TEDxBoston 2009
George Whitesides: A lab the size of a postage stamp
Džordž Vajtsajds (George Whitesides): laboratorija veličine poštanske marke
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Tradicionalna laboratorijska ispitivanja za dijagnozu bolesti mogu biti preskupa i glomazna za regione u kojima su najpotrebnija. Domišljato rešenje Džordž Vajtsajdsa (George Whitesides), za TEDxBoston, je jednostavna alatka koja se može napraviti skoro besplatno.
George Whitesides - Chemist
In his legendary career in chemistry, George Whitesides has been a pioneer in microfabrication and nanoscale self-assembly. Now, he's fabbing a diagnostic lab on a chip. Full bio
In his legendary career in chemistry, George Whitesides has been a pioneer in microfabrication and nanoscale self-assembly. Now, he's fabbing a diagnostic lab on a chip. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
The problem that I want to talk with you about
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Problem o kome želim da vam pričam
00:18
is really the problem of:
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jeste zapravo problem
00:20
How does one supply healthcare
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kako pružiti zdravstvenu negu
00:24
in a world in which cost is everything?
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u svetu u kome je cena najvažnija.
00:28
How do you do that?
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Kako to učiniti?
00:30
And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you,
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A osnovna paradigma koju želim da vam predložim,
00:32
I want to suggest to you, is
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koju ja želim da vam predložim,
00:34
one in which you say that in order to
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jeste ona da ako želite da
00:36
treat disease you have to first know what you're treating --
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lečite neku bolest morate prvo da znate šta lečite --
00:40
that's diagnostics -- and then you have to do something.
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to je dijagnostika -- a onda morate nešto da učinite.
00:42
So, the program that we're involved in is something which we call
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Tako da je program u koji smo uključeni nešto što nazivamo
00:45
Diagnostics for All, or zero-cost diagnostics.
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dijagnostika za sve ili dijagnostika koja ne košta ništa.
00:49
How do you provide medically relevant information
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Kako pružiti medicinski relevantnu informaciju
00:52
at as close as possible to zero cost? How do you do it?
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skoro besplatno? Kako to učniti?
00:56
Let me just give you two examples.
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Navešću vam dva primera.
00:58
The rigors of military medicine
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Poteškoće vojne medicine
01:02
are not so dissimilar from the third world --
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se ne razlikuju mnogo od trećeg sveta,
01:04
poor resources, a rigorous environment,
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slabi resursi, surovo okruženje,
01:07
a series of problems in lightweight, and things of this kind --
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niz problema zbog težine i takve vrste stvari.
01:11
and also not so different from the home healthcare
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I takođe ne toliko različit od zdravstvene nege u domu
01:14
and diagnostic system world.
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i sveta dijagnostičkog sistema.
01:17
So, the technology that I want to talk about
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I zato je tehnologija o kojoj želim da vam pričam
01:20
is for the third world, for the developing world,
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za treći svet, za zemlje u razvoju,
01:23
but it has, I think, much broader application,
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ali ima, mislim, mnogo širu primenu,
01:25
because information is so important in the healthcare system.
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jer su informacije veoma važne u sistemu zdravstvene nege.
01:30
So, you see two examples here.
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I tako vidite dva primera ovde.
01:32
One is a lab that is actually a fairly high-end laboratory in Africa.
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Jedan je zapravo relativno bolja laboratorija u Africi.
01:37
The second is basically an entrepreneur
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Drugi je u suštini preduzetnik
01:39
who is set up and doing who-knows-what in a table in a market.
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koji je postavio stvari i radi ko zna šta na pijačnoj tezgi.
01:43
I don't know what kind of healthcare is delivered there.
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Ne znam koja se vrsta zdravstvene nege ovde pruža.
01:46
But it's not really what is probably most efficient.
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Ali nije baš ono što je verovatno najefikasnije.
01:51
What is our approach?
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Koji je naš pristup?
01:54
And the way in which one typically approaches
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I način na koji se obično pristupa
01:57
a problem of lowering cost,
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problemu smanjenja cene,
02:00
starting from the perspective of the United States,
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posmatrajući stvari iz perspektive Sjedinjenih Država,
02:03
is to take our solution,
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jeste da se uzme naše rešenje,
02:05
and then to try to cut cost out of it.
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a onda pokuša da se smanji cena.
02:07
No matter how you do that,
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Bez obzira kako to učinite
02:09
you're not going to start with a 100,000-dollar instrument
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nećete početi sa instrumentom od 100.000 dolara
02:11
and bring it down to no-cost. It isn't going to work.
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i učiniti ga besplatnim. To neće moći.
02:14
So, the approach that we took was the other way around.
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I zato smo mi pristupili obrnuto.
02:17
To ask, "What is the cheapest possible stuff
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Zapitali smo se, ''Od čega bi se najjefitinije
02:19
that you could make a diagnostic system out of,
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mogao napraviti dijagnostički sistem,
02:22
and get useful information,
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za dobijanje korisnih informacija,
02:24
add function?" And what we've chosen is paper.
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dodavanje funkcija?'' I odabrali smo papir.
02:27
What you see here is a prototypic device.
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Ovo je prototipski uređaj.
02:30
It's about a centimeter on the side.
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On je oko jednog centimetra sa jedne strane.
02:32
It's about the size of a fingernail.
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I veličine je nokta.
02:34
The lines around the edges are
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Linije oko ivice su
02:36
a polymer.
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polimer.
02:38
It's made of paper and paper, of course, wicks fluid,
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Napravljen je od papira a papir naravno sprovodi tečnost.
02:42
as you know, paper, cloth -- drop wine on the tablecloth,
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Kao što znate, papir, tkanina, ako prospete vino po stolnjaku,
02:46
and the wine wicks all over everything.
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vino svuda prodire.
02:49
Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt.
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Ako ga prospete na košulju, uništiće je.
02:51
That's what a hydrophilic surface does.
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To radi hidrofilna površina.
02:54
So, in this device the idea is that you drip
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Zato, kod ovog uređaja ideja jeste da kapnete
02:56
the bottom end of it in a drop of,
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na donjem kraju, kapljicu
02:58
in this case, urine.
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u ovom slučaju, urina.
03:00
The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top.
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Tečnost prodire do onih komora na vrhu.
03:04
The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine,
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Smeđa boja pokazuje količinu glukoze u urinu.
03:08
the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine.
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Plava boja pokazuje količinu proteina u urinu.
03:11
And the combination of those two
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A kombinacija ove dve,
03:13
is a first order shot at a number of
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je prvi u nizu pokušaja dobijanja
03:15
useful things that you want.
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onih korisnih stvari koje želite.
03:18
So, this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper.
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Znači, ovo je primer uređaja od jednostavnog komada papira.
03:21
Now, how simple can you make the production?
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Koliko jednostavna može biti proizvodnja?
03:24
Why do we choose paper?
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Zašto smo odabrali papir?
03:26
There's an example of the same thing on a finger,
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Evo primera iste stvari, na prstu
03:29
showing you basically what it looks like.
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koja vam pokazuje u suštini kako izgleda.
03:31
One reason for using paper is that it's everywhere.
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Jedan razlog za upotrebu papira jeste da ga ima svuda.
03:34
We have made these kinds of devices using
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Napravili smo ove vrste uređaja koristeći
03:36
napkins and toilet paper
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salvete i toalet papir
03:39
and wraps, and all kinds of stuff.
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i papir za uvijanje, razne vrste stvari.
03:41
So, the production capability is there.
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Znači proizvodni kapacitet postoji.
03:44
The second is, you can put lots and lots
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Drugo, možete staviti zaista mnogo
03:46
of tests in a very small place.
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testova na veoma malom prostoru.
03:48
I'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there
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Pokazaću vam za trenutak kako bi ona gomila papira tamo
03:50
would probably hold something like
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mogla da sadrži nekih
03:52
100,000 tests, something of that kind.
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100.000 testova, nešto tako.
03:55
And then finally, a point that you don't think of so much
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I na kraju, nešto o čemu ne mislimo toliko
03:58
in developed world medicine:
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u razvijenom medicinskom svetu,
04:01
it eliminates sharps.
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ovo ukida potrebu za oštrim predmetima.
04:03
And what sharps means is needles, things that stick.
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A pod time podrazumevam igle, stvari koje bodu.
04:06
If you've taken a sample of someone's blood
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Ako ste uzeli uzorak nečije krvi
04:08
and the someone might have hepatitis C,
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a taj neko može imati hepatitis C,
04:11
you don't want to make a mistake and stick it in you.
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ne želite da napravite grešku i da se ubodete time.
04:13
It just -- you don't want to do that.
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To zaista ne želite.
04:15
So, how do you dispose of that? It's a problem everywhere.
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I kako onda to ukloniti? To je svuda problem.
04:17
And here you simply burn it.
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Ovde ga jednostavno spalite.
04:19
So, it's a sort of a practical approach
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To je neka vrsta praktičnog pristupa
04:21
to starting on things.
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započinjanja stvari.
04:24
Now, you say, "If paper is a good idea,
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Možda mislite, ako je papir tako dobra ideja,
04:27
other people have surely thought of it."
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sigurno bi ga se neko već setio.
04:29
And the answer is, of course, yes.
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I odgovor je, naravno, jeste.
04:32
Those half of you, roughly,
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Polovina vas, otprilike,
04:34
who are women,
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koje su žene,
04:36
at some point may have had a pregnancy test.
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u nekom trenutku ste možda obavile test trudnoće.
04:38
And the most common of these
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A najćešći od ovih jeste
04:41
is in a device that looks like the thing on the left.
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u uređaju koji izgleda kao ovo s leva.
04:44
It's something called a lateral flow immunoassay.
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To je nešto što se naziva imunološka analiza uz pomoć bočnog toka
04:46
In that particular test,
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I u tom konkretnom testu
04:48
urine either, containing
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urin, koji ili sadrži
04:50
a hormone called HCG, does or does not
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hormon, nazvan HCG ili ga ne sadrži
04:53
flow across a piece of paper.
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teče preko parčeta papira.
04:55
And there are two bars. One bar indicates that the test is working,
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I postoje dve crte. Jedna crta pokazuje da test radi.
04:59
and if the second bar shows up, you're pregnant.
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I ako se druga pojavi, znači da ste trudni.
05:02
This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world,
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To je izvrstan test za binarni svet.
05:05
and the nice thing about pregnancy
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I lepa stvar kod trudnoće
05:07
is either you are pregnant or you're not pregnant.
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jeste da ste trudni ili niste.
05:09
You're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant
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Ne možete bili pomalo trudni ili razmišljati o tome da budete trudni
05:11
or something of that sort.
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ili nešto tog tipa.
05:13
So, it works very well there,
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I zato ovde dobro funkcioniše.
05:15
but it doesn't work very well when you need more quantitative information.
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Ali ne radi tako dobro kada su vam potrebne kvantitativnije informacije.
05:18
There are also dipsticks,
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Takođe postoje gradirani merači.
05:20
but if you look at the dipsticks, they're for
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Ali ako ih pogledate, oni služe
05:22
another kind of urine analysis.
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za drugu vrstu analize urina.
05:24
There are an awful lot of colors and things like that.
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Postoji jako mnogo boja i takvih stvari.
05:27
What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance?
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Šta zapravo možete da učinite u vezi toga u teškim okolnostima?
05:30
So, the approach that we started with is to ask:
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I tako pristup sa kojim smo počeli, jeste da pitamo
05:35
Is it really practical to make things of this sort?
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da li je zaista praktično praviti ovakvu vrstu stvari?
05:39
And that problem is now, in a purely engineering way, solved.
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I taj problem je sada, iz čisto inženjerskog ugla, rešen.
05:43
And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper.
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I procedura koju imamo jeste da se jednostavno počne sa papirom.
05:47
You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer.
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Provučete ga kroz novu vrstu štampača koji se zove voštani štampač.
05:50
The wax printer does what looks like printing.
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Voštani štampač radi nešto što izgleda kao štampanje.
05:53
It is printing. You put that on, you warm it a little bit,
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To jeste štampanje. Stavite to, malo ga zagrejete.
05:56
the wax prints through so it absorbs into the paper,
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Vosak prodire pa se apsorbuje u papir.
05:59
and you end up with the device that you want.
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I dobijete uređaj koji želite.
06:01
The printers cost 800 bucks now.
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Štampači sada koštaju 800 dolara.
06:05
They'll make, we estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day
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Oni prave, mi procenjujemo ako ga koristite 24 sata dnevno
06:08
they'd make about 10 million tests a year.
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nekih 10 miliona testova godišnje.
06:11
So, it's a solved problem, that particular problem is solved.
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Problem rešen. Ovaj konkretan problem je rešen.
06:14
And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see.
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I postoji primer vrste stvari koju vidite.
06:16
That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper.
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To je samo na parčetu papira 8 sa 12.
06:19
That takes about two seconds to make.
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Za koji je potrebno dve sekunde da se napravi.
06:21
And so I regard that as done.
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I ovo smatram završenim.
06:23
There is a very important issue here,
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Postoji jako važno pitanje ovde,
06:25
which is that because it's a printer,
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a to je da zato što je to štampač,
06:28
a color printer, it prints colors. That's what color printers do.
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zapravo štampač u boji, on štampa boje. To je ono što štampači u boji rade.
06:31
I'll show you in a moment, that's actually quite useful.
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Pokazaću vam sada, da je zapravo veoma koristan.
06:35
Now, the next question that you would like to ask
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Sada, sledeće pitanje koje želite da postavite
06:38
is: What would you like to measure? What would you like to analyze?
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je šta želite da merite? Šta želite da analizirate?
06:41
And the thing which you'd most like to analyze,
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I ono što najviše želite da analizirate,
06:44
we're a fair distance from.
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jeste nešto od čega smo dosta udaljeni.
06:46
It's what's called "fever of undiagnosed origin."
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To je nešto što se naziva ''groznica čija dijagnoza nije postavljena.''
06:50
Someone comes into the clinic,
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Neko dođe u kliniku,
06:52
they have a fever, they feel bad. What do they have?
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ima groznicu, loše se oseća, šta mu je?
06:54
Do they have T.B.? Do they have AIDS?
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Da li ima TB? Da li ima SIDU?
06:56
Do they have a common cold?
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Da li ima prehladu?
06:58
The triage problem. That's a hard problem
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To je problem klasifikacije bolesti. To je ozbiljan problem
07:00
for reasons that I won't go through.
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iz razloga u koje neću ulaziti.
07:02
There are an awful lot of things that you'd like to distinguish among.
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Ima jako mnogo stvari između kojih biste želeli da napravite razliku.
07:05
But then there are a series of things:
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Ali postoji i niz stvari,
07:07
AIDS, hepatitis, malaria,
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SIDA, hepatitis, malarija,
07:09
TB, others
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TB, i druge.
07:11
and simpler ones, such as guidance of treatment.
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I jednostavnije poput usmeravanja lečenja.
07:15
Now even that's more complicated than you think.
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Čak je i to komplikovanije nego što mislite.
07:18
A friend of mine works in transcultural psychiatry,
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Jedan moj prijatelj se bavi transkulturnom psihijatrijom.
07:22
and he is interested in the question of
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I njega zanima pitanje
07:24
why people do and don't take their meds.
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zašto ljudi uzimaju ili ne uzimaju svoje lekove.
07:27
So, Dapsone, or something like that,
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I tako, Dapsone, ili nešto slično,
07:29
you have to take it for a while.
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morate da ga uzimate neko vreme.
07:31
He has a wonderful story of talking to a villager in India
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Postoji divna priča o razgovoru sa jednim seljakom u Indiji.
07:34
and saying, "Have you taken your Dapsone?" "Yes."
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I rekao je, ''Da li ste uzeli vaš Dapsone?'' ''Da.''
07:36
"Have you taken it every day?" "Yes."
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''Da li se ga uzimali svakog dana?'' ''Da.''
07:39
"Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes."
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''Da li ste ga uzimali mesec dana?'' ''Da.''
07:41
What the guy actually meant
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Ono što je čovek zapravo mislio
07:43
was that he'd fed a 30-day dose of Dapsone
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jeste da je dao dozu dovoljnu za 30 dana Dapsone-a
07:45
to his dog, that morning.
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svom psu, toga jutra.
07:47
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
07:48
He was telling the truth. Because
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On je govorio istinu. Jer
07:50
in a different culture,
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u drugoj kulturi,
07:52
the dog is a surrogate for you,
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pas je zamena za vas,
07:54
you know, "today," "this month," "since the rainy season" --
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znate, ''danas'' ''ovog meseca'' ''od kišne sezone'',
07:57
there are lots of opportunities for misunderstanding,
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postoji puno prilika za nesporazum.
08:00
and so an issue here is to,
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I zato je pitanje ovde da
08:02
in some cases, to figure out
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se u nekim slučajevima smisli
08:04
how to deal with matters that seem uninteresting,
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kako da se reše pitanja koja se možda čine nezanimljivim,
08:07
like compliance.
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poput poštovanja terapije.
08:10
Now, take a look at what a typical test looks like.
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Pogledajte kako izgleda tipični test.
08:14
Prick a finger, you get some blood,
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Ubodite prst, dobijete nešto krvi,
08:16
about 50 microliters.
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oko 50 mikrolitara.
08:18
That's about all you're going to get,
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To je sve što ćete dobiti.
08:20
because you can't use the usual sort of systems.
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Pošto ne možete koristiti uobičajene sisteme.
08:24
You can't manipulate it very well,
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Ne možete lako ovim rukovati,
08:26
although I'll show something about that in a moment.
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mada ću vam pokazati nešto u vezi s time malo kasnije.
08:28
So, you take the drop of blood, no further manipulations,
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I tako uzmete kap krvi, nema daljeg rukovanja.
08:31
you put it on a little device,
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Stavite je na mali uređaj.
08:33
the device filters out the blood cells, lets the serum go through,
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Uređaj filtrira napolje ćelije krvi, pušta serum da prođe,
08:37
and you get a series of colors
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i dobijete niz boja
08:39
down in the bottom there.
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tamo dole na dnu.
08:41
And the colors indicate "disease" or "normal."
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I boje pokazuju bolest ili normalno stanje.
08:45
But even that's complicated,
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Ali čak je to komplikovano.
08:47
because to you, to me, colors might indicate "normal,"
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Jer vama i meni, boje mogu pokazivati normalno stanje.
08:51
but, after all, we're all suffering from
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Ali ipak mi svi patimo od
08:53
probably an excess of education.
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verovatno viška obrazovanja.
08:56
What you do about something which requires
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Šta raditi sa nečim što zahteva
08:58
quantitative analysis?
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kvantitativnu analizu?
09:00
And so the solution that we and many other people
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I tako je rešenje o kome mi i mnogi drugi ljudi
09:03
are thinking about there,
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razmišljamo za to,
09:05
and at this point there is a dramatic flourish,
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i sada dolazi dramski pokret rukom,
09:07
and out comes the universal solution to everything these days,
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i pojavljuje se univerzalno rešenje za sve ovih dana,
09:10
which is a cell phone. In this particular case, a camera phone.
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a to je mobilni telefon. U ovom konkretnom slučaju telefon sa fotoaparatom.
09:13
They're everywhere, six billion a month in India.
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Oni su svuda prisutni, šest miliona mesečno, u Indiji.
09:18
And the idea is that what one does,
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I ideja jeste da je potrebno uraditi sledeće,
09:21
is to take the device,
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uzmete uređaj.
09:23
you dip it, you develop the color,
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Uronite ga. Razvijete boju.
09:26
you take a picture, the picture goes to a central laboratory.
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Slikate ga. Slika se šalje u centralnu laboratoriju.
09:29
You don't have to send out a doctor,
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Ne morate da šaljete doktora.
09:31
you send out somebody who can just take the sample,
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Samo pošaljete nekoga da uzme uzorak.
09:34
and in the clinic either a doctor, or ideally a computer
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A u klinici doktor ili idealno kompjuter
09:37
in this case, does the analysis.
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u tom slučaju, izvrši analizu.
09:39
Turns out to work actually quite well, particularly when your
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Izgleda da radi zapravo dosta dobro, naročito kada je vaš
09:41
color printer has printed the color bars
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štampač u boji odštampao crte u boji
09:43
that indicate how things work.
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koje pokazuju kako stvari rade.
09:45
So, my view of the health care worker of the future
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I zato po meni zdravstveni radnik budućnosti
09:48
is not a doctor,
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nije lekar,
09:50
but is an 18-year-old, otherwise unemployed,
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već osamnaestogodišnjak, inače nezaposlen
09:53
who has two things: He has a backpack full of these tests,
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koji ima dve stvari. Ima ranac pun ovih testova,
09:55
and a lancet to occasionally take a blood sample,
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i lancetu za povremeno uzimanje uzorka krvi,
09:58
and an AK-47.
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i kalašnjikov.
10:00
And these are the things that get him through his day.
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I ove stvari će mu pomoći da preživi dan.
10:05
There's another very interesting connection here,
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I tu postoji još jedna veoma zanimljiva veza.
10:07
and that is that what one wants to do
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A to je da ono što želimo da uradimo
10:09
is to pass through useful information
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jeste da prosledimo korisne informacije
10:12
over what is generally a pretty awful telephone system.
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putem inače generalno užasnog telefonskog sistema.
10:16
It turns out there's an enormous amount of information
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Ispostavilo se da postoji ogromna količina informacija
10:19
already available on that subject, which is the Mars rover problem.
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već dostupna na tu temu, a to je problem sa pretraživačem Marsa.
10:22
How do you get back an accurate view of the color on Mars
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Kako dobiti tačan izgled boje na Marsu,
10:26
if you have a really terrible bandwidth to do it with?
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ako za to imate stvarno užasni opseg?
10:30
And the answer is not complicated
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A odgovor nije komplikovan
10:32
but it's one which I don't want to go through here,
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ali o tome ne želim ovde da razgovaram,
10:34
other than to say that the communication systems
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osim da kažem da su komunikacioni sistemi
10:37
for doing this are really pretty well understood.
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za ovo zaista dosta dobro shvaćeni.
10:39
Also, a fact which you may not know
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Takođe, činjenica koju možda ne znate,
10:42
is that the compute capability of this thing
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jeste da se računarska mogućnost ove stvari
10:45
is not so different from the compute capability
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ne razlikuje mnogo od računarske mogućnosti
10:47
of your desktop computer.
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vašeg desktop kompjutera.
10:49
This is a fantastic device which is only beginning to be tapped.
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Ovo je fantastičan uređaj čije mogućnosti se tek sada počinju da koriste.
10:52
I don't know whether the idea of one computer, one child
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Nisam siguran da li ideja jednog kompjutera za svako dete
10:56
makes any sense. Here's the computer of the future,
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ima smisla. Ovo je kompjuter budućnosti.
10:59
because this screen is already there and they're ubiquitous.
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Pošto je ekran već tu i ima ih svuda.
11:04
All right now let me show you just a little bit about advanced devices.
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A sada ću vam govoriti nešto o naprednijim uređajima
11:06
And we'll start by posing a little problem.
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I počeću tako što ću vam postaviti mali zadatak.
11:09
What you see here is another centimeter-sized device,
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Ovde vidite još jedan uređaj veličine nekoliko centimetra.
11:12
and the different colors are different colors of dye.
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A različite boje su različite boje farbe.
11:16
And you notice something which might strike you as
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A primetićete nešto što će vam se možda učiniti
11:18
a little bit interesting,
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donekle zanimljivim,
11:20
which is the yellow seems to disappear,
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a to je da izgleda kao da se žuta gubi,
11:23
get through the blue, and then get through the red.
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prelazi kroz plavu, a onda u crvenu.
11:26
How does that happen? How do you make something flow through something?
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Kako se to događa? Kako učiniti da nešto teče kroz nešto drugo?
11:29
And, of course the answer is, "You don't."
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I, odgovor je naravno, ''Ne možete.''
11:31
You make it flow under and over.
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Učinite da teče ispod i preko.
11:33
But now the question is: How do you make it flow
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Ali pitanje je sada, kako ga naterati da teče
11:35
under and over in a piece of paper?
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ispod i preko na parčetu papira?
11:38
The answer is that what you do,
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A odgovor je da uradite nešto,
11:41
and the details are not terribly important here,
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a detalji nisu preterano važni ovde,
11:44
is to make something more elaborate:
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što će ga učiniti složenijim,
11:46
You take several different layers of paper,
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uzmete nekoliko različitih slojeva papira,
11:48
each one containing its own little fluid system,
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od kojih svaki sadrži sopstveni mali tečni sistem,
11:51
and you separate them by pieces of,
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i onda ih razdvojite delovima,
11:53
literally, double-sided carpet tape,
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bukvalno, obostrane debele trake,
11:56
the stuff you use to stick the carpets onto the floor.
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koja se koristi za lepljenje tepiha za pod.
11:59
And the fluid will flow from one layer into the next.
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I tečnost će teći sa jednog sloja na sledeći.
12:02
It distributes itself, flows through further holes,
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Distribuira se, teče dalje kroz rupe,
12:05
distributes itself.
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distribuira samu sebe.
12:07
And what you see, at the lower right-hand side there,
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A ovo što vidite u donjem desnom uglu ovde
12:10
is a sample in which a single sample
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jeste uzorak u kome jedan jedini uzorak
12:12
of blood has been put on the top,
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krvi je stavljen na vrh,
12:15
and it has gone through and distributed itself
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I on je prošao i rasporedio se
12:18
into these 16 holes on the bottom,
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u ovih 16 rupa na dnu,
12:21
in a piece of paper -- basically it looks like a chip,
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na parčetu papira, u suštini izgleda kao čip,
12:23
two pieces of paper thick.
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debljine dva parčeta papira.
12:26
And in this particular case we were just interested in
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I u ovom konkretnom slučaju nas je samo zanimala
12:28
the replicability of that.
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ponovljivost toga.
12:30
But that is, in principle, the way you solve
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Ali to je, u principu, način na koji rešavate
12:32
the "fever of unexplained origin" problem,
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problem ''groznice neobjašnjenog porekla.''
12:34
because each one of those spots then becomes
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Jer svaka od ovih tački onda postaje
12:36
a test for a particular set of markers
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test za određenu grupu markera
12:39
of disease,
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bolesti.
12:41
and this will work in due course.
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I to će raditi nakon određenog vremena.
12:43
Here is an example of a slightly more complicated device.
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A ovo je primer malo složenijeg uređaja.
12:46
There's the chip.
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Ovo je čip.
12:48
You dip in a corner. The fluid goes into the center.
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Potopite jedan ugao. Tečnost ode u centar.
12:50
It distributes itself out into these various
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Sama se raspoređuje u ove razne
12:53
wells or holes, and turns color,
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otvore ili rupe, i menja boju.
12:55
and all done with paper and carpet tape.
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I sve se radi pomoću papira i trake za tepih.
12:58
So, I think it's as low-cost
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Zato, mislim da je ovo najjeftinije
13:00
as we're likely to be able to come up and make things.
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što ćemo moći da smislimo i napravimo.
13:04
Now, I have one last, two last little stories
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Sada, imam jednu poslednju, zapravo dve priče
13:07
to tell you, in finishing off this business.
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da vam ispričam, na kraju ovoga.
13:10
This is one: One of the things that one does occasionally
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Ovo je jedna. Ponekada je potrebno da se
13:13
need to do is to separate blood cells from serum.
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odvoje ćelije krvi iz seruma.
13:16
And the question was,
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A pitanje je,
13:19
here we do it by taking a sample,
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ovde to radim uzimajući uzorak.
13:21
we put it in a centrifuge,
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Onda ga stavljamo u centrifugu.
13:24
we spin it, and you get blood cells out. Terrific.
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Rotiramo ga i izvadimo ćelije krvi. Sjajno.
13:28
What happens if you don't have an electricity,
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Ali šta se događa ako nemate struju,
13:30
and a centrifuge, and whatever?
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i centrifugu, i šta sve još?
13:32
And we thought for a while of how you might do this
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Razmislili smo malo kako biste ovo mogli da uradite.
13:35
and the way, in fact, you do it is what's shown here.
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A način je zapravo prikazan ovde.
13:37
You get an eggbeater,
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Uzmete mutilicu za jaja,
13:39
which is everywhere, and you saw off a blade,
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koji se svuda može naći. Skinete jednu lopaticu
13:42
and then you take tubing,
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a onda uzmete crevo,
13:44
and you stick it on that. You put the blood in, you spin it --
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i pričvrstite ga. Stavite krv unutra. A onda ga rotirate.
13:46
somebody sits there and spins it.
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Neko sedi tamo i vrti ga.
13:48
It works really, really well.
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I zaista dobro radi.
13:50
And we sat down, we did the physics of eggbeaters
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I rekli smo da smo se bavili fizikom mutilica za jaja.
13:52
and self-aligning tubes and all the rest of that kind of thing,
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i samoravnajućih creva i tako toga,
13:55
sent it off to a journal.
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i poslali smo to u časopis.
13:57
We were very proud of this, particularly the title,
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Bili smo veoma ponosni na ovo, posebno na naslov
13:59
which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge."
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koji je glasio ''Mutilica za jaja kao centrifuga.''
14:01
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:02
And we sent it off, and by return mail it came back.
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Poslali smo ga i vratio nam se povratnom poštom.
14:05
I called up the editor and I said,
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Nazvao sam urednika i rekao,
14:07
"What's going on? How is this possible?"
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''Šta se događa? Kako je ovo moguće?''
14:09
The editor said, with enormous disdain,
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Urednik je rekao, sa ogromnim prezirom,
14:12
"I read this.
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''Pročitao sam ovo.
14:14
And we're not going to publish it, because we only
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I nećemo ga objaviti, jer mi samo
14:16
publish science."
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objavljujemo nauku''.
14:18
And it's an important issue
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A ovo jeste važno pitanje
14:20
because it means that we have to,
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jer znači da mi moramo,
14:22
as a society,
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kao društvo,
14:24
think about what we value.
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da se upitamo šta nam je vredno.
14:26
And if it's just papers and phys. rev. letters,
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A ako su to samo radovi i pisma za naučni časopis,
14:28
we've got a problem.
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onda imamo problem.
14:31
Here is another example of something which is --
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Evo još jednog primera nečega što je --
14:34
this is a little spectrophotometer.
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Ovo je mali spektrofotometar.
14:36
It measures the absorption of light in a sample
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On meri apsorpciju svetlosti u uzorku
14:39
The neat thing about this is, you have light source that flickers
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Zgodna stvar kod ovoga jeste, da imate izvor svetlosti koji se pali
14:42
on and off at about 1,000 hertz,
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i gasi na oko 1.000 herca.
14:44
another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz,
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Drugi izvor svetlosti detektuje svetlost na 1.000 herca.
14:48
and so you can run this system in broad daylight.
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I zato možete koristiti ovaj sistem u po bela dana.
14:51
It performs about equivalently
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Radi otprilike jednako
14:53
to a system that's in the order of
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kao sistem koji je reda veličine
14:56
100,000 dollars.
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100.000 dolara.
14:58
It costs 50 dollars. We can probably make it for 50 cents,
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On košta 50 dolara. Verovatno ga možemo napraviti za 50 centi,
15:01
if we put our mind to it.
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ako stvarno hoćemo.
15:03
Why doesn't somebody do it? And the answer is,
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Zašto neko to ne učini? Odgovor jeste,
15:05
"How do you make a profit in a capitalist system, doing that?"
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''Kako napraviti profit u kapitalističkom sistemu, na taj način?''
15:09
Interesting problem.
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Zanimljiv problem.
15:12
So, let me finish by saying
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Na kraju ću reći
15:14
that we've thought about this as a kind of engineering problem.
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da smo ovo posmatrali kao neki inženjerski problem.
15:18
And we've asked: What is the scientific unifying idea here?
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I pitali smo, koja je ujedinjujuća naučna ideja ovde?
15:24
And we've decided that we should think about this
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I odlučili smo da ne posmatramo ovo
15:25
not so much in terms of cost,
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toliko u smislu cene,
15:27
but in terms of simplicity.
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već jednostavnosti.
15:29
Simplicity is a neat word. And you've got to think about
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Jednostavnost je zgodna reč. I morate razmisliti šta
15:31
what simplicity means.
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jednostavnost znači.
15:33
I know what it is but I don't actually know what it means.
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Znam šta jeste ali zapravo ne znam šta znači.
15:37
So, I actually was interested enough in this to put together
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Zapravo dovoljno me je zanimalo da okupim
15:39
several groups of people.
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nekoliko grupa ljudi.
15:43
And the most recent involved a couple of people at MIT,
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I najskorija je uključila nekoliko ljudi sa MIT-a,
15:46
one of them being an exceptionally bright kid
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a jedan od njih jeste jedan izuzetno pametan klinac
15:48
who is one of the very few people I would think of
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koji je jedan od nekolicine ljudi za koje bih rekao
15:50
who's an authentic genius.
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da je autentični genije.
15:52
We all struggled for an entire day to think about simplicity.
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Ceo dan smo se mučili oko jednostavnosti.
15:56
And I want to give you the answer of this
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I hoću da vam dam odgovor
15:58
deep scientific thought.
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ovog dubokoumnog naučnog razmatranja.
16:01
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
16:04
So, in a sense, you get what you pay for.
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I tako na neki način dobijete ono za šta ste platili.
16:07
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
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(smeh)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Whitesides - ChemistIn his legendary career in chemistry, George Whitesides has been a pioneer in microfabrication and nanoscale self-assembly. Now, he's fabbing a diagnostic lab on a chip.
Why you should listen
Someday Harvard chemistry professor George Whitesides will take the time to look back on the 950 scientific articles he's coauthored, the dozen companies he's co-founded or the 50-plus patents on which he's named. (He works in four main areas: biochemistry, materials science, catalysis and physical organic chemistry.) In the meantime, he's trying to invent a future where medical diagnosis can be done by anyone for little or no cost. He's co-founded a nonprofit called Diagnostics for All that aims to provide dirt-cheap diagnostic devices, to provide healthcare in a world where cost is everything.
Among his solutions is a low-cost "lab-on-a-chip," made of paper and carpet tape. The paper wicks bodily fluids -- urine, for example -- and turns color to provide diagnostic information, such as how much glucose or protein is present. His goal is to distribute these simple paper diagnostic systems to developing countries, where people with basic training can administer tests and send results to distant doctors via cameraphone.
George Whitesides | Speaker | TED.com