TED2007
Bernie Dunlap: The life-long learner
Ben Dunlap hovorí o vášnivom živote
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2,132,985 views
Ben Dunlap, rektor Woffordovej univerzity, rozpráva príbeh Sándora Teszlera, Maďara, ktorý prežil holokaust a ktorý ho učil o vášnivom živote a celoživotnom učení.
Bernie Dunlap - College president
Bernie Dunlap is a true polymath, whose talents span poetry, opera, ballet, literature and administration. He is the president of South Carolina’s Wofford College. Full bio
Bernie Dunlap is a true polymath, whose talents span poetry, opera, ballet, literature and administration. He is the president of South Carolina’s Wofford College. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
"Yo napot, pacak!" Which, as somebody here must surely know,
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"Jó napot, pacák!" Čo, ako to niekto z Vás určite vie,
00:24
means "What's up, guys?" in Magyar,
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znamená v maďarčine "Nazdar, chalani!",
00:27
that peculiar non-Indo-European language spoken by Hungarians
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v tom čudnom, neindoeurópskom jazyku, ktorým hovoria Maďari
00:30
for which, given the fact that cognitive diversity is
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a ktorému, vzhľadom na to, že kognitívna diverzita je
00:33
at least as threatened as biodiversity on this planet,
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na tejto planéte aspoň tak ohrozená ako biodiverzita,
00:36
few would have imagined much of a future even a century or two ago.
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iba málo ľudí pred storočím či dvomi nechávalo budúcnosť.
00:40
But there it is: "Yo napot, pacak!"
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Ale tu ho máme: "Jó napot, pacák!"
00:42
I said somebody here must surely know, because
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Povedal som, že niekto z Vás to určite vie, keďže
00:46
despite the fact that there aren't that many Hungarians to begin with,
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napriek tomu, že vo svete nie je až tak veľa Maďarov
00:49
and the further fact that, so far as I know, there's not a drop
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a že, pokiaľ viem, niet ani kvapky
00:52
of Hungarian blood in my veins, at every critical juncture of my life
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maďarskej krvi v mojich žilách, v každom dôležitom bode môjho života
00:56
there has been a Hungarian friend or mentor there beside me.
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stál vedľa mňa nejaký maďarský priateľ alebo učiteľ.
01:00
I even have dreams that take place in landscapes
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Dokonca mávam aj sny v krajinách,
01:02
I recognize as the landscapes of Hungarian films,
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ktoré rozpoznávam ako krajiny z maďarských filmov,
01:06
especially the early movies of Miklos Jancso.
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najmä z prvých filmov Miklósa Jancsóa.
01:09
So, how do I explain this mysterious affinity?
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Ako teda vysvetliť túto záhadnú spriaznenosť?
01:13
Maybe it's because my native state of South Carolina,
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Možno je to tým, že štát Južná Karolína, z ktorého pochádzam
01:18
which is not much smaller than present-day Hungary,
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a ktorý nie je oveľa menší ako dnešné Maďarsko,
01:21
once imagined a future for itself as an independent country.
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si kedysi vysníval budúcnosť ako nezávislý štát.
01:24
And as a consequence of that presumption,
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A ako následok tejto trúfalosti
01:26
my hometown was burned to the ground by an invading army,
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bolo moje rodné mesto spálené do tla útočiacim vojskom,
01:30
an experience that has befallen many a Hungarian town and village
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čo bola skúsenosť, aká postihla mnoho maďarských miest a dedín
01:34
throughout its long and troubled history.
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počas ich dlhej a pohnutej histórie.
01:37
Or maybe it's because when I was a teenager back in the '50s,
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Ale možno je tom tým, že v 50. rokoch, keď som bol mladík,
01:40
my uncle Henry -- having denounced the Ku Klux Klan
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môj strýko Henry, ktorý kritizoval rasistický Ku Klux Klan,
01:43
and been bombed for his trouble and had crosses burned in his yard,
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a zažil nejeden bombový útok či pálenie kríža vo vlastnej záhrade,
01:47
living under death threat -- took his wife and children to Massachusetts for safety
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žil pod hrozbou smrti, a tak vzal svoju manželku a deti do bezpečia štátu Massachusetts
01:51
and went back to South Carolina to face down the Klan alone.
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a vrátil sa do Južnej Karolíny, aby sa sám postavil Klanu na odpor.
01:54
That was a very Hungarian thing to do,
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Bol to čin veľmi maďarský,
01:57
as anyone will attest who remembers 1956.
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čo dosvedčí ktokoľvek, kto si pamätá revolúciu v roku 1956.
02:01
And of course, from time to time Hungarians
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Samozrejme, Maďari si z času na čas
02:04
have invented their own equivalent of the Klan.
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vymysleli svoj vlastný ekvivalent Klanu.
02:06
Well, it seems to me that this Hungarian presence in my life
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Zdá sa mi, že prítomnosť Maďarov v mojom živote
02:13
is difficult to account for, but ultimately I ascribe it to an admiration
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je zložité vysvetliť, ale v konečnom dôsledku to pripisujem obdivu,
02:19
for people with a complex moral awareness,
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ktorý mám voči ľuďom s uceleným mravným povedomím,
02:22
with a heritage of guilt and defeat matched by defiance and bravado.
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s dedičstvom viny a porážky, zladeným s odporom a statočnosťou.
02:27
It's not a typical mindset for most Americans,
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Nie je to typické zmýšľanie väčšiny Američanov.
02:30
but it is perforce typical of virtually all Hungarians.
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Je však typické pre prakticky všetkých Maďarov.
02:34
So, "Yo napot, pacak!"
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Takže: "Jó napot, pacák!"
02:36
I went back to South Carolina after some 15 years amid the alien corn
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Do Južnej Karolíny som sa vrátil po viac než 15 rokoch ako do cudziny
02:41
at the tail end of the 1960s,
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na konci 60. rokov
02:44
with the reckless condescension of that era
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s nedbanlivou povýšenosťou voči tomu obdobiu,
02:47
thinking I would save my people.
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mysliac si, že zachránim svojich ľudí.
02:49
Never mind the fact that they were slow to acknowledge they needed saving.
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Nič to, že si iba pomaly uvedomovali potrebu záchrany.
02:53
I labored in that vineyard for a quarter century before
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Pracoval som v tej vinici štvrť storočia pred tým,
02:56
making my way to a little kingdom of the just in upstate South Carolina,
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než som sa prepracoval do malého kráľovstva spravodlivých na severe Južnej Karolíny,
03:00
a Methodist-affiliated institution of higher learning called Wofford College.
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do metodistickej inštitúcie vyššieho vzdelávania zvanej Woffordova univerzita.
03:04
I knew nothing about Wofford
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O Woffordovi som nič nevedel,
03:06
and even less about Methodism,
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o to menej o metodizme,
03:08
but I was reassured on the first day that I taught at Wofford College
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ale hneď v prvý deň učenia na Woffordovej univerzite ma upokojilo,
03:12
to find, among the auditors in my classroom,
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že som medzi svojimi poslucháčmi našiel
03:14
a 90-year-old Hungarian, surrounded by a bevy of middle-aged European women
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90-ročného Maďara obklopeného skupinkou Európaniek v strednom veku,
03:21
who seemed to function as an entourage of Rhinemaidens.
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ktoré vyzerali ako sprievod lesných víl.
03:23
His name was Sandor Teszler.
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Volal sa Sándor Teszler.
03:26
He was a puckish widower whose wife and children were dead
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Bol to šibalský vdovec, ktorého žena a deti boli mŕtve
03:30
and whose grandchildren lived far away.
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a ktorého vnúčatá žili ďaleko.
03:33
In appearance, he resembled Mahatma Gandhi,
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Výzorom sa podobal Gándhímu –
03:36
minus the loincloth, plus orthopedic boots.
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bez zásterky okolo pásu a s ortopedickými topánkami.
03:39
He had been born in 1903 in the provinces
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Narodil sa v roku 1903 vo vidieckej oblasti
03:43
of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire,
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starej Rakúsko-Uhorskej monarchie
03:45
in what later would become Yugoslavia.
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v oblasti, z ktorej neskôr vznikla Juhoslávia.
03:48
He was ostracized as a child, not because he was a Jew --
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V detstve sa mu vyhýbali, no nie preto, že bol žid –
03:51
his parents weren't very religious anyhow --
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jeho rodičia neboli beztak veľmi nábožní –
03:52
but because he had been born with two club feet,
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ale pretože sa narodil s vybočenými nohami,
03:55
a condition which, in those days, required institutionalization
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čo bol zdravotný stav, ktorý si v tom období vyžadoval hospitalizáciu
04:00
and a succession of painful operations between the ages of one and 11.
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a sériu bolestivých operácií vo veku medzi prvým a jedenástym rokom.
04:04
He went to the commercial business high school as a young man
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Ako mladý muž navštevoval obchodnú strednú školu
04:07
in Budapest, and there he was as smart as he was modest
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v Budapešti. Bol bystrý a rovnako skromný
04:12
and he enjoyed a considerable success. And after graduation
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a tešil sa značnej sláve. Po ukončení štúdia,
04:15
when he went into textile engineering, the success continued.
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keď sa pustil do textilného priemyslu, úspechy pokračovali.
04:18
He built one plant after another.
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Staval jednu továreň za druhou.
04:20
He married and had two sons. He had friends in high places who
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Oženil sa a mal dvoch synov. Mal kamarátov na vysokých postoch,
04:23
assured him that he was of great value to the economy.
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ktorí ho ubezpečovali, že má pre hospodárstvo veľký význam.
04:26
Once, as he had left instructions to have done,
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Raz v noci, keď pred odchodom rozdal potrebné pokyny,
04:31
he was summoned in the middle of the night by the night watchman at one of his plants.
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ho k jednej z tovární zavolal nočný strážnik.
04:34
The night watchman had caught an employee who was stealing socks --
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Chytil jedného z pracovníkov ako kradne ponožky,
04:39
it was a hosiery mill, and he simply backed a truck up to the loading dock
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bolo to v továrni na pančuchy, kde k nakladacej plošine pricúval s nákladiakom
04:42
and was shoveling in mountains of socks.
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a lopatou nahadzoval kopy ponožiek.
04:43
Mr. Teszler went down to the plant and confronted the thief and said,
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Pán Teszler šiel k továrni, postavil sa zlodejovi tvárou v tvár a povedal:
04:47
"But why do you steal from me? If you need money you have only to ask."
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"Ale prečo ma to okrádaš? Ak potrebuješ peniaze, stačí o ne požiadať."
04:52
The night watchman, seeing how things were going and waxing indignant,
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Keď strážnik videl, kam sa veci uberajú, rozhorčene sa opýtal:
04:56
said, "Well, we're going to call the police, aren't we?"
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"Tak teda zavoláme políciu, však?"
04:58
But Mr. Teszler answered, "No, that will not be necessary.
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No pán Teszler odpovedal: "Nie, to nebude potrebné.
05:01
He will not steal from us again."
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Už nás viac neokradne."
05:03
Well, maybe he was too trusting, because he stayed where he was
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Možno však bol príliš dôverčivý, pretože zostal v krajine
05:08
long after the Nazi Anschluss in Austria
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dlho po pričlenení Rakúska k nacistickému Nemecku,
05:10
and even after the arrests and deportations began in Budapest.
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ba dokonca aj po tom, čo sa v Budapešti začalo zatýkať a deportovať.
05:15
He took the simple precaution of having cyanide capsules placed in lockets
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Ako jediné opatrenie si zohnal kyanidové kapsuly uložené v medailónikoch,
05:19
that could be worn about the necks of himself and his family.
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ktoré mohla celá jeho rodina nosiť zavesené na krku.
05:22
And then one day, it happened: he and his family were arrested
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A potom sa to v jeden deň stalo: spolu s rodinou bol zatknutý
05:26
and they were taken to a death house on the Danube.
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a všetkých ich odviezli do domu smrti na brehu Dunaja.
05:29
In those early days of the Final Solution, it was handcrafted brutality;
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V počiatkoch konečného riešenia to bola krutosť vykonávaná rukami –
05:33
people were beaten to death and their bodies tossed into the river.
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ľudí ubili na smrť a ich telá vhadzovali do rieky –
05:37
But none who entered that death house had ever come out alive.
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a nik, kto vstúpil do domu smrti, z neho už živý nevyšiel.
05:41
And in a twist you would not believe in a Steven Spielberg film --
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Prišiel však zvrat, ktorému by ste neuverili ani v Spielbergovom filme.
05:45
the Gauleiter who was overseeing this brutal beating was the very same thief
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Nacista, ktorý dohliadal na surové mlátenie, bol ten zlodej,
05:50
who had stolen socks from Mr. Teszler's hosiery mill.
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ktorý kradol ponožky z továrne pána Teszlera.
05:54
It was a brutal beating. And midway through that brutality,
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Mlátili ich kruto. Počas toho surového činu
05:59
one of Mr. Teszler's sons, Andrew, looked up and said,
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sa však jeden zo synov pána Teszlera, Andrew, opýtal:
06:02
"Is it time to take the capsule now, Papa?"
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"Je už čas na kapsuly, tatko?"
06:05
And the Gauleiter, who afterwards vanishes from this story,
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A nacista, ktorý sa neskôr z príbehu vyparil,
06:09
leaned down and whispered into Mr. Teszler's ear,
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sa naklonil k pánovi Teszlerovi a zašepkal mu do ucha:
06:12
"No, do not take the capsule. Help is on the way."
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"Nie, nevyberajte kapsuly. Pomoc je na ceste."
06:15
And then resumed the beating.
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A potom ich začal opäť mlátiť.
06:17
But help was on the way, and shortly afterwards
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A pomoc... pomoc bola na ceste a krátko na to
06:19
a car arrived from the Swiss Embassy.
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prišlo auto zo švajčiarskeho veľvyslanectva.
06:22
They were spirited to safety. They were reclassified as Yugoslav citizens
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Odviezlo ich tajne do bezpečia. Boli zaevidovaní ako občania Juhoslávie
06:26
and they managed to stay one step ahead of their pursuers
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a podarilo sa im byť krok pred prenasledovateľmi
06:29
for the duration of the War, surviving burnings and bombings
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počas celej 2. svetovej vojny – prežili požiare a bombardovania
06:33
and, at the end of the War, arrest by the Soviets.
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a na konci vojny aj sovietske zatýkanie.
06:35
Probably, Mr. Teszler had gotten some money into Swiss bank accounts
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Pán Teszler dostal pravdepodobne časť peňazí na švajčiarske účty,
06:39
because he managed to take his family first to Great Britain,
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pretože sa mu podarilo previezť rodinu najprv do Veľkej Británie,
06:43
then to Long Island and then to the center of the textile industry in the American South.
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potom na Long Island a napokon do centra textilného priemyslu na juhu USA.
06:47
Which, as chance would have it, was Spartanburg, South Carolina,
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Zhodou náhod bolo týmto centrom mesto Spartanburg v Južnej Karolíne:
06:51
the location of Wofford College.
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sídlo Woffordovej univerzity.
06:53
And there, Mr. Teszler began all over again and once again achieved immense success,
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Tu začal pán Teszler úplne od začiatku a opätovne dosiahol obrovský úspech,
06:59
especially after he invented the process
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najmä po vynájdení procesu
07:01
for manufacturing a new fabric called double-knit.
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na výrobu novej látky nazvanej dvojitý úplet.
07:04
And then in the late 1950s, in the aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education,
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A potom, ku koncu 50. rokov, keď súdy zakázali segregáciu na školách
07:11
when the Klan was resurgent all over the South,
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a keď sa na celom juhu USA znova prebúdzal Ku Klux Klan,
07:14
Mr. Teszler said, "I have heard this talk before."
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pán Teszler vyhlásil: "Tieto slová som už počul."
07:18
And he called his top assistant to him and asked,
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Zavolal si hlavného asistenta a spýtal sa ho:
07:23
"Where would you say, in this region, racism is most virulent?"
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"Čo by ste povedali, kde je v tejto oblasti rasizmus najostrejší?"
07:26
"Well, I don't rightly know, Mr. Teszler. I reckon that would be Kings Mountain."
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"Neviem presne, pán Teszler. Myslím, že by to mohlo byť v Kings Mountain."
07:31
"Good. Buy us some land in Kings Mountain
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"Dobre. Kúpte v Kings Mountain nejaký pozemok
07:35
and announce we are going to build a major plant there."
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a ohláste, že sa tam chystáme postaviť veľkú továreň."
07:37
The man did as he was told, and shortly afterwards,
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Asistent tak urobil a krátko po tom
07:40
Mr. Teszler received a visit from the white mayor of Kings Mountain.
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navštívil pána Teszlera biely starosta z Kings Mountain.
07:44
Now, you should know that at that time,
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Musíte vedieť, že v tom období
07:47
the textile industry in the South was notoriously segregated.
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bol textilný priemysel na juhu USA notoricky segregovaný.
07:50
The white mayor visited Mr. Teszler and said,
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Biely starosta prišiel za pánom Teszlerom a povedal:
07:54
"Mr. Teszler, I trust you’re going to be hiring a lot of white workers."
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"Pán Teszler, verím, že zamestnáte veľa bielych robotníkov."
07:57
Mr. Teszler told him, "You bring me the best workers that you can find,
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Pán Teszler mu vraví: "Prineste mi najlepších robotníkov, akých nájdete,
08:01
and if they are good enough, I will hire them."
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a ak sú dosť dobrí, najmem ich."
08:03
He also received a visit from the leader of the black community,
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Rovnako ho navštívil aj vedúci komunity čiernych
08:08
a minister, who said, "Mr. Teszler, I sure hope you're going to
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a pastor, ktorý mu vraví: "Pán Teszler, naozaj verím, že
08:10
hire some black workers for this new plant of yours."
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vo svojej novej továrni zamestnáte nejakých čiernych robotníkov."
08:12
He got the same answer: "You bring the best workers that you can find,
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Dostal rovnakú odpoveď: "Prineste mi najlepších robotníkov, akých nájdete,
08:16
and if they are good enough, I will hire them."
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a ak sú dosť dobrí, najmem ich."
08:19
As it happens, the black minister did his job better than the white mayor,
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Prekvapivo, čierny pastor si dal záležať viac ako biely starosta,
08:22
but that's neither here or there.
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ale to nie je dôležité.
08:23
Mr. Teszler hired 16 men: eight white, eight black.
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Pán Teszler si najal 16 mužov, osem bielych, osem čiernych.
08:27
They were to be his seed group, his future foremen.
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Mali byť jeho počiatočnou skupinou, budúcimi vedúcimi.
08:30
He had installed the heavy equipment for his new process
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Dal namontovať mohutné stroje pre nový výrobný proces
08:33
in an abandoned store in the vicinity of Kings Mountain,
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v opustenom sklade neďaleko Kings Mountain
08:36
and for two months these 16 men would live and work together,
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a dva mesiace tam tých 16 mužov žilo a pracovalo spolu,
08:39
mastering the new process.
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aby si osvojili výrobný proces.
08:40
He gathered them together after an initial tour of that facility
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Najskôr, po úvodnej prehliadke podniku si ich všetkých privolal
08:44
and he asked if there were any questions.
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a opýtal sa, či majú nejaké otázky.
08:46
There was hemming and hawing and shuffling of feet,
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Muži sa iba obzerali a prešľapovali na mieste,
08:48
and then one of the white workers stepped forward and said,
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až napokon jeden z bielych robotníkov vystúpil dopredu a povedal:
08:53
"Well, yeah. We’ve looked at this place and there's only one place to sleep,
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"No, áno. Poobzerali sme sa a – je tu iba jedno miesto na spanie,
08:56
there's only one place to eat, there's only one bathroom,
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jedno miesto na jedenie, je tu iba jedna kúpeľňa,
08:59
there's only one water fountain. Is this plant going to be integrated or what?"
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jeden kohútik s pitnou vodou. To bude táto továreň integrovaná alebo čo?"
09:05
Mr. Teszler said, "You are being paid twice the wages of any other textile workers in this region
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Pán Teszler na to: "Dostávate dvakrát taký plat ako ktorýkoľvek textilný robotník v tomto regióne
09:10
and this is how we do business. Do you have any other questions?"
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a my vedieme podnik takto. Máte nejaké iné otázky?"
09:14
"No, I reckon I don't."
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"Nie, myslím, že nie."
09:15
And two months later when the main plant opened
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A o dva mesiace neskôr, keď sa otvorila hlavná továreň
09:19
and hundreds of new workers, white and black,
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a stovky nových robotníkov, belochov i černochov,
09:21
poured in to see the facility for the first time,
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sa prihrnuli, aby sa po prvýkrát pozreli na závod,
09:23
they were met by the 16 foremen, white and black, standing shoulder to shoulder.
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ich privítalo tých 16 vedúcich, belochov i černochov, stojacich bok po boku.
09:29
They toured the facility and were asked if there were any questions, and
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Spolu si prezreli závod a spýtali sa, či má niekto nejaké otázky.
09:33
inevitably the same question arose:
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Samozrejme, objavila sa rovnaká otázka:
09:34
"Is this plant integrated or what?"
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"Toto je integrovaná továreň alebo čo?"
09:36
And one of the white foremen stepped forward and said,
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Jeden z bielych vedúcich predstúpil a povedal:
09:39
"You are being paid twice the wages of any other workers
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"Dostávate dvakrát taký plat ako ktorýkoľvek robotník
09:43
in this industry in this region and this is how we do business.
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v tomto priemysle v tomto regióne a my vedieme podnik takto.
09:47
Do you have any other questions?"
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Máte nejaké iné otázky?"
09:49
And there were none. In one fell swoop,
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Žiadne však neboli. Pánovi Teszlerovi sa tak
09:53
Mr. Teszler had integrated the textile industry in that part of the South.
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jednou ranou podarilo integrovať textilný priemysel v tej časti juhu USA.
09:57
It was an achievement worthy of Mahatma Gandhi,
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Bol to výkon hodný Gándhího,
10:00
conducted with the shrewdness of a lawyer and the idealism of a saint.
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dosiahnutý prefíkanosťou právnika a idealizmom svätca.
10:04
In his eighties, Mr. Teszler, having retired from the textile industry,
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Keď pán Teszler vo svojej osemdesiatke odišiel na dôchodok,
10:10
adopted Wofford College,
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vybral si Woffordovu univerzitu,
10:12
auditing courses every semester,
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na ktorej každý semester navštevoval prednášky.
10:14
and because he had a tendency to kiss anything that moved,
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A pretože bol náchylný pobozkať čokoľvek, čo sa hýbalo,
10:18
becoming affectionately known as "Opi" -- which is Magyar for grandfather --
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dostal láskavú prezývku Opi, čo v maďarčine znamená starý otec,
10:22
by all and sundry. Before I got there, the library of the college
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ktorú používal každý. Keď som sa tam dostal ja, univerzitná knižnica
10:26
had been named for Mr. Teszler, and after I arrived in 1993,
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už bola pomenovaná po pánovi Teszlerovi, a keď som v roku 1993 prišiel,
10:31
the faculty decided to honor itself by naming Mr. Teszler Professor of the College --
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univerzitný zbor sa rozhodol vyznamenať sa a vymenovať pána Teszlera za profesora univerzity.
10:36
partly because at that point he had already taken
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Sčasti aj preto, že v tom období už absolvoval
10:39
all of the courses in the catalog, but mainly because
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všetky prednášky na zozname, ale najmä preto,
10:42
he was so conspicuously wiser than any one of us.
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lebo bol výrazne múdrejší ako ktokoľvek z nás.
10:47
To me, it was immensely reassuring that the presiding spirit
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Mňa to nesmierne upokojovalo, že vedúcim duchom
10:51
of this little Methodist college in upstate South Carolina
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tejto maličkej metodistickej univerzity na severe Južnej Karolíny
10:55
was a Holocaust survivor from Central Europe.
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bol človek zo strednej Európy, ktorý prežil holokaust.
10:59
Wise he was, indeed, but he also had a wonderful sense of humor.
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Bol naozaj múdry, ale mal aj úžasný zmysel pre humor.
11:03
And once for an interdisciplinary class,
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Raz som na jednej z interdisciplinárnych prednášok
11:06
I was screening the opening segment of Ingmar Bergman's "The Seventh Seal."
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premietal úvodnú scénu zo "Siedmej pečate" Ingmara Bergmana.
11:10
As the medieval knight Antonius Block returns from the wild goose chase
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Keď sa stredoveký rytier Antonius Blok vrátil z bezvýznamných
11:14
of the Crusades and arrives on the rocky shore of Sweden,
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križiackych výprav a prišiel ku skalnatým brehom Švédska,
11:17
only to find the specter of death waiting for him,
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kde naňho už čakalo zjavenie smrti,
11:20
Mr. Teszler sat in the dark with his fellow students. And
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v tme miestnosti sedel so svojimi študentmi aj pán Teszler.
11:24
as death opened his cloak to embrace the knight
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A keď smrť roztvorila svoj plášť, aby ním hrozivo
11:28
in a ghastly embrace, I heard Mr. Teszler's tremulous voice:
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zahalila rytiera, začul som roztrasený hlas pána Teszlera:
11:32
"Uh oh," he said, "This doesn't look so good." (Laughter)
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"Aj, aj," hovorí: "Toto nevyzerá veľmi dobre."
11:36
But it was music that was his greatest passion, especially opera.
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No bola to hudba, najmä opera, ktorá bola jeho najväčšou vášňou,
11:43
And on the first occasion that I visited his house, he gave me
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a keď som ho po prvý raz navštívil v jeho dome, poctil ma tým,
11:46
honor of deciding what piece of music we would listen to.
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že som mohol vybrať, ktorú hudobnú kompozíciu si vypočujeme.
11:50
And I delighted him by rejecting "Cavalleria Rusticana"
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Potešil som ho, keď som pred operou "Cavalleria Rusticana"
11:54
in favor of Bela Bartok's "Bluebeard's Castle."
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uprednostnil "Hrad kniežaťa Modrofúza" od Bélu Bartóka.
11:57
I love Bartok's music, as did Mr. Teszler,
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Milujem Bartókovu hudbu rovnako ako pán Teszler,
12:00
and he had virtually every recording of Bartok's music ever issued.
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ktorý mal doslova všetky jeho vydané hudobné nahrávky.
12:04
And it was at his house that I heard for the first time
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A bolo to práve v jeho dome, kde som po prvý raz počul
12:06
Bartok's Third Piano Concerto and learned from
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Bartókov "Klavírny koncert č. 3" a kde mi o ňom
12:09
Mr. Teszler that it had been composed in nearby Asheville, North Carolina
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pán Teszler prezradil, že bol skomponovaný v neďalekom Asheville v Severnej Karolíne
12:14
in the last year of the composer's life.
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toho roku, keď Bartók umrel.
12:16
He was dying of leukemia and he knew it,
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Vedel, že umiera na leukémiu,
12:19
and he dedicated this concerto to his wife,
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a tento koncert venoval svojej manželke,
12:22
Dita, who was herself a concert pianist.
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Ditte, tiež koncertnej klaviristke.
12:25
And into the slow, second movement, marked "adagio religioso,"
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Do pomalej, druhej časti, nazvanej "Adagio religioso",
12:29
he incorporated the sounds of birdsong that he heard
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vkomponoval štebot vtákov, ktorý počul
12:33
outside his window in what he knew would be his last spring;
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za oknom na jar, o ktorej vedel, že bude jeho poslednou.
12:36
he was imagining a future for her in which he would play no part.
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Predstavoval si budúcnosť svojej manželky, ktorej nebude súčasťou.
12:42
And clearly this composition is his final statement to her --
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A je úplne jasné, že táto kompozícia je jeho záverečným vyznaním sa Ditte –
12:48
it was first performed after his death --
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prvýkrát bolo predvedené po jeho smrti –
12:50
and through her to the world.
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a cez ňu aj celému svetu.
12:52
And just as clearly, it is saying, "It's okay. It was all so beautiful.
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A rovnako zreteľne vypovedá: "Je to v poriadku. Všetko to bolo nádherné.
12:59
Whenever you hear this, I will be there."
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Kedykoľvek toto začuješ, budem tam."
13:03
It was only after Mr. Teszler's death that I learned
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Dozvedel som sa to iba po smrti pána Teszlera, že
13:08
that the marker on the grave of Bela Bartok in Hartsdale, New York
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za nápis na hrobe Bélu Bartóka v meste Hartsdale, štát New York
13:12
was paid for by Sandor Teszler. "Yo napot, Bela!"
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zaplatil Sándor Teszler. "Jó napot, Béla!"
13:17
Not long before Mr. Teszler’s own death at the age of 97,
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Krátko pred tým, ako pán Teszler umrel vo veku 97 rokov,
13:22
he heard me hold forth on human iniquity.
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ma začul, ako som rozoberal tému ľudskej zločinnosti.
13:26
I delivered a lecture in which I described history
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Dával som prednášku, v ktorej som dejiny opísal
13:28
as, on the whole, a tidal wave of human suffering and brutality,
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celkovo ako prílivovú vlnu ľudského trápenia a surovosti
13:32
and Mr. Teszler came up to me afterwards with gentle reproach and said,
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a pán Teszler za mnou prišiel po prednáške a s miernou výčitkou mi povedal:
13:37
"You know, Doctor, human beings are fundamentally good."
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"Viete, pán doktor, ľudský tvor je zásadne dobrý."
13:43
And I made a vow to myself, then and there,
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A vtedy a tam som sa zaprisahal,
13:47
that if this man who had such cause to think otherwise
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že ak tento muž, ktorý mal toľko dôvodov uvažovať o tom inak,
13:51
had reached that conclusion,
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dospel k takémuto záveru,
13:53
I would not presume to differ until he released me from my vow.
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tak nemôžem ani ja uvažovať inak, až kým ma spod mojej prísahy neoslobodí.
13:57
And now he's dead, so I'm stuck with my vow.
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Teraz je však mŕtvy a moja prísaha mi ostala.
14:01
"Yo napot, Sandor!"
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"Jó napot, Sándor!"
14:03
I thought my skein of Hungarian mentors had come to an end,
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Myslel som si, že séria mojich maďarských učiteľov prišla ku koncu,
14:07
but almost immediately I met Francis Robicsek, a Hungarian doctor --
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ale takmer bezprostredne na to som spoznal Francisa Robicseka, maďarského lekára,
14:14
actually a heart surgeon in Charlotte, North Carolina, then in his late seventies --
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srdcového chirurga z mesta Charlotte v Severnej Karolíne, ktorý sa blížil k svojej osemdesiatke.
14:18
who had been a pioneer in open-heart surgery,
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Bol priekopníkom operácie na otvorenom srdci
14:20
and, tinkering away in his garage behind his house,
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a ako domáci majster vo svojej garáži za domom
14:24
had invented many of the devices that are standard parts of those procedures.
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vynašiel veľa prístrojov, ktoré sú obvyklou súčasťou tých operácií.
14:29
He's also a prodigious art collector, beginning as an intern in Budapest
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Od svojich lekárskych začiatkov v Budapešti bol tiež nesmiernym zberateľom umenia,
14:34
by collecting 16th- and 17th-century Dutch art and Hungarian painting,
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ktorý začal zbierať holandské umenie a maďarské maľby zo 16. a 17. storočia
14:38
and when he came to this country moving on to Spanish colonial art,
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a keď prišiel do Spojených štátov, prešiel na španielske koloniálne umenie,
14:43
Russian icons and finally Mayan ceramics.
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ruské ikony a, napokon, na mayskú keramiku.
14:46
He's the author of seven books, six of them on Mayan ceramics.
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Je autorom siedmych kníh, šesť z nich je o mayskej keramike.
14:49
It was he who broke the Mayan codex, enabling scholars to relate
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To on rozlúštil mayský kódex, čím umožnil bádateľom, aby priradili
14:53
the pictographs on Mayan ceramics to the hieroglyphs of the Mayan script.
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k hieroglyfom na mayskom rukopise piktogramy z keramík.
14:57
On the occasion of my first visit, we toured his house
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Keď som ho po prvýkrát navštívil, prezreli sme si jeho dom
15:00
and we saw hundreds of works of museum quality,
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a pozreli stovky umeleckých diel muzeálnej kvality.
15:03
and then we paused in front of a closed door and Dr. Robicsek said,
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Potom sme zastali pred zavretými dverami a Dr. Robicsek s očividnou hrdosťou
15:08
with obvious pride, "Now for the piece de resistance."
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povedal: "A teraz prichádza zlatý klinec programu."
15:11
And he opened the door and we walked into a
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Otvoril dvere a vošli sme do miestnosti
15:14
windowless 20-by-20-foot room with shelves from floor to ceiling, and
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s veľkosťou 6 x 6 metrov bez okien, v ktorej boli od podlahy po strop
15:20
crammed on every shelf his collection of Mayan ceramics.
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police plné jeho zbierky mayskej keramiky .
15:22
Now, I know absolutely nothing about Mayan ceramics,
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O mayskej keramike síce neviem vôbec nič,
15:24
but I wanted to be as ingratiating as possible so I said,
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ale chcel som mu zalichotiť, ako sa len dalo. Povedal som:
15:27
"But Dr. Robicsek, this is absolutely dazzling."
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"Ale Dr. Robicsek, toto je úplne úchvatné."
15:31
"Yes," he said. "That is what the Louvre said.
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"Áno," povedal. "To vraveli aj ľudia z Louvra.
15:34
They would not leave me alone until I let them have a piece,
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Nenechali ma na pokoji, až kým som im nedal jeden z kusov.
15:38
but it was not a good one." (Laughter)
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Ale ten nestál za to."
15:40
Well, it occurred to me that I should invite Dr. Robicsek
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A tak mi napadlo, že by som mohol Dr. Robicseka pozvať
15:44
to lecture at Wofford College on -- what else?
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na Woffordovu univerzitu, aby tam urobil prednášku – ako inak? –
15:47
-- Leonardo da Vinci. And further, I should invite him to meet
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o Leonardovi da Vincim. A tiež, že by som ho mohol zoznámiť
15:51
my oldest trustee, who had majored in French history at Yale
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s mojím najstarším poverníkom, ktorý študoval dejiny Francúzska na Yalovej univerzite
15:55
some 70-odd years before and, at 89, still ruled the world's
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pred viac než 70 rokmi a vo veku 89 rokov ešte stále riadil
16:00
largest privately owned textile empire with an iron hand.
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najväčšie súkromné impérium v oblasti textilného priemyslu železnou rukou.
16:05
His name is Roger Milliken. And Mr. Milliken agreed,
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Volá sa Roger Milliken. Pán Milliken so stretnutím súhlasil
16:09
and Dr. Robicsek agreed. And Dr. Robicsek visited
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a súhlasil aj Dr. Robicsek. Dr. Robicsek prišiel
16:12
and delivered the lecture and it was a dazzling success.
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a prednášal – malo to úžasný úspech.
16:15
And afterwards we convened at the President's House with Dr. Robicsek
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Potom sme sa stretli v rektorskom dome, na jednej strane s Dr. Robicsekom,
16:19
on one hand, Mr. Milliken on the other.
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na druhej s pánom Millikenom.
16:20
And it was only at that moment, as we were sitting down to dinner,
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A až v tej chvíli, keď sme si posadali k jedálenskému stolu,
16:24
that I recognized the enormity of the risk I had created,
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som si uvedomil, aké nesmierne riziko hrozilo.
16:26
because to bring these two titans, these two masters of the universe
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Pretože dať dokopy týchto dvoch titanov, týchto dvoch pánov sveta
16:30
together -- it was like introducing Mothra to Godzilla over the skyline of Tokyo.
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bolo také, ako zoznámiť Godzillu s Mothrou medzi mrakodrapmi Tokia.
16:35
If they didn't like each other, we could all get trampled to death.
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Ak by spolu nevychádzali dobre, mohli by nás všetkých udupať k smrti.
16:38
But they did, they did like each other.
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Nestalo sa tak. Vychádzali spolu dobre.
16:40
They got along famously until the very end of the meal,
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Vychádzali spolu veľkolepo – až do úplného konca večere,
16:43
and then they got into a furious argument.
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keď sa zaplietli do šialenej hádky.
16:45
And what they were arguing about was this:
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Hádali sa o nasledovnom:
16:47
whether the second Harry Potter movie was as good as the first. (Laughter)
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či bola druhá časť filmu Harry Potter tak dobrá ako prvá.
16:52
Mr. Milliken said it was not. Dr. Robicsek disagreed.
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Pán Milliken tvrdil, že nie. Dr. Robicsek nesúhlasil.
16:57
I was still trying to take in the notion that these titans,
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Ja som sa však ešte stále snažil pochopiť, že títo titani,
17:01
these masters of the universe, in their spare time watch Harry Potter movies,
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títo páni sveta pozerali vo voľnom čase Harryho Pottera,
17:04
when Mr. Milliken thought he would win the argument by saying,
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keď si pán Milliken zmyslel, že by mohol hádku vyhrať, ak povie:
17:08
"You just think it's so good because you didn't read the book."
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"Myslíte si, že je rovnako dobrá iba preto, že ste nečítali knihu."
17:11
And Dr. Robicsek reeled back in his chair, but quickly gathered his wits,
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Dr. Robicsek sa zmätene zaknísal na stoličke, no ihneď sa pohotovo prebral,
17:15
leaned forward and said, "Well, that is true, but I'll bet you went
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naklonil sa dopredu a povedal: "No, to je síce pravda, ale stavím sa,
17:18
to the movie with a grandchild." "Well, yes, I did," conceded Mr. Milliken.
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že ste šli na ten film s vnúčaťom." "Áno, šiel som," uznal pán Milliken.
17:23
"Aha!" said Dr. Robicsek. "I went to the movie all by myself." (Laughter) (Applause)
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"Aha!" Dr. Robicsek na to. "Ja som šiel na film úplne sám."
17:28
And I realized, in this moment of revelation,
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A v tej chvíli som si uvedomil,
17:33
that what these two men were revealing was the secret
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že to, čo obaja muži odhalili, bolo tajomstvo
17:37
of their extraordinary success, each in his own right.
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ich mimoriadneho, zaslúženého úspechu.
17:40
And it lay precisely in that insatiable curiosity,
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Spočívalo presne v tej nenásytnej zvedavosti,
17:44
that irrepressible desire to know, no matter what the subject,
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tej neskrotnej túžbe vedieť – bez ohľadu na predmet,
17:48
no matter what the cost,
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bez ohľadu na cenu,
17:50
even at a time when the keepers of the Doomsday Clock
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dokonca aj v časoch, keď správcovia "Hodín súdneho dňa"
17:53
are willing to bet even money that the human race won't be around
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sú ochotní staviť sa hoci aj o peniaze, že ľudstvo tu už v roku 2100,
17:56
to imagine anything in the year 2100, a scant 93 years from now.
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iba o necelých 93 rokov nebude.
18:01
"Live each day as if it is your last," said Mahatma Gandhi.
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"Žite každý deň tak, ako by bol Váš posledný," vravieval Gándhí.
18:05
"Learn as if you'll live forever."
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"Vzdelávajte sa, akoby ste žili naveky."
18:07
This is what I'm passionate about. It is precisely this.
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A práve toto je moja vášeň. Presne toto.
18:12
It is this inextinguishable, undaunted appetite for learning and experience,
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Je to ten neuhasiteľný, neoblomný smäd po vzdelaní a skúsenostiach,
18:21
no matter how risible, no matter how esoteric,
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bez ohľadu na to, aké sú smiešne či tajné,
18:23
no matter how seditious it might seem.
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bez ohľadu na to, aké poburujúce sa zdajú byť.
18:26
This defines the imagined futures of our fellow Hungarians --
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Toto určuje predstavenú budúcnosť našich Maďarov,
18:32
Robicsek, Teszler and Bartok -- as it does my own.
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Robicseka, Teszlera a Bartóka rovnako, ako aj moju.
18:37
As it does, I suspect, that of everybody here.
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A domnievam sa, že rovnako aj každého z Vás.
18:41
To which I need only add, "Ez a mi munkank; es nem is keves."
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A k tomu stačí už iba dodať: "Ez a mi munkánk, és nem is kevés."
18:47
This is our task; we know it will be hard.
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Toto je naša práca. A nebude ľahká.
18:52
"Ez a mi munkank; es nem is keves. Yo napot, pacak!" (Applause)
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"Ez a mi munkánk, és nem is kevés." Jó napot, pacák!
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bernie Dunlap - College presidentBernie Dunlap is a true polymath, whose talents span poetry, opera, ballet, literature and administration. He is the president of South Carolina’s Wofford College.
Why you should listen
Bernie Dunlap was a dancer for four years with the Columbia City Ballet, kicking off a life of artistic and cultural exploration. A Rhodes Scholar, he did his PhD in English literature at Harvard, and is now the president of Wofford College, a small liberal arts school in South Carolina. He has taught classes on a wide variety of subjects, from Asian history to creative writing.
He's also a writer-producer for television, and his 19-part series The Renaissance has been adopted for use by more than 100 colleges. He has been a Senior Fulbright Lecturer in Thailand and a moderator at the Aspen Institute.
Bernie Dunlap | Speaker | TED.com