TED2018
Heidi M. Sosik: The discoveries awaiting us in the ocean's twilight zone
海蒂 M·索西克: 在海洋过渡带中，等待着我们的新发现
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我们会在过渡带这一海面下数百米、广阔神秘却又未曾被探索的水体中发现什么呢？来自伍兹霍尔海洋研究所的海蒂 M·索西克希望给出答案。在这场精彩的演讲中，她分享了利用潜水技术探索蕴含着百万种新生物，以及世界上90%的鱼类生物的未知水域的计划。索西克说道，探索发现不仅会令我们感到吃惊，还会帮助我们更好的管理海洋。（这一有野心的计划是“创新项目”最早的几个想法之一，由TED开启，致力于激发全球性的改变。）
Heidi M. Sosik - Ocean scientist, inventor, explorer
Heidi M. Sosik is an ocean scientist who uses tools like lasers and robotic cameras to figure out how tiny organisms in the ocean affect our whole planet. Full bio
Heidi M. Sosik is an ocean scientist who uses tools like lasers and robotic cameras to figure out how tiny organisms in the ocean affect our whole planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I bet all of you are familiar
with this view of the ocean,
with this view of the ocean,
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我相信你们都熟悉这样的海洋，
00:17
but the thing is,
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但事实是，
00:18
most of the ocean looks nothing like this.
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海洋的大部分地方
并不是这样的景象。
并不是这样的景象。
00:21
Below the sunlit surface waters,
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在水面下阳光照射不到的地方，
00:23
there's an otherworldly realm
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则是另一个非凡的世界，
即所谓的过渡带。
00:25
known as the twilight zone.
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00:28
At 200 to 1,000 meters below the surface,
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在水面下200米到1000米的深处，
00:31
sunlight is barely a glimmer.
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阳光几乎无法到达。
微小的颗粒在黑暗中旋转，
00:34
Tiny particles swirl down
through the darkness
through the darkness
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而生物体发出的微光
00:37
while flashes of bioluminescence
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告诉我们这里充满着生命：
00:39
give us a clue that
these waters teem with life:
these waters teem with life:
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微生物，浮游生物，鱼类。
00:44
microbes, plankton, fish.
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所有生活在这里的生命体
都对这极端环境下的
都对这极端环境下的
00:46
Everything that lives here
has amazing adaptations
has amazing adaptations
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挑战有着惊人的适应力。
00:49
for the challenges
of such an extreme environment.
of such an extreme environment.
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00:54
These animals help support
top predators such as whales, tuna,
top predators such as whales, tuna,
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这些生物支撑了食物链顶端的
猎食者，譬如鲸鱼，金枪鱼，
猎食者，譬如鲸鱼，金枪鱼，
00:58
swordfish and sharks.
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旗鱼以及鲨鱼的生存。
01:00
There could be 10 times
more fish biomass here
more fish biomass here
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这里的鱼类生物质含量是
01:03
than previously thought.
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之前推算的十倍。
事实上，可能比海洋
其他部分的总和还要多。
其他部分的总和还要多。
01:05
In fact, maybe more
than all the rest of the ocean combined.
than all the rest of the ocean combined.
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01:10
There are countless
undiscovered species in deep waters,
undiscovered species in deep waters,
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在深海，有无数尚未被发现的物种，
01:14
and life in the twilight zone
is intertwined with earth's climate.
is intertwined with earth's climate.
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而过渡带中的生命
与地球气候息息相关。
与地球气候息息相关。
01:20
Yet the twilight zone
is virtually unexplored.
is virtually unexplored.
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然而，过渡带几乎未被探索过。
01:24
There are so many things
we still don't know about it.
we still don't know about it.
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我们对它仍然知之甚少。
01:27
I think we can change that.
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我认为我们可以改变这一现状。
01:30
I was drawn to oceanography
by just this kind of challenge.
by just this kind of challenge.
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这类的挑战让我
对海洋学产生了兴趣。
对海洋学产生了兴趣。
01:34
To me it represents
the perfect intersection
the perfect intersection
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对我来说，这代表了科学，
技术以及未知的完美交融，
01:36
of science, technology and the unknown,
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这导致了许多有关
地球生物的突破性发现。
地球生物的突破性发现。
01:39
the spark for so many breakthrough
discoveries about life on our planet.
discoveries about life on our planet.
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01:46
As a college student,
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当我还在读大学时，
01:47
I went on an expedition
across the Atlantic
across the Atlantic
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我和一群科学家
在大西洋上进行远洋考察，
利用高强度激光
利用高强度激光
01:50
with a team of scientists
using a high-powered laser
using a high-powered laser
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测量微型藻类。
01:54
to measure microscopic algae.
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01:57
The wild thing that happened on that trip
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那次航行中有一个意外收获，
01:59
is that we discovered what everyone
who looked before had completely missed:
who looked before had completely missed:
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我们发现了之前被所有人
忽略了的东西：
忽略了的东西：
02:04
photosynthetic cells
smaller than anyone thought possible.
smaller than anyone thought possible.
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光合细胞比任何人想象的都要小。
02:09
We now know those tiny cells
are the most abundant
are the most abundant
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现在我们知道这些
微小的细胞，是地球上
微小的细胞，是地球上
02:12
photosynthetic organisms on earth.
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最丰富的光合生物体。
02:15
This amazing discovery happened
because we used new technology
because we used new technology
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正因为我们采用了新的技术，
用新的方式来观察海洋中的生命，
用新的方式来观察海洋中的生命，
02:20
to see life in the ocean in a new way.
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我们才得以有这一惊人的发现。
02:24
I am convinced that the discoveries
awaiting us in the twilight zone
awaiting us in the twilight zone
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我深信，在那片过渡带中
等待我们发现的未知事物，
等待我们发现的未知事物，
会同样令人激动。
02:28
will be just as breathtaking.
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02:32
We know so little about the twilight zone
because it's difficult to study.
because it's difficult to study.
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我们对过渡带知道的太少了，
因为它很难研究。
因为它很难研究。
02:36
It's exceedingly large,
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它实在太大了，
从北极到南大洋，
02:38
spanning from the Arctic
to the Southern Ocean
to the Southern Ocean
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覆盖全球。
02:40
and around the globe.
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不同地点还有所不同。
02:41
It's different from place to place.
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随着水流和动物的运动，
它也快速变化着。
它也快速变化着。
02:44
It changes quickly
as the water and animals move.
as the water and animals move.
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它是那么的深邃，黑暗，
寒冷，那里的压力也很大。
寒冷，那里的压力也很大。
02:47
And it's deep and dark and cold,
and the pressures there are enormous.
and the pressures there are enormous.
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02:53
What we do know is fascinating.
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我们已经知道的就很不可思议了。
02:56
You may be imagining
huge monsters lurking in the deep sea,
huge monsters lurking in the deep sea,
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你可能想象着，
巨型怪物潜伏在深海，
巨型怪物潜伏在深海，
03:01
but most of the animals are very small,
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但那里的大部分动物都很小，
03:06
like this lantern fish.
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就像这灯笼鱼一样。
03:11
And this fierce-looking fish
is called a bristlemouth.
is called a bristlemouth.
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这种面目狰狞的鱼叫做圆罩鱼。
03:15
Believe it or not, these are the most
abundant vertebrates on earth
abundant vertebrates on earth
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信不信由你，这是
地球上最多的脊椎生物，
地球上最多的脊椎生物，
它们大都很小，
这一管可以装下许多条。
这一管可以装下许多条。
03:19
and many are so small
that a dozen could fit in this one tube.
that a dozen could fit in this one tube.
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03:25
It gets even more interesting,
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更有趣的是，
03:27
because small size does not stop them
from being powerful through sheer number.
from being powerful through sheer number.
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因为小的体型并没有阻止
它们通过数量变得强大。
它们通过数量变得强大。
03:32
Deep, penetrating sonar shows us
that the animals form dense layers.
that the animals form dense layers.
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水下的穿透声呐向我们展示，
这些动物组成了厚厚的一层。
这些动物组成了厚厚的一层。
03:37
You can see what I mean
by the red and yellow colors
by the red and yellow colors
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你可以从这组数据中
大约四百米处的红色和黄色
大约四百米处的红色和黄色
得到一个直观的概念。
03:39
around 400 meters in these data.
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大部分声波从这层反弹，
03:42
So much sound bounces off this layer,
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它曾被误认为是海洋底部。
03:44
it's been mistaken for the ocean bottom.
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03:48
But if we look, it can't be,
because the layer is deep during the day,
because the layer is deep during the day,
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但是如果我们仔细观察，这不可能，
因为这层物质在白天位于深处，
因为这层物质在白天位于深处，
03:52
it rises up at night
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而在夜晚它上升了，
而且这个模式每天都在重复。
03:54
and the pattern repeats day after day.
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03:58
This is actually the largest
animal migration on earth.
animal migration on earth.
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这事实上是地球上最大的动物迁徙。
04:02
It happens around the globe every day,
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每天它都在全球范围内发生着，
以巨大的生物波浪
席卷全球的海洋。
席卷全球的海洋。
04:05
sweeping through the world's oceans
in a massive living wave
in a massive living wave
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那时，过渡带中的生物会在夜晚
04:08
as twilight zone inhabitants
travel hundreds of meters
travel hundreds of meters
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迁移数百米到水面觅食，
04:11
to surface waters to feed at night
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然后在白天回到更深、更暗，
相对安全的水体中。
相对安全的水体中。
04:14
and return to the relative safety
of deeper, darker waters during the day.
of deeper, darker waters during the day.
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04:19
These animals and their movements
help connect the surface and deep ocean
help connect the surface and deep ocean
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这些动物以及它们的运动
以重要的方式
以重要的方式
04:24
in important ways.
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连接着表层海面和深层海体。
04:26
The animals feed near the surface,
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它们在海面觅食，
04:29
they bring carbon in their food
into the deep waters,
into the deep waters,
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将它们食物中的碳带到深海，
有些碳可以留在那儿，
04:33
where some of that carbon can stay behind
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和大气圈隔绝几百，甚至几千年。
04:36
and remain isolated from the atmosphere
for hundreds or even thousands of years.
for hundreds or even thousands of years.
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04:43
In this way, the migration
may help keep carbon dioxide
may help keep carbon dioxide
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这么一来，迁移可以帮助吸收
04:48
out of our atmosphere
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大气圈中的二氧化碳，
限制全球变暖对气候的影响。
04:50
and limit the effects
of global warming on our climate.
of global warming on our climate.
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04:55
But we still have many questions.
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但我们仍有许多问题。
04:57
We don't know which species are migrating,
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我们不知道何种生物在迁移，
它们吃些什么，
04:59
what they're finding to eat,
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又被谁吃掉，
05:01
who is trying to eat them
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或是它们可以转移多少的碳。
05:02
or how much carbon
they are able to transport.
they are able to transport.
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05:08
So I'm a scientist
who studies life in the ocean.
who studies life in the ocean.
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我是一名研究
海洋生物的科学家。
海洋生物的科学家。
05:11
For me, curiosity about these things
is a powerful driver,
is a powerful driver,
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对我而言，对这些生物的
好奇心是很强的驱动力，
好奇心是很强的驱动力，
05:16
but there's more to the motivation here.
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但动机却远不止如此。
05:20
We need to answer these questions
and answer them quickly,
and answer them quickly,
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我们需要回答这些问题，
并要尽快回答，
并要尽快回答，
因为过渡带面临着威胁。
05:23
because the twilight zone is under threat.
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05:27
Factory ships in the open ocean
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公海中的捕鱼船
05:29
have been vacuuming up
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正在灭绝性地捕捉着
成百上千吨叫做
磷虾的小型虾类生物。
磷虾的小型虾类生物。
05:30
hundreds of thousands of tons of small,
shrimp-like animals called krill.
shrimp-like animals called krill.
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05:35
The animals are ground into fish meal
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这些磷虾被碾碎制成鱼食，
05:37
to support increasing demands
for aquaculture
for aquaculture
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以支撑水产业，以及对
譬如虾油的保健品
譬如虾油的保健品
不断增长的需求。
05:40
and for nutraceuticals such as krill oil.
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捕鱼业就要触及到更深的海域，
05:43
Industry is on the brink
of deepening fisheries such as these
of deepening fisheries such as these
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进入中层水体，
05:46
into the mid-water
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这可能会开启一场
在国家渔业管理范围之外的
在国家渔业管理范围之外的
05:48
in what could start
a kind of twilight zone gold rush
a kind of twilight zone gold rush
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过渡带的“淘金潮”。
05:51
operating outside the reach
of national fishing regulations.
of national fishing regulations.
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05:57
This could have irreversible
global-scale impacts
global-scale impacts
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这可能会对全球范围的
海洋生物和食物网
海洋生物和食物网
06:00
on marine life and food webs.
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造成不可逆的影响。
06:04
We need to get out
ahead of fishing impacts
ahead of fishing impacts
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我们需要领先捕鱼的影响一步，
06:07
and work to understand
this critical part of the ocean.
this critical part of the ocean.
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努力理解海洋中
这一重要组成部分。
这一重要组成部分。
06:10
At Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
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在伍兹霍尔海洋研究所，
我十分有幸加入有着
同样热情的同行队伍中。
同样热情的同行队伍中。
06:12
I'm really fortunate to be surrounded
by colleagues who share this passion.
by colleagues who share this passion.
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06:17
Together, we are ready
to launch a large-scale exploration
to launch a large-scale exploration
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我们已经一起为
大规模的过渡带探索
大规模的过渡带探索
06:21
of the twilight zone.
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做好准备。
06:23
We have a plan to begin right away
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我们计划从北大西洋的
06:25
with expeditions in the North Atlantic,
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科考开始，
在那里我们会着手解决
06:27
where we'll tackle the big challenges
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过渡带的复杂多样性
为观测和研究带来的巨大挑战。
为观测和研究带来的巨大挑战。
06:29
of observing and studying
the twilight zone's remarkable diversity.
the twilight zone's remarkable diversity.
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06:34
This kind of multiscale,
multidimensional exploration
multidimensional exploration
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这一多规格，多层次的考察
06:38
means we need to integrate
new technologies.
new technologies.
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意味着我们需要引入新的技术。
06:42
Let me show you a recent example
that has changed our thinking.
that has changed our thinking.
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让我说一个最近的例子，
这改变了我们的思考。
这改变了我们的思考。
06:46
Satellite tracking devices
on animals such as sharks
on animals such as sharks
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在譬如鲨鱼等动物
身上的卫星追踪器
身上的卫星追踪器
06:50
are now showing us that many top predators
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告诉我们，许多顶层捕食者
会经常潜入深海觅食。
06:53
regularly dive deep
into the twilight zone to feed.
into the twilight zone to feed.
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06:57
And when we map their swimming patterns
and compare them to satellite data,
and compare them to satellite data,
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当我们绘制它们的游动路径，
并将其与卫星数据比较时，
并将其与卫星数据比较时，
07:02
we find that their feeding hot spots
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我们发现它们经常觅食的地点，
与洋流和其他特质有着联系。
07:04
are linked to ocean currents
and other features.
and other features.
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07:08
We used to think these animals
found all of their food in surface waters.
found all of their food in surface waters.
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我们曾经认为这些动物
在水体表层就能获得所有的食物。
在水体表层就能获得所有的食物。
07:13
We now believe they depend
on the twilight zone.
on the twilight zone.
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现在我们相信它们依赖着过渡带。
07:17
But we still need to figure out
how they find the best areas to feed,
how they find the best areas to feed,
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但是我们仍需要搞清楚，
它们是如何找到最佳地点觅食的，
它们是如何找到最佳地点觅食的，
07:21
what they're eating there
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它们在那里吃些什么，
以及它们的饮食中有多少
是依赖过渡带生存的物种。
是依赖过渡带生存的物种。
07:23
and how much their diets depend
on twilight zone species.
on twilight zone species.
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07:28
We will also need new technologies
to explore the links with climate.
to explore the links with climate.
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我们也需要新的技术
来探索（它们）与气候之间的联系。
来探索（它们）与气候之间的联系。
07:33
Remember these particles?
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还记得这些微粒吗？
07:36
Some of them are produced
by gelatinous animals called salps.
by gelatinous animals called salps.
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它们中的有些是由一种
叫做樽海鞘的胶装动物产生的。
叫做樽海鞘的胶装动物产生的。
07:40
Salps are like superefficient
vacuum cleaners,
vacuum cleaners,
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樽海鞘就像强力吸尘器一样，
07:42
slurping up plankton and producing
fast-sinking pellets of poop --
fast-sinking pellets of poop --
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吸食着浮游生物，并产生着
会快速下沉的排泄物颗粒——
会快速下沉的排泄物颗粒——
想象把我的语速加快十倍——
07:48
try saying that 10 times fast --
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携带着碳的排泄物，沉入深海。
07:50
pellets of poop that carry carbon
deep into the ocean.
deep into the ocean.
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07:54
We sometimes find salps
in enormous swarms.
in enormous swarms.
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有时，我们发现樽海鞘成群出现。
07:58
We need to know where
and when and why and whether
and when and why and whether
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我们需要了解哪里，
何时，为何，以及是否
何时，为何，以及是否
这种“碳缸”会对地球气候
产生巨大的影响。
产生巨大的影响。
08:02
this kind of carbon sink
has a big impact on earth's climate.
has a big impact on earth's climate.
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08:07
To meet these challenges, we will need
to push the limits of technology.
to push the limits of technology.
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为了面对这些挑战，
我们需要推进技术的极限。
我们需要推进技术的极限。
08:11
We will deploy cameras
and samplers on smart robots
and samplers on smart robots
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我们会使用智能机器人身上的
摄像头和样本采集器
摄像头和样本采集器
08:15
to patrol the depths and help us track
the secret lives of animals like salps.
the secret lives of animals like salps.
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在深处考察，帮助我们追踪
像樽海鞘这样生物的隐秘生活。
像樽海鞘这样生物的隐秘生活。
08:20
We will use advanced sonar
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我们会使用先进的声呐，
08:22
to figure out how many fish
and other animals are down there.
and other animals are down there.
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来搞清那里生活着
多少鱼类和其他动物。
多少鱼类和其他动物。
08:27
We will sequence DNA from the environment
in a kind of forensic analysis
in a kind of forensic analysis
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我们会用类似法医分析的方法，
对环境中的DNA进行测序，
对环境中的DNA进行测序，
08:31
to figure out which species are there
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来搞清哪些生物生活在哪里，
以及它们吃些什么。
08:33
and what they are eating.
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08:36
With so much that's still
unknown about the twilight zone,
unknown about the twilight zone,
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过渡带中充满着未知，
08:39
there's an almost unlimited
opportunity for new discovery.
opportunity for new discovery.
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也就意味着那里蕴藏着
新发现的无限可能。
新发现的无限可能。
08:44
Just look at these beautiful,
fascinating creatures.
fascinating creatures.
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看看这些美丽的，
令人着迷的生物吧。
令人着迷的生物吧。
08:48
We barely know them.
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我们对它们几乎一无所知。
08:50
And imagine how many more
are just down there waiting
are just down there waiting
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想象一下，在深海中
有多少东西正等待着我们
有多少东西正等待着我们
用新的技术去发现。
08:53
for our new technologies to see them.
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08:56
The excitement level about this
could not be higher on our team
could not be higher on our team
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我们全队的科学家，工程师和通讯员
都对这一发现兴奋至极。
08:59
of ocean scientists,
engineers and communicators.
engineers and communicators.
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09:04
There is also a deep sense of urgency.
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大家也都有了一种深深的急迫感。
09:08
We can't turn back the clock
on decades of overfishing
on decades of overfishing
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我们不可能将时光
倒转到过渡捕鱼之前，
倒转到过渡捕鱼之前，
09:12
in countless regions of the ocean
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那时，捕鱼在曾经
看上去永不枯竭的
看上去永不枯竭的
无数海域进行着。
09:15
that once seemed inexhaustible.
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09:18
How amazing would it be
to take a different path this time?
to take a different path this time?
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如果这次我们换条航线，
该有多好呀？
该有多好呀？
09:23
The twilight zone
is truly a global commons.
is truly a global commons.
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过渡带确实是一种全球公共资源。
09:27
We need to first know and understand it
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我们首先需要知道并了解它，
09:30
before we can be responsible stewards
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然后我们才能负责任的管理，
并进行可持续性的开采捕捞。
09:33
and hope to fish it sustainably.
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09:36
This is not just a journey for scientists,
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这不是一场事关科学家的旅程，
09:38
it is for all of us,
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这与我们所有人息息相关，
因为我们在接下来十年
09:40
because the decisions we collectively make
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共同做出的决定，
09:43
over the next decade
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会影响数世纪之内，
09:45
will affect what the ocean looks like
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海洋的形态。
09:48
for centuries to come.
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09:50
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
09:51
(Applause)
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Reviewed by Lipeng Chen
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Heidi M. Sosik - Ocean scientist, inventor, explorerHeidi M. Sosik is an ocean scientist who uses tools like lasers and robotic cameras to figure out how tiny organisms in the ocean affect our whole planet.
Why you should listen
Heidi M. Sosik is a scientist, inventor and explorer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where she holds the Stanley W. Watson Chair for Excellence in Oceanography. Sosik leads a multidisciplinary team conducting long-term research on marine ecosystems and how they are changing in response to intersecting pressures from human activity, environmental variability and climate change.
During undergraduate engineering studies at MIT, Sosik became fascinated by the diversity of microscopic life in the ocean. This led her toward a doctorate in oceanography and a research career focused on discovery. Today she develops and deploys new technologies to see life in the ocean in new ways. Sosik is co-inventor of a robotic underwater microscope used by researchers around the world to study minuscule forms of life in the ocean and by coastal managers to ensure that seafood is safe to eat. Sosik has been recognized for her impact and leadership through honors including a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers and selection as a Fellow of The Oceanography Society.
Sosik's bold plan to explore the ocean's twilight zone is one of the first ideas of The Audacious Project, TED's initiative to inspire global change.
Heidi M. Sosik | Speaker | TED.com