TED2004
Nancy Etcoff: Happiness and its surprises
Nensi Etkof (Nancy Etkoff): Sreća i njena iznenađenja
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Kognitivna istražiteljka Nensi Etkof proučava sreću - kako pokušavamo da je dostignemo i uvećamo, njenu nezavisnost od realnih okolnosti u kojima se nalazimo, i njen iznenađujući uticaj na naša tela.
Nancy Etcoff - Evolutionary psychologist
Nancy Etcoff is part of a new vanguard of cognitive researchers asking: What makes us happy? Why do we like beautiful things? And how on earth did we evolve that way? Full bio
Nancy Etcoff is part of a new vanguard of cognitive researchers asking: What makes us happy? Why do we like beautiful things? And how on earth did we evolve that way? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
This is called Hooked on a Feeling:
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Današnji naslov je:
"Navučeni na osećanje:
"Navučeni na osećanje:
00:17
The Pursuit of Happiness and Human Design.
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Potraga za srećom i ljudski dizajn".
00:19
I put up a somewhat dour Darwin,
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Ovde imamo pomalo namrgođenog Darvina,
00:21
but a very happy chimp up there.
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i jednu vrlo srećnu šimpanzu.
00:23
My first point is that the pursuit of happiness is obligatory.
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Kao prvo, potraga za srećom je neizbežna.
00:26
Man wishes to be happy, only wishes to be happy,
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Čovek želi samo da bude srećan,
00:29
and cannot wish not to be so.
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i ne može ne želeti da bude srećan.
00:32
We are wired to pursue happiness,
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Programirani smo da tragamo za srećom,
00:34
not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.
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u njoj uživamo, ali i želimo je sve više.
00:37
So given that that's true,
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I budući da je tako,
00:39
how good are we at increasing our happiness?
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koliko smo dobri u uvećavanju
svoje sreće?
svoje sreće?
00:43
Well, we certainly try.
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Pa, svakako se trudimo.
00:45
If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles
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Na Amazonu ima preko 2.000 naslova
00:48
with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices,
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sa savetima o sedam navika,
devet izbora,
devet izbora,
00:51
the 10 secrets,
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deset tajni,
00:53
the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness.
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14.000 misli koje će vam doneti sreću.
00:56
Now another way we try to increase our happiness
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Drugi način na koji pokušavamo
00:58
is we medicate ourselves.
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da uvećamo svoju sreću jesu lekovi.
01:00
And so there's over 120 million prescriptions out there for antidepressants.
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Te imamo preko 120 miliona
recepata za antidepresive.
recepata za antidepresive.
01:04
Prozac was really the first absolute blockbuster drug.
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Prozak je bio prvi blokbaster
među lekovima.
među lekovima.
01:07
It was clean, efficient, there was no high,
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Čist, efikasan, ne opija,
01:10
there was really no danger, it had no street value.
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nema stvarne opasnosti,
nema uličnu vrednost.
nema uličnu vrednost.
01:13
In 1995,
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1995. godine, ilegalni lekovi
01:15
illegal drugs were a $400 billion business,
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bili su industrija
od 400 milijardi dolara,
od 400 milijardi dolara,
01:18
representing eight percent of world trade,
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i osam posto svetske trgovine,
01:20
roughly the same as gas and oil.
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otprilike jednako kao gas i nafta.
01:22
These routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much.
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Ovim se sreća baš i nije previše uvećala.
01:26
One problem that's happening now is,
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Problem koji sada nastaje,
01:28
although the rates of happiness
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iako su stope nivoa sreće
01:30
are about as flat as the surface of the moon,
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ravne poput površine Meseca,
01:32
depression and anxiety are rising.
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jeste porast depresije i anksioznosti.
01:34
Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis,
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Neki kažu da je to zbog boljih dijagnoza,
01:38
and more people are being found out.
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i otkrivanja više ljudi.
01:40
It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world.
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Nije samo to.
Ovo se dešava u celom svetu.
Ovo se dešava u celom svetu.
01:43
In the United States right now
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U Sjedinjenim Državama trenutno
01:45
there are more suicides than homicides.
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ima više samoubistava od ubistava.
01:47
There is a rash of suicide in China.
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U ogromnom porastu
su samoubistva u Kini.
su samoubistva u Kini.
01:49
And the World Health Organization predicts
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Svetska zdravstvena organizacija predviđa
01:51
by the year 2020
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da će do 2020. godine
01:53
that depression will be
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depresija biti
01:55
the second largest cause of disability.
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drugi najveći uzrok invaliditeta.
01:57
Now the good news here
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Dobre vesti su da
01:59
is that if you take surveys from around the world,
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ako uzmete istraživanja
iz celog sveta,
iz celog sveta,
02:01
we see that about three quarters of people
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vidimo da će oko tri četvrtine ljudi
02:03
will say they are at least pretty happy.
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reći da su barem prilično srećni.
02:05
But this does not follow any of the usual trends.
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Ali glavni trendovi nam ne govore isto.
02:09
For example, these two show great growth in income,
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Na primer, ova dva pokazuju
velik porast prihoda,
velik porast prihoda,
02:12
absolutely flat happiness curves.
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i potpuno ravne krive sreće.
02:14
My field, the field of psychology,
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Moja oblast, psihologija,
02:17
hasn't done a whole lot
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nije mnogo toga učinila da nam pomogne
02:19
to help us move forward in understanding human happiness.
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da unapredimo razumevanje ljudske sreće.
02:22
In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist,
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Imamo nasleđe Frojda, pesimiste,
02:25
who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest,
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koji je rekao da je potraga za srećom
osuđena na propast,
osuđena na propast,
02:27
is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual
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potaknuta infantilnim aspektima pojedinca,
02:31
that can never be met in reality.
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i ne može se nikad dostići u stvarnosti.
02:33
He said, "One feels inclined to say
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Rekao je: "Sklon sam da kažem
02:36
that the intention that man should be happy
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da namera da čovek bude srećan
02:38
is not included in the plan of creation."
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nije uključena u plan postanja."
02:41
So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy
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Stoga je krajnji cilj
psihoanalitičke psihoterapije
psihoanalitičke psihoterapije
02:44
was really what Freud called ordinary misery.
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zapravo bilo ono što Frojd
naziva obični jad.
naziva obični jad.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:49
And Freud in part reflects
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Frojd delimično odražava
02:52
the anatomy of the human emotion system --
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anatomiju ljudskog sistema emocija -
02:55
which is that we have both a positive and a negative system,
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mi imamo i pozitivan i negativan sistem,
02:59
and our negative system
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a naš negativni sistem
03:01
is extremely sensitive.
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izuzetno je osetljiv.
03:03
So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet
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Na primer, rađamo se
sa sklonošću ka slatkom
sa sklonošću ka slatkom
03:06
and reacting aversively to the taste of something bitter.
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i odbojnom reakcijom na gorko.
03:10
We also find that people are more averse to losing
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Otkriveno je i da ljudi osećaju
veću odbojnost ka gubitku
veću odbojnost ka gubitku
03:13
than they are happy to gain.
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nego sreću zbog dobitka.
03:16
The formula for a happy marriage
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Formula za srećan brak
03:18
is five positive remarks, or interactions,
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je pet pozitivnih izjava, ili interakcija,
03:21
for every one negative.
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za jednu negativnu.
03:23
And that's how powerful the one negative is.
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I upravo je tolika moć jedne negativne.
03:26
Especially expressions of contempt or disgust,
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Za izraze prezira ili gađenja naročito je
03:29
well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.
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potrebno mnogo pozitivnih
da ih nadomestite.
da ih nadomestite.
03:33
I also put in here the stress response.
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Ovde takođe uključujem
i reakciju na stres.
i reakciju na stres.
03:36
We're wired for dangers that are immediate,
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Programirani smo za opasnosti
koje su neposredne,
koje su neposredne,
03:38
that are physical, that are imminent,
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fizičke, neizbežne,
03:40
and so our body goes into an incredible reaction
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i naše telo ulazi u neverovatnu reakciju
03:43
where endogenous opioids come in.
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u koju su uključeni endogeni opioidi.
03:45
We have a system that is really ancient,
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Imamo sistem koji je zaista drevan,
03:47
and really there for physical danger.
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i zaista stvoren za fizičku opasnost.
03:49
And so over time, this becomes a stress response,
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Vremenom ovo postaje reakcija na stres,
03:52
which has enormous effects on the body.
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što ima izrazite efekte na telo.
03:54
Cortisol floods the brain;
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Kortizol preplavljuje mozak;
03:56
it destroys hippocampal cells and memory,
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uništava hipokampalne ćelije i pamćenje,
03:59
and can lead to all kinds of health problems.
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i može izazvati razne
zdravstvene probleme.
zdravstvene probleme.
04:01
But unfortunately, we need this system in part.
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Nažalost, ovaj sistem
nam je delimično potreban.
nam je delimično potreban.
04:04
If we were only governed by pleasure
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Kada bismo se upravljali
samo zadovoljstvom,
samo zadovoljstvom,
04:06
we would not survive.
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ne bismo preživeli.
04:08
We really have two command posts.
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Mi imamo dva komandna položaja.
04:10
Emotions are short-lived intense responses
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Emocije su kratki intenzivni odgovori
04:12
to challenge and to opportunity.
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na izazove i prilike.
04:15
And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves
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Omogućavaju nam da se prebacimo
u naše naizmenične prirode
u naše naizmenične prirode
04:18
that tune in, turn on, drop out
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koje kanališu, uključuju, odbacuju
04:20
thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories.
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misli, opažaje, osećanja i uspomene.
04:23
We tend to think of emotions as just feelings.
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Obično mislimo da su emocije
samo osećanja.
samo osećanja.
04:25
But in fact, emotions are an all-systems alert
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Zapravo, one su uzbuna
u svim sistemima,
u svim sistemima,
04:27
that change what we remember,
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koja utiče na ono što pamtimo,
04:29
what kind of decisions we make,
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na odluke koje donosimo,
04:31
and how we perceive things.
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i način na koji opažamo.
04:33
So let me go forward to the new science of happiness.
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Prešla bih sada na novu nauku o sreći.
04:35
We've come away from the Freudian gloom,
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Udaljili smo se od frojdovske sumornosti,
04:37
and people are now actively studying this.
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i ovo se sada aktivno proučava.
04:40
And one of the key points in the science of happiness
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A jedna od ključnih poenti nauke o sreći
04:42
is that happiness and unhappiness
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jeste da sreća i nesreća
04:44
are not endpoints of a single continuum.
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nisu krajnje tačke jednog kontinuuma.
04:47
The Freudian model is really one continuum
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Frojdovski model je zapravo
jedan kontinuum u kom
jedan kontinuum u kom
04:50
that, as you get less miserable,
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što ste manje očajni,
04:52
you get happier.
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04:54
And that isn't true -- when you get less miserable,
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to ste srećniji.
A nije tako. Kada se očaj smanji,
04:56
you get less miserable.
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prosto ste manje očajni.
04:58
And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation.
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Sreća je na skroz drugom kraju
ove jednačine.
ove jednačine.
05:01
And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy.
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I on nedostaje u psihoterapiji.
05:04
So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur,
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Stoga se simptomi često vraćaju,
05:07
because there isn't a sense of the other half --
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jer ne postoji svest o drugoj polovini -
05:09
of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude,
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o zadovoljstvu, sreći,
saosećanju, zahvalnosti,
saosećanju, zahvalnosti,
05:12
what are the positive emotions.
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o tome šta su pozitivne emocije.
05:14
And of course we know this intuitively,
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Naravno, mi intuitivno znamo
05:16
that happiness is not just the absence of misery.
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da sreća nije samo odsustvo očaja.
05:19
But somehow it was not put forward until very recently,
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Ali to nije isticano sve do nedavno,
05:22
seeing these as two parallel systems.
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oni nisu posmatrani
kao dva paralelna sistema.
kao dva paralelna sistema.
05:25
So that the body can both look for opportunity
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Tako da telo može istovremeno
i da traži priliku
i da traži priliku
05:28
and also protect itself from danger, at the same time.
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i da se štiti od opasnosti.
05:30
And they're sort of two reciprocal
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I oni su na neki način dva recipročna
05:32
and dynamically interacting systems.
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sistema u dinamičkoj interakciji.
05:34
People have also wanted to deconstruct.
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Ljudi su takođe želeli da dekonstruišu.
05:36
We use this word "happy,"
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Koristimo reč "srećan"
05:38
and it's this very large umbrella of a term.
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a to je vrlo širok krovni pojam.
05:40
And then three emotions for which there are no English words:
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Tu su i tri emocije za koje
nema reči u engleskom:
nema reči u engleskom:
05:43
fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge;
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fiero, što je ponos zbog
savladavanja izazova;
savladavanja izazova;
05:47
schadenfreude, which is happiness in another's misfortune,
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schadenfreude, što je sreća
zbog tuđe nevolje,
zbog tuđe nevolje,
05:51
a malicious pleasure;
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zlonamerno zadovoljstvo;
05:53
and naches, which is a pride and joy in one's children.
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i naches, što je ponos na sopstvenu decu.
05:56
Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness,
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Na ovom spisku,
i u svim razmatranjima sreće,
i u svim razmatranjima sreće,
05:59
are happiness in another's happiness.
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nedostaje sreća zbog tuđe sreće.
06:01
We don't seem to have a word for that.
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Izgleda da nemamo reč za to.
06:04
We are very sensitive to the negative,
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Vrlo smo osetljivi na negativno;
06:06
but it is in part offset by the fact
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ali se to delimično nadomešćuje činjenicom
06:08
that we have a positivity.
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da imamo i pozitivnost.
06:10
We're also born pleasure-seekers.
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Mi smo rođeni da težimo zadovoljstvu.
06:12
Babies love the taste of sweet
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Bebe vole ukus slatkog
06:14
and hate the taste of bitter.
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i mrze ukus gorkog.
06:16
They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones.
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Više vole glatke površine od hrapavih.
06:19
They like to look at beautiful faces
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Vole da posmatraju lepa lica
više nego ona neugledna.
više nego ona neugledna.
06:21
rather than plain faces.
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06:23
They like to listen to consonant melodies
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Vole da slušaju harmonične melodije
a ne one disonantne.
a ne one disonantne.
06:25
instead of dissonant melodies.
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06:27
Babies really are born
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Bebe su zaista rođene
06:29
with a lot of innate pleasures.
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s mnogo urođenih zadovoljstava.
06:31
There was once a statement made by a psychologist
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Izvesni psiholog je jednom izjavio
06:34
that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness
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da se 80 posto potrage za srećom
06:37
is really just about the genes,
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svodi na gene,
06:39
and it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller.
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i da je postati srećniji i postati viši
jednako teško.
jednako teško.
06:42
That's nonsense.
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To je besmislica.
06:44
There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes --
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Doprinos gena sreći je nezanemarljiv -
06:47
about 50 percent --
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oko 50 posto -
06:49
but there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.
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ali tu je i onih drugih 50 posto.
06:52
Let's just go into the brain for a moment,
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Zavirimo u mozak na trenutak,
06:54
and see where does happiness
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i pogledajmo iz čega sreća
06:56
arise from in evolution.
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nastaje u evoluciji.
06:58
We have basically at least two systems here,
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Suštinski, ovde imamo bar dva sistema,
07:01
and they both are very ancient.
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i oba su vrlo stara.
07:03
One is the reward system,
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Prvi je sistem nagrađivanja,
07:05
and that's fed by the chemical dopamine.
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koji se hrani dopaminom.
07:07
And it starts in the ventral tegmental area.
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I počinje u ventralnoj
tegmentalnoj oblasti.
tegmentalnoj oblasti.
07:10
It goes to the nucleus accumbens,
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Proteže se ka cingularnom režnju,
do prefrontalnog korteksa,
orbitalnog frontalnog korteksa
orbitalnog frontalnog korteksa
07:12
all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex,
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07:14
where decisions are made, high level.
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gde se donose odluke,
na visokom nivou.
na visokom nivou.
07:16
This was originally seen as a system
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Ovo je prvobitno posmatrano kao sistem
07:18
that was the pleasure system of the brain.
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koji je moždani sistem zadovoljstva.
07:20
In the 1950s,
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Pedesetih godina 20. veka,
07:22
Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat.
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Olds i Milner su postavili elektrode
u mozak pacova.
u mozak pacova.
07:25
And the rat would just keep pressing that bar
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I pacov bi uporno pritiskao polugu
07:28
thousands and thousands and thousands of times.
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hiljade i hiljade puta.
07:30
It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex.
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Nije mario ni za jelo,
ni spavanje, ni seks.
ni spavanje, ni seks.
07:33
It wouldn't do anything but press this bar.
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Nije hteo ništa osim
da pritiska tu polugu.
da pritiska tu polugu.
07:35
So they assumed
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Te su pretpostavili
07:37
this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron.
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da to mora biti moždani orgazmatron.
07:39
It turned out that it wasn't,
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Ispostavilo se da nije,
07:41
that it really is a system of motivation,
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već da je to zapravo
sistem motivacije,
sistem motivacije,
07:43
a system of wanting.
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sistem želje.
07:45
It gives objects what's called incentive salience.
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Daje predmetima podsticajni značaj.
07:48
It makes something look so attractive
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Čini ih tako privlačnim
07:50
that you just have to go after it.
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da ih prosto morate imati.
07:52
That's something different
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To se razlikuje
07:54
from the system that is the pleasure system,
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od sistema zadovoljstva,
07:57
which simply says, "I like this."
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koji prosto govori: "Ovo mi se sviđa."
07:59
The pleasure system, as you see,
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Sistem zadovoljstva, kao što vidite,
08:01
which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin,
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koji čine interni opijati,
poput hormona oksitocina,
poput hormona oksitocina,
08:04
is widely spread throughout the brain.
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široko je rasprostanjen u mozgu.
08:06
Dopamine system, the wanting system,
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Dopaminski sistem, sistem želje,
08:08
is much more centralized.
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mnogo je centralizovaniji.
08:10
The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal.
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Pozitivne emocije imaju
i univerzalan signal.
i univerzalan signal.
08:13
And we see here the smile.
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I vidimo ovde osmeh.
08:15
And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips
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Univerzalni signal nije samo
podizanje uglova usana
podizanje uglova usana
08:18
to the zygomatic major.
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ka velikom jabučnom mišiću.
08:20
It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye,
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On je i nabiranje spoljnog ugla oka,
08:23
the orbicularis oculi.
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kružnog mišića oka.
08:26
So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother,
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Vidite, čak i desetomesečne bebe,
kada vide majku,
kada vide majku,
08:29
will show this particular kind of smile.
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prikazuju ovu posebnu vrstu osmeha.
08:31
Extroverts use it more than introverts.
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Kod ekstrovertnih je češći
nego kod introvertnih.
nego kod introvertnih.
08:33
People who are relieved of depression
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Ljudi izlečeni od depresije
08:35
show it more after than before.
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pokazuju ga više nakon izlečenja
nego pre.
nego pre.
08:37
So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness,
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Ako želite da otkrijete
pravo lice sreće,
pravo lice sreće,
08:40
you will look for this expression.
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tražićete ovaj izraz.
08:42
Our pleasures are really ancient.
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Naša zadovoljstva su zaista drevna.
08:44
And we learn, of course, many, many pleasures,
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Naravno, mnoga zadovoljstva su naučena,
08:46
but many of them are base. And one of them, of course, is biophilia --
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ali mnoga su bazična, poput biofilije -
08:49
that we have a response to the natural world
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naše reakcije na svet prirode
08:51
that's very profound.
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koje su vrlo dubinske.
08:53
Very interesting studies
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Veoma zanimljive studije,
08:55
done on people recovering from surgery,
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ljudi tokom oporavka posle operacije,
08:58
who found that people who faced a brick wall
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otkrile su da oni koji gledaju
u cigleni zid
u cigleni zid
09:01
versus people who looked out on trees and nature,
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nasuprot onima koji posmatraju
drveće i prirodu,
drveće i prirodu,
09:04
the people who looked out on the brick wall
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ljudi koji imaju pogled na zid
ostaju duže u bolnici,
treba im više lekova,
treba im više lekova,
09:06
were in the hospital longer, needed more medication,
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09:08
and had more medical complications.
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i imaju više zdravstvenih komplikacija.
09:10
There is something very restorative about nature,
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Priroda ima jaku moć da nas oporavi,
09:12
and it's part of how we are tuned.
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i to je deo našeg ustrojstva.
09:15
Humans, particularly so, we're very imitative creatures.
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Ljudi su bića posebno sklona imitiranju.
I imitiramo gotovo od trenutka
kad se rodimo.
kad se rodimo.
09:18
And we imitate from almost the second we are born.
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09:20
Here is a three-week-old baby.
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Evo jedne bebe stare tri nedelje.
09:22
And if you stick your tongue out at this baby,
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Ako isplazite jezik ovoj bebi,
09:24
the baby will do the same.
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ona će učiniti isto.
09:26
We are social beings from the beginning.
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Mi smo društvena bića
od samog početka.
od samog početka.
09:28
And even studies of cooperation
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Čak i proučavanja saradnje
09:30
show that cooperation between individuals
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pokazuju da saradnja među pojedincima
09:32
lights up reward centers of the brain.
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aktivira centre za nagrađivanje u mozgu.
09:35
One problem that psychology has had
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Jedan od problema koje je
psihologija imala
psihologija imala
09:37
is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity --
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jeste što umesto ove intersubjektivnosti -
09:39
or the importance of the social brain
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ili važnosti društvenog mozga
09:42
to humans who come into the world helpless
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za ljude koji na svet dolaze bespomoćni
09:44
and need each other tremendously --
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i izuzetno su potrebni jedni drugima -
09:46
is that they focus instead on the self
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ona se fokusira na našu ličnost
09:49
and self-esteem, and not self-other.
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i samopoštovanje, a ne na nas u drugom.
09:51
It's sort of "me," not "we."
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Bavi se "mnome," a ne "nama."
09:53
And I think this has been a really tremendous problem
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I mislim da je to bio
zaista ogroman problem
zaista ogroman problem
09:55
that goes against our biology and nature,
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protivan našoj biologiji i prirodi,
09:58
and hasn't made us any happier at all.
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i nije nas uopšte učinio srećnijim.
10:00
Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow,
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Jer ljudi su najsrećniji
kada su nečim obuzeti,
kada su nečim obuzeti,
10:03
when they're absorbed in something out in the world,
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kada su uronjeni u nešto
u spoljnom svetu,
u spoljnom svetu,
10:05
when they're with other people, when they're active,
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kada su s drugima, kada su aktivni,
10:07
engaged in sports, focusing on a loved one,
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kad se bave sportom,
posvete se voljenoj osobi,
posvete se voljenoj osobi,
10:09
learning, having sex, whatever.
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pri učenju, seksu, čemu god.
10:11
They're not sitting in front of the mirror
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Ne sede ispred ogledala
10:13
trying to figure themselves out,
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pokušavajući da spoznaju sebe,
10:15
or thinking about themselves.
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ili razmišljajući o sebi.
10:17
These are not the periods when you feel happiest.
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To nisu trenuci kada su najsrećniji.
10:20
The other thing is, that a piece of evidence is,
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Još nešto, još jedan dokaz,
10:22
is if you look at computerized text analysis
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jeste kompjuterizovana analiza teksta
10:25
of people who commit suicide,
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ljudi koji su počinili samoubistvo,
10:27
what you find there, and it's quite interesting,
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nešto vrlo zanimljivo što tamo nalazite
10:29
is use of the first person singular --
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jeste upotreba prvog lica jednine -
10:31
"I," "me," "my,"
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"ja," "mene," "moje,"
10:33
not "we" and "us" --
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ne "mi" i "nas" -
10:35
and the letters are less hopeless
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i ta pisma su ne toliko beznadežna
10:37
than they are really alone.
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koliko zapravo usamljena.
10:39
And being alone is very unnatural to the human.
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A usamljenost je vrlo neprirodna
za čoveka.
za čoveka.
10:43
There is a profound need to belong.
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Imamo duboku potrebu da pripadamo.
10:46
But there are ways in which our evolutionary history can really trip us up.
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Ali naša evolutivna istorija
nas zaista može spotaći.
nas zaista može spotaći.
10:49
Because, for example, the genes don't care whether we're happy,
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Jer, na primer, geni ne mare
da li smo srećni,
da li smo srećni,
10:52
they care that we replicate,
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njima je bitno da se umnožavaju,
10:54
that we pass our genes on.
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da prenesemo naše gene dalje.
10:56
So for example we have three systems
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Tako, na primer, imamo tri sistema
10:58
that underlie reproduction, because it's so important.
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koji su u osnovi
toliko bitne reprodukcije.
toliko bitne reprodukcije.
11:01
There's lust, which is just wanting to have sex.
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Postoji požuda, što je prosto
želja za seksom.
želja za seksom.
11:04
And that's really mediated by the sex hormones.
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I za nju su zaduženi hormoni seksa.
11:07
Romantic attraction,
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Romantična privlačnost,
11:09
that gets into the desire system.
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koja ulazi u sistem želje.
11:11
And that's dopamine-fed. And that's, "I must have this one person."
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Hrani se dopaminom, i znači:
"Moram imati ovu osobu."
"Moram imati ovu osobu."
11:14
There's attachment, which is oxytocin,
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Postoji vezanost - oksitocin i opijati,
11:16
and the opiates, which says, "This is a long-term bond."
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koja govori: "Ovo je dugoročna veza."
11:19
See the problem is that, as humans, these three can separate.
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Problem je u tome što ova tri sistema
mogu biti razdvojena.
mogu biti razdvojena.
11:22
So a person can be in a long term attachment,
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Osoba može biti u dugoj vezi,
osetiti romantičnu privlačnost
ka nekom drugom,
ka nekom drugom,
11:25
become romantically infatuated with someone else,
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11:27
and want to have sex with a third person.
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a želeti seks s trećom osobom.
11:30
The other way in which our genes can sometimes lead us astray
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Drugi način na koji nas naši geni
nekad mogu zavesti
nekad mogu zavesti
11:32
is in social status.
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jeste društveni status.
11:34
We are very acutely aware of our social status
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Veoma smo svesni
svog društvenog statusa
svog društvenog statusa
11:37
and always seek to further and increase it.
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i uvek nastojimo
da ga unapredimo.
da ga unapredimo.
11:41
Now in the animal world, there is only one way to increase status,
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U životinjskom svetu ima samo
jedan način za ovo,
jedan način za ovo,
11:44
and that's dominance.
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a to je dominacija.
11:46
I seize command by physical prowess,
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Preuzimam kontrolu
fizičkom snagom,
fizičkom snagom,
11:48
and I keep it by beating my chest,
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i zadržavam je busajući se u grudi,
11:50
and you make submissive gestures.
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a vi ćete mi pokazivati podređenost.
11:52
Now, the human has a whole other way to rise to the top,
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Ljudi se sasvim drugačije
uspinju na vrh,
uspinju na vrh,
11:55
and that is a prestige route,
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i to putem prestiža,
11:57
which is freely conferred.
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koji se slobodno dodeljuje.
11:59
Someone has expertise and knowledge, and knows how to do things,
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Ako je neko stručan i ume da obavi nešto,
12:02
and we give that person status.
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daćemo toj osobi status.
12:04
And that's clearly the way for us to create many more niches of status
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Tako se očito stvaraju
brojne statusne niše
brojne statusne niše
12:08
so that people don't have to be lower on the status hierarchy
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te ljudi ne moraju da budu
niže u statusnoj hijerarhiji
niže u statusnoj hijerarhiji
12:11
as they are in the animal world.
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kao što je to u životinjskom svetu.
12:13
The data isn't terribly supportive of money buying happiness.
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Podaci baš i ne podržavaju tezu
da novac kupuje sreću.
da novac kupuje sreću.
12:16
But it's not irrelevant.
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Ali on nije nebitan.
12:18
So if you look at questions like this, life satisfaction,
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Uzmimo pitanja o životnom zadovoljstvu,
12:21
you see life satisfaction going up with each rung of income.
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i videćemo da se zadovoljstvo povećava
s višim nivoom prihoda.
s višim nivoom prihoda.
12:24
You see mental distress going up with lower income.
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Mentalni nemir je veći
kod nižih prihoda.
kod nižih prihoda.
12:28
So clearly there is some effect.
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Dakle, očito postoji neko dejstvo.
12:30
But the effect is relatively small.
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Ali je ono relativno malo.
12:32
And one of the problems with money is materialism.
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Jedan od problema s novcem
jeste materijalizam.
jeste materijalizam.
12:35
What happens when people pursue money too avidly,
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Kada ljudi previše alavo
jure za novcem.
jure za novcem.
12:38
is they forget about the real basic pleasures of life.
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zaboravljaju na stvarna
osnovna zadovoljsva života.
osnovna zadovoljsva života.
12:41
So we have here, this couple.
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Imamo ovaj par.
"Mislite li da siromašniji
uživaju u boljem seksu?"
uživaju u boljem seksu?"
12:43
"Do you think the less-fortunate are having better sex?"
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12:45
And then this kid over here is saying, "Leave me alone with my toys."
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I ovo dete koje kaže, "Ostavi me
s mojim igračkama."
s mojim igračkama."
12:47
So one of the things is that it really takes over.
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Dakle, to vas potpuno obuzima.
12:50
That whole dopamine-wanting system
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Taj dopaminski sistem želje
obuzima vas i odvraća
obuzima vas i odvraća
12:52
takes over and derails from any of the pleasure system.
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od bilo kog drugog sistema zadovoljstva.
12:55
Maslow had this idea back in the 1950s
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Maslov je pedesetih godina razvio ideju
12:57
that as people rise above their biological needs,
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da s prevazilaženjem bioloških potreba,
13:00
as the world becomes safer
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kako svet postaje bezbedniji
13:02
and we don't have to worry about basic needs being met --
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i ne moramo da brinemo
o osnovnim potrebama,
o osnovnim potrebama,
13:05
our biological system, whatever motivates us, is being satisfied --
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naš biološki sistem, koji nas pokreće,
biva zadovoljen -
biva zadovoljen -
13:09
we can rise above them, to think beyond ourselves
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možemo se uzdići iznad njih
i misliti šire
i misliti šire
13:12
toward self-actualization or transcendence,
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o samoostvarenju ili transcedenciji,
13:15
and rise above the materialist.
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i izdići se iznad materijalnog.
13:17
So to just quickly conclude with some brief data
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I da zaključim kratkim prikazom podataka
13:20
that suggests this might be so.
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koji ukazuju da je to možda tačno.
13:23
One is people who underwent what is called a quantum change:
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Ljudi koji su doživeli takozvanu
kvantnu promenu:
kvantnu promenu:
13:26
they felt their life and their whole values had changed.
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osetili su da su se ceo njihov život
i vrednosti promenili.
i vrednosti promenili.
13:29
And sure enough, if you look at the kinds of values that come in,
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I zaista, ako pogledate vrstu
vrednosti koje se tu pominju,
vrednosti koje se tu pominju,
13:32
you see wealth, adventure, achievement, pleasure, fun, be respected,
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bogatstvo, avanturizam, postignuće,
zadovoljstvo, zabava, poštovanje,
zadovoljstvo, zabava, poštovanje,
13:35
before the change,
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pre promene,
13:37
and much more post-materialist values after.
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a nakon nje se ističu
post-materijalističke vrednosti.
post-materijalističke vrednosti.
13:41
Women had a whole different set of value shifts.
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Žene su imale sasvim drugačiji
skup promenjenih vrednosi.
skup promenjenih vrednosi.
13:44
But very similarly, the only one that survived there was happiness.
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Ali vrlo slično, jedino koje je preživelo
bila je sreća.
bila je sreća.
13:47
They went from attractiveness and happiness and wealth and self-control
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Prešle su od privlačnosti i sreće
i bogatstva i samokontrole
i bogatstva i samokontrole
13:50
to generosity and forgiveness.
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na velikodušnost i opraštanje.
13:53
I end with a few quotes.
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I završiću s nekoliko citata.
13:55
"There is only one question:
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"Postoji samo jedno pitanje:
13:57
How to love this world?"
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Kako voleti ovaj svet?"
13:59
And Rilke, "If your daily life seems poor,
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I Rilke, "Ako vam se dan čini siromašnim,
14:02
do not blame it; blame yourself.
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ne krivite njega; krivite sebe.
14:04
Tell yourself that you are not poet enough
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Recite sebi da niste dovoljno pesnik
14:06
to call forth its riches."
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da prizovete njegova bogatstva."
14:09
"First, say to yourself what you would be.
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"Prvo, recite sebi šta biste da budete.
14:11
Then do what you have to do."
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Zatim uradite šta treba da uradite."
14:13
Thank you.
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Hvala.
14:15
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nancy Etcoff - Evolutionary psychologistNancy Etcoff is part of a new vanguard of cognitive researchers asking: What makes us happy? Why do we like beautiful things? And how on earth did we evolve that way?
Why you should listen
In her book Survival of the Prettiest, Nancy Etcoff refutes the social origins of beauty, in favor of far more prosaic and evolutionary explanations. Looking for a partner with clear skin? You're actually checking for parasites. And let's just say there's a reason high heels are always in fashion.
Her recent research into the question of happiness exposes results that not only are surprising but reinforce things we should've known all along: like the fact that having flowers in the house really does make us happier. As the instructor of "The Science of Happiness" at Harvard Medical School and the director of the Program in Aesthetics and Well Being at Massachusetts General Hospital, Nancy Etcoff is uniquely qualified to solve the mysteries of contentment.
Nancy Etcoff | Speaker | TED.com