hope,
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Dati-mi voie sa revin, cu acest sens al sperantei,
16:18
to the two billion people
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2000
la cei doua miliarde de oameni
16:20
still trying to live each day
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care se chinuie sa traiasca zi de zi
16:22
on less than the price of a skinny latte
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3000
cu mai putin decat pretul unui lapte degresat
16:25
from the cafe next door.
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2000
de la cafeneaua din colt.
16:27
What can we offer those people?
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2000
Ce le putem oferi acestor oameni?
16:29
It's clear that we have a responsibility
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E clar ca avem o responsabilitate
16:31
to help lift them out of poverty.
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de a-i ajuta sa se ridice din saracie.
16:33
It's clear that we have a responsibility
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E clar ca avem o responsabilitate
16:35
to make room for growth
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sa facem loc cresterii
16:37
where growth really matters in those poorest nations.
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acolo unde cresterea intr-adevar conteaza, in acele natiuni cele mai sarace.
16:40
And it's also clear that we will never achieve that
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Si e de asemenea clar ca nu vom atinge niciodata asta
16:43
unless we're capable of redefining
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pana nu vom fi capabili sa redefinim
16:46
a meaningful sense of prosperity in the richer nations,
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un sens mai bun prosperitatii in natiunile cele mai bogate,
16:49
a prosperity that is more meaningful
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o prosperitate care este mai mult semnificativa
16:51
and less materialistic
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si mai putin materialistica
16:53
than the growth-based model.
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decat modelul bazat pe crestere.
16:55
So this is not just
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Asa ca acesta nu este doar
16:57
a Western post-materialist fantasy.
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o fantezie post-materialistica occidentala.
17:00
In fact, an African philosopher wrote to me,
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De fapt, un filosof african mi-a scris,
17:03
when "Prosperity Without Growth" was published,
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cand "Prosperitate Fara Crestere" a fost publicata,
17:05
pointing out the similarities
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punctand similaritati
17:07
between this view of prosperity
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intre aceasta viziune asupra prosperitatii
17:09
and the traditional African concept of ubuntu.
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si conceptul traditional african ubuntu.
17:12
Ubuntu says, "I am
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Ubuntu spune, "Sunt
17:15
because we are."
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pentru ca suntem."
17:17
Prosperity is a shared endeavor.
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Prosperitatea este o incercare comuna.
17:20
Its roots are long and deep --
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Radacinile sale sunt lungi si adanci.
17:22
its foundations, I've tried to show,
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Fundatiile sale, cum am incercat sa va arat,
17:24
exist already, inside each of us.
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exista deja, inauntrul fiecaruia dintre noi.
17:27
So this is not about
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Asa ca aceasta nu este despre
17:29
standing in the way of development.
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a sta in calea dezvoltarii.
17:31
It's not about
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Nu este despre
17:33
overthrowing capitalism.
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renuntarea la capitalism.
17:35
It's not about
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Nu este despre
17:37
trying to change human nature.
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a incerca sa schimbam natura umana.
17:39
What we're doing here
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Ce facem aici
17:41
is we're taking a few simple steps
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este ca facem cativa pasi simpli
17:43
towards an economics fit for purpose.
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catre o stiinta economica pregatita sa-si atinga scopul.
17:46
And at the heart of that economics,
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Iar in inima acelei stiinte economice,
17:49
we're placing a more credible,
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am plasat o viziune mai credibila,
17:51
more robust,
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mai robusta,
17:53
and more realistic vision
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si mai realistica,
17:56
of what it means to be human.
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despre ce inseamna sa fii om.
17:59
Thank you very much.
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Va multumesc mult.
18:01
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
18:10
Chris Anderson: While they're taking the podium away, just a quick question.
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Chris Anderson: Cat se indeparteaza podiumul, doar o intrebare scurta.
18:13
First of all, economists aren't supposed to be inspiring,
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In primul rand, economistii n-ar trebui sa fie surse de inspiratie,
18:16
so you may need to work on the tone a little.
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asa ca s-ar putea sa trebuiasca sa lucrezi un pic la ton.
18:18
(Laughter)
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(Rasete)
18:20
Can you picture the politicians ever buying into this?
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Ai putea descrie politicienii care ar cumpara chestia asta?
18:22
I mean, can you picture
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Vreau sa spun, poti descrie cum ar arata
18:24
a politician standing up in Britain and saying,
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un politician ridicandu-se in picioare in Marea Britanie si spunand,
18:27
"GDP fell two percent this year. Good news!
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"PIB-ul scade cu doua procente anul acesta. Vesti bune!
18:30
We're actually all happier, and a country's more beautiful,
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Suntem de fapt toti bucurosi, iar tara este si mai frumoasa,
18:32
and our lives are better."
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iar vietile noastre sunt si mai bune."
18:34
Tim Jackson: Well that's clearly not what you're doing.
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Tim Jackson: Pai e clar ca noi nu facem asta.
18:36
You're not making news out of things falling down.
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Nu faci o stire din lucruri care se prabusesc.
18:38
You're making news out of the things that tell you that we're flourishing.
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Faci o stire din lucruri care iti spun ca vom inflori.
18:41
Can I picture politicians doing it?
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Pot descrie un politician facand asta?
18:43
Actually, I already am seeing a little bit of it.
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De fapt, eu deja vad un pic din asta.
18:45
When we first started this kind of work,
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Cand am inceput acest tip de munca,
18:48
politicians would stand up, treasury spokesmen would stand up,
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politicienii se ridicau, purtatorul de cuvant al trezoreriei se ridica,
18:50
and accuse us of wanting to go back and live in caves.
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si ne acuza ca vrem sa ne intoarcem in timp si sa locuim in pesteri.
18:53
And actually in the period
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Si chiar in perioada
18:55
through which we've been working over the last 18 years --
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in care am lucrat in ultimii 18 ani --
18:57
partly because of the financial crisis
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partial din cauza crizei financiare
18:59
and a little bit of humility in the profession of economics --
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si putin de umilitate in profesiunea stiintei economice --
19:02
actually people are engaging in this issue
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oamenii s-au angajat in aceasta problema
19:05
in all sorts of countries around the world.
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in tot felul de tari din jurul lumii.
19:07
CA: But is it mainly politicians who are going to have to get their act together,
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CA: Dar va trebui ca in primul rand politicienii sa actioneze impreuna,
19:10
or is it going to be more just civil society and companies?
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sau va trebui ca societatea civila si companiile sa actioneze in primul rand?
19:13
TJ: It has to be companies. It has to be civil society.
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TJ: Trebuie sa actioneze companiile. Trebuie sa actioneze societate civila.
19:16
But it has to have political leadership.
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Dar trebuie sa aiba leadership politic.
19:19
This is a kind of agenda,
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Este un fel de agenda,
19:21
which actually politicians themselves
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in care politicienii insisi
19:23
are kind of caught in that dilemma,
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sunt intr-un fel prinsi in aceasta dilema,
19:25
because they're hooked on the growth model themselves.
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pentru ca sunt agatati ei insisi in modelul cresterii.
19:27
But actually opening up the space
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Dar deschizand spatiul
19:29
to think about different ways of governing,
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pentru a gandi despre diferitele moduri de a guverna,
19:31
different kinds of politics,
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diferite feluri de politici,
19:33
and creating the space
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si creand spatiul
19:35
for civil society and businesses to operate differently --
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pentru ca societatea civila si afacerile sa opereze diferit --
19:37
absolutely vital.
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absolut vital.
19:39
CA: And if someone could convince you
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CA: Si daca cineva poate sa te convinga
19:41
that we actually can make the -- what was it? --
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ca noi chiar putem face - ce era? --
19:43
the 130-fold improvement in efficiency,
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o imbunatatire in eficienta de 130 de ori,
19:45
of reduction of carbon footprint,
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o reducere a amprentei de carbon,
19:47
would you then actually like that picture of economic growth
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atunci ti-ar placea imaginea cresterii economice
19:50
into more knowledge-based goods?
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in mai multe bunuri bazate pe cunoastere?
19:52
TJ: I would still want to know that you could do that
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TJ: Tot mai vreau sa stiu daca putem face asta
19:54
and get below zero by the end of the century,
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si sa ajungem sub zero pana la sfarsitul secolului,
19:56
in terms of taking carbon out of the atmosphere,
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in sensul eliminarii din atmosfera a carbonului,
19:58
and solve the problem of biodiversity
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si sa rezolvam problema biodiversitatii
20:00
and reduce the impact on land use
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si sa reducem impactul utilizarii pamantului
20:02
and do something about the erosion of topsoils and the quality of water.
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si sa facem ceva cu privire la eroziunea solului si calitatea apei.
20:05
If you can convince me we can do all that,
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Daca ma puteti convinge ca putem face toate acestea,
20:07
then, yes, I would take the two percent.
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atunci, da, as lua cele doua procente.
20:11
CA: Tim, thank you for a very important talk. Thank you.
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CA: Tim, multumesc pentru un foarte important discurs. Multumesc
20:14
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tim Jackson - EconomistTim Jackson is a British ecological economist and professor for sustainable development at the University of Surrey. He is the author of "Prosperity without Growth" and director of the Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity.
Why you should listen
Tim Jackson has been at the forefront of international debates about sustainable development for 30 years and has worked closely with the UK Government, the United Nations Environment Programme and numerous private companies and NGOs to bring social science research into sustainability. During five years at the Stockholm Environment Institute in the early 1990s, he pioneered the concept of preventative environmental management outlined in his 1996 book Material Concerns: Pollution, Profit and Quality of Life. He worked for over a decade pioneering alternative measures of economic progress, and he has written extensively about the meaning function of consumerism in modern society. For seven years, he served as economics commissioner on the UK government's Sustainable Development Commission and led its Redefining Prosperity programme.
He is the director of the Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, a multi-disciplinary, international research consortium which aims to understand the economic, social and political dimensions of sustainable prosperity. In 2016 he received the Hillary Laureate for exceptional mid-career Leadership.
In addition to his scientific work, Jackson is an award-winning professional playwright with numerous BBC radio-writing credits to his name.
Tim Jackson | Speaker | TED.com