TED2018
Heidi M. Sosik: The discoveries awaiting us in the ocean's twilight zone
海蒂 M 索西克: 等著我們發現的海洋過渡區
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我們在海平面下數百公尺，那廣袤、神秘，幾乎未被探索的過渡區會發現什麼？伍茲霍爾海洋研究所的海蒂 M 索西克在這令人驚嘆的演講中，分享用潛水技術調查這些未知水域的計劃。這些水域可能有一百萬個新物種和 90％ 的世界魚類生物量。她認為那裡的研究和發現，將會有助於我們更好地管理海洋。 （這個雄心勃勃的計劃是第一批 TED 推動全球變革、新倡議的「大膽計劃」之一。）
Heidi M. Sosik - Ocean scientist, inventor, explorer
Heidi M. Sosik is an ocean scientist who uses tools like lasers and robotic cameras to figure out how tiny organisms in the ocean affect our whole planet. Full bio
Heidi M. Sosik is an ocean scientist who uses tools like lasers and robotic cameras to figure out how tiny organisms in the ocean affect our whole planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I bet all of you are familiar
with this view of the ocean,
with this view of the ocean,
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我打賭你們都熟悉這種海洋景觀，
00:17
but the thing is,
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但事實上
00:18
most of the ocean looks nothing like this.
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大部分海洋看起來不像這樣。
00:21
Below the sunlit surface waters,
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在陽光照射的海面下，
00:23
there's an otherworldly realm
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還有個非世俗的境界
00:25
known as the twilight zone.
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被稱為「過渡區（twilight zone）」。
00:28
At 200 to 1,000 meters below the surface,
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位於海面下 200 至 1000 公尺處，
00:31
sunlight is barely a glimmer.
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陽光幾乎僅僅是一絲微光。
00:34
Tiny particles swirl down
through the darkness
through the darkness
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微小的粒子漩渦穿過黑暗，
00:37
while flashes of bioluminescence
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同時閃爍著生物發的光，
00:39
give us a clue that
these waters teem with life:
these waters teem with life:
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提供我們這些水域充滿生命的線索：
00:44
microbes, plankton, fish.
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微生物、浮游生物、魚。
00:46
Everything that lives here
has amazing adaptations
has amazing adaptations
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這裡所有的生物
都能夠適應這種極端環境的挑戰。
00:49
for the challenges
of such an extreme environment.
of such an extreme environment.
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00:54
These animals help support
top predators such as whales, tuna,
top predators such as whales, tuna,
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這些動物幫助支撐頂級獵食者，
如鯨魚、金槍魚、箭魚和鯊魚。
00:58
swordfish and sharks.
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01:00
There could be 10 times
more fish biomass here
more fish biomass here
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這裡的魚類生物量
可能比以前想像的還多上十倍。
01:03
than previously thought.
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01:05
In fact, maybe more
than all the rest of the ocean combined.
than all the rest of the ocean combined.
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事實上，也許比海洋
其他地方的總和更多。
其他地方的總和更多。
01:10
There are countless
undiscovered species in deep waters,
undiscovered species in deep waters,
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深水中有無數未被發現的物種，
01:14
and life in the twilight zone
is intertwined with earth's climate.
is intertwined with earth's climate.
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過渡區的生活與地球氣候交織在一起。
01:20
Yet the twilight zone
is virtually unexplored.
is virtually unexplored.
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然而，過渡區幾乎未被開發。
01:24
There are so many things
we still don't know about it.
we still don't know about it.
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有很多我們仍不知道的事。
01:27
I think we can change that.
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我想我們能改變這一點。
01:30
I was drawn to oceanography
by just this kind of challenge.
by just this kind of challenge.
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我被這種挑戰吸引到海洋學領域。
01:34
To me it represents
the perfect intersection
the perfect intersection
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對我而言，它代表科學、
01:36
of science, technology and the unknown,
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技術和未知的完美交集，
01:39
the spark for so many breakthrough
discoveries about life on our planet.
discoveries about life on our planet.
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是我們星球上許多有關
生命突破性發現的火花。
生命突破性發現的火花。
01:46
As a college student,
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身為大學生時，
01:47
I went on an expedition
across the Atlantic
across the Atlantic
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我和一群科學家在大西洋上探險，
01:50
with a team of scientists
using a high-powered laser
using a high-powered laser
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使用高功率雷射光
01:54
to measure microscopic algae.
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來測量微觀藻類。
01:57
The wild thing that happened on that trip
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那次旅行發生的一件大事是
01:59
is that we discovered what everyone
who looked before had completely missed:
who looked before had completely missed:
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我們發現前人完全錯過了：
02:04
photosynthetic cells
smaller than anyone thought possible.
smaller than anyone thought possible.
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光合細胞比任何人認為的還要小。
02:09
We now know those tiny cells
are the most abundant
are the most abundant
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如今我們知道這些微小的細胞
02:12
photosynthetic organisms on earth.
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是地球上最豐富的光合生物。
02:15
This amazing discovery happened
because we used new technology
because we used new technology
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這驚人的發現肇因於
我們使用新技術，
我們使用新技術，
02:20
to see life in the ocean in a new way.
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以新的方式觀察海洋生命。
02:24
I am convinced that the discoveries
awaiting us in the twilight zone
awaiting us in the twilight zone
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我確信，在過渡區等待我們去發現的
02:28
will be just as breathtaking.
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將同樣令人嘆為觀止。
02:32
We know so little about the twilight zone
because it's difficult to study.
because it's difficult to study.
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我們對過渡區知之甚少，
因為很難研究它。
因為很難研究它。
02:36
It's exceedingly large,
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它的範圍廣大，
02:38
spanning from the Arctic
to the Southern Ocean
to the Southern Ocean
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從北極到南大洋
02:40
and around the globe.
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和全球各地。
02:41
It's different from place to place.
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各地互不相同，
02:44
It changes quickly
as the water and animals move.
as the water and animals move.
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隨著水和動物的移動而迅速變化。
02:47
And it's deep and dark and cold,
and the pressures there are enormous.
and the pressures there are enormous.
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它深沉而黑暗、寒冷，且壓力巨大。
02:53
What we do know is fascinating.
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我們已知的令人目眩神馳。
02:56
You may be imagining
huge monsters lurking in the deep sea,
huge monsters lurking in the deep sea,
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或許你想像的是潛伏深海的巨怪，
03:01
but most of the animals are very small,
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但大多數的動物都非常小，
03:06
like this lantern fish.
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就像這條燈籠魚。
03:11
And this fierce-looking fish
is called a bristlemouth.
is called a bristlemouth.
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這看起來兇猛的魚叫做「圓罩魚」。
03:15
Believe it or not, these are the most
abundant vertebrates on earth
abundant vertebrates on earth
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信不信由你，這些是地球上
最富饒的脊椎動物，
最富饒的脊椎動物，
03:19
and many are so small
that a dozen could fit in this one tube.
that a dozen could fit in this one tube.
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許多小到這試管裡能放進一打之多。
03:25
It gets even more interesting,
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更有趣的是
03:27
because small size does not stop them
from being powerful through sheer number.
from being powerful through sheer number.
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小尺寸不妨礙牠們「數大為強」。
03:32
Deep, penetrating sonar shows us
that the animals form dense layers.
that the animals form dense layers.
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深深穿透的聲納向我們展示
動物所形成的緻密層。
動物所形成的緻密層。
03:37
You can see what I mean
by the red and yellow colors
by the red and yellow colors
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看紅色和黃色的數據
就能夠明白我的意思，
就能夠明白我的意思，
03:39
around 400 meters in these data.
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紅色和黃色是四百公尺左右的數據。
03:42
So much sound bounces off this layer,
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這層因反彈的聲音多
03:44
it's been mistaken for the ocean bottom.
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而被誤認為海底。
03:48
But if we look, it can't be,
because the layer is deep during the day,
because the layer is deep during the day,
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但如果仔細瞧，它不可能是海底，
因為這一層在白天很深，
而在夜間升起，
而在夜間升起，
03:52
it rises up at night
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03:54
and the pattern repeats day after day.
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日復一日地重複這模式。
03:58
This is actually the largest
animal migration on earth.
animal migration on earth.
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這實際上是地球上最大的動物遷徙，
04:02
It happens around the globe every day,
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每天發生在全球各地，
04:05
sweeping through the world's oceans
in a massive living wave
in a massive living wave
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活動的巨波席捲全球的海洋，
04:08
as twilight zone inhabitants
travel hundreds of meters
travel hundreds of meters
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攜帶過渡區的居民旅行數百公尺，
04:11
to surface waters to feed at night
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晚上到海面進食，
04:14
and return to the relative safety
of deeper, darker waters during the day.
of deeper, darker waters during the day.
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白天返回相對安全，
更深、更暗的水域。
更深、更暗的水域。
04:19
These animals and their movements
help connect the surface and deep ocean
help connect the surface and deep ocean
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這些動物和牠們的移動
協助海面和深海緊要地連接著。
04:24
in important ways.
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04:26
The animals feed near the surface,
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這些動物靠近海面進食，
04:29
they bring carbon in their food
into the deep waters,
into the deep waters,
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將食物中的碳帶入深海，
04:33
where some of that carbon can stay behind
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其中一些碳留在深海，
04:36
and remain isolated from the atmosphere
for hundreds or even thousands of years.
for hundreds or even thousands of years.
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與大氣層隔絕長達
數百年甚至數千年之久。
數百年甚至數千年之久。
04:43
In this way, the migration
may help keep carbon dioxide
may help keep carbon dioxide
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這樣一來，遷移可能有助於
使二氧化碳遠離大氣層，
04:48
out of our atmosphere
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04:50
and limit the effects
of global warming on our climate.
of global warming on our climate.
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局限全球暖化對氣候的影響。
04:55
But we still have many questions.
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但我們仍有很多問題。
04:57
We don't know which species are migrating,
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我們不知道哪些物種遷徙，
04:59
what they're finding to eat,
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牠們尋覓什麼食物，
05:01
who is trying to eat them
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誰試圖獵食牠們，
05:02
or how much carbon
they are able to transport.
they are able to transport.
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或者牠們能夠運輸多少碳。
05:08
So I'm a scientist
who studies life in the ocean.
who studies life in the ocean.
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我是個研究海洋生物的科學家。
05:11
For me, curiosity about these things
is a powerful driver,
is a powerful driver,
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對這些事情的好奇心
對我而言是個強大的驅動力，
對我而言是個強大的驅動力，
05:16
but there's more to the motivation here.
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但還有更多的動機。
05:20
We need to answer these questions
and answer them quickly,
and answer them quickly,
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我們需要回答這些問題
並迅速地回答，
並迅速地回答，
05:23
because the twilight zone is under threat.
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因為過渡區正受到威脅。
05:27
Factory ships in the open ocean
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在公海上的工廠船隻
05:29
have been vacuuming up
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一直在吸捕數十萬噸
05:30
hundreds of thousands of tons of small,
shrimp-like animals called krill.
shrimp-like animals called krill.
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被稱為磷蝦的小型蝦類動物。
05:35
The animals are ground into fish meal
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這些磷蝦被磨成魚粉
05:37
to support increasing demands
for aquaculture
for aquaculture
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以支撐對水產養殖和磷蝦油等營養品
05:40
and for nutraceuticals such as krill oil.
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日益增長的需求。
05:43
Industry is on the brink
of deepening fisheries such as these
of deepening fisheries such as these
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這行業的捕魚活動正下探
這一類海域下面更深的海，
05:46
into the mid-water
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05:48
in what could start
a kind of twilight zone gold rush
a kind of twilight zone gold rush
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可能向過渡區淘金的熱潮
05:51
operating outside the reach
of national fishing regulations.
of national fishing regulations.
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運行在國家捕撈法規範圍之外，
05:57
This could have irreversible
global-scale impacts
global-scale impacts
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可能會對海洋生物和食物網
06:00
on marine life and food webs.
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造成不可逆轉的全球影響。
06:04
We need to get out
ahead of fishing impacts
ahead of fishing impacts
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我們必須在捕魚影響之前擺脫困境，
06:07
and work to understand
this critical part of the ocean.
this critical part of the ocean.
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努力理解海洋的這一關鍵部分。
06:10
At Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
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在伍茲霍爾海洋學研究所，
06:12
I'm really fortunate to be surrounded
by colleagues who share this passion.
by colleagues who share this passion.
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我真的很幸運周遭全是
共有這種激情的同事們。
共有這種激情的同事們。
06:17
Together, we are ready
to launch a large-scale exploration
to launch a large-scale exploration
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我們準備一起啟動
對過渡區的大規模探索。
06:21
of the twilight zone.
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06:23
We have a plan to begin right away
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我們計劃立即開始
06:25
with expeditions in the North Atlantic,
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在北大西洋進行探險，
06:27
where we'll tackle the big challenges
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在那裡我們將解決觀察和研究
06:29
of observing and studying
the twilight zone's remarkable diversity.
the twilight zone's remarkable diversity.
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過渡區多樣化的巨大挑戰。
06:34
This kind of multiscale,
multidimensional exploration
multidimensional exploration
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這種多種規模、多個維度的勘探
06:38
means we need to integrate
new technologies.
new technologies.
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意味著我們需要整合新的技術。
06:42
Let me show you a recent example
that has changed our thinking.
that has changed our thinking.
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讓我述說最近一個
改變我們想法的例子。
改變我們想法的例子。
06:46
Satellite tracking devices
on animals such as sharks
on animals such as sharks
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對鯊魚等動物的衛星追蹤裝置
06:50
are now showing us that many top predators
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現在向我們展示了許多頂級獵食者
06:53
regularly dive deep
into the twilight zone to feed.
into the twilight zone to feed.
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經常深深潛入過渡區去覓食。
06:57
And when we map their swimming patterns
and compare them to satellite data,
and compare them to satellite data,
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我們繪製牠們的游泳模式，
與衛星數據比對，
與衛星數據比對，
07:02
we find that their feeding hot spots
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發現牠們的攝食熱點
07:04
are linked to ocean currents
and other features.
and other features.
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與洋流和其他的特性有關。
07:08
We used to think these animals
found all of their food in surface waters.
found all of their food in surface waters.
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我們曾經認為這些動物
在海面找到所有的食物。
在海面找到所有的食物。
07:13
We now believe they depend
on the twilight zone.
on the twilight zone.
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而現在相信牠們依賴過渡區供食。
07:17
But we still need to figure out
how they find the best areas to feed,
how they find the best areas to feed,
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但我們仍需弄清楚
牠們如何找到最佳進食區，
牠們如何找到最佳進食區，
07:21
what they're eating there
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牠們在那裡吃什麼，
07:23
and how much their diets depend
on twilight zone species.
on twilight zone species.
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和多少的飲食取決於過渡區的物種。
07:28
We will also need new technologies
to explore the links with climate.
to explore the links with climate.
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我們還需要新的技術
來探索與氣候的聯繫。
來探索與氣候的聯繫。
07:33
Remember these particles?
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還記得這些粒子嗎？
07:36
Some of them are produced
by gelatinous animals called salps.
by gelatinous animals called salps.
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部分由海樽（salps）這種
凝膠狀動物所產生。
凝膠狀動物所產生。
07:40
Salps are like superefficient
vacuum cleaners,
vacuum cleaners,
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海樽就像超級吸塵器，
07:42
slurping up plankton and producing
fast-sinking pellets of poop --
fast-sinking pellets of poop --
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吸入浮游生物，
排出快速下沉的糞便──
排出快速下沉的糞便──
07:48
try saying that 10 times fast --
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嘗試以十倍速說說看──
07:50
pellets of poop that carry carbon
deep into the ocean.
deep into the ocean.
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沉重的糞便攜帶碳到海洋的深處。
07:54
We sometimes find salps
in enormous swarms.
in enormous swarms.
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有時我們發現巨大的海樽群。
07:58
We need to know where
and when and why and whether
and when and why and whether
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我們需要知道何時、何地、為什麼，
08:02
this kind of carbon sink
has a big impact on earth's climate.
has a big impact on earth's climate.
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以及這種碳的匯集
是否對地球氣候產生重大的影響。
是否對地球氣候產生重大的影響。
08:07
To meet these challenges, we will need
to push the limits of technology.
to push the limits of technology.
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為了應對這些挑戰，
我們得把技術推到極限。
我們得把技術推到極限。
08:11
We will deploy cameras
and samplers on smart robots
and samplers on smart robots
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我們將在智能機器人上
部署攝影機和採樣器，
部署攝影機和採樣器，
08:15
to patrol the depths and help us track
the secret lives of animals like salps.
the secret lives of animals like salps.
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來幫我們追蹤海樽之類
動物的秘密生活。
動物的秘密生活。
08:20
We will use advanced sonar
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我們將使用先進的聲納
08:22
to figure out how many fish
and other animals are down there.
and other animals are down there.
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弄清楚下面有多少魚和其他的動物。
08:27
We will sequence DNA from the environment
in a kind of forensic analysis
in a kind of forensic analysis
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我們將為那環境裡的生物
做 DNA 排序和法醫式的分析，
做 DNA 排序和法醫式的分析，
08:31
to figure out which species are there
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找出那裡有哪些物種，
08:33
and what they are eating.
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以及牠們吃些什麼。
08:36
With so much that's still
unknown about the twilight zone,
unknown about the twilight zone,
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對過渡區的情況仍有這麼多的未知，
08:39
there's an almost unlimited
opportunity for new discovery.
opportunity for new discovery.
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幾乎有無限的機會能獲得新發現。
08:44
Just look at these beautiful,
fascinating creatures.
fascinating creatures.
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只要看看這些美麗、迷人的生物。
08:48
We barely know them.
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我們幾乎毫不了解牠們。
08:50
And imagine how many more
are just down there waiting
are just down there waiting
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想像那裡還有多少
在等待我們用新技術看到牠們。
08:53
for our new technologies to see them.
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08:56
The excitement level about this
could not be higher on our team
could not be higher on our team
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我們海洋科學家、工程師和傳播團隊
08:59
of ocean scientists,
engineers and communicators.
engineers and communicators.
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對此的興奮程度不可能更高了。
09:04
There is also a deep sense of urgency.
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還有一種深刻的緊迫感。
09:08
We can't turn back the clock
on decades of overfishing
on decades of overfishing
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我們不能將時光倒流，
數十年來無數過度捕撈的海洋地區
09:12
in countless regions of the ocean
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09:15
that once seemed inexhaustible.
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曾有過看似取之不盡的資源。
09:18
How amazing would it be
to take a different path this time?
to take a different path this time?
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這次走不同的路會多精彩呢？
09:23
The twilight zone
is truly a global commons.
is truly a global commons.
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過渡區確是個全球公有的區域。
09:27
We need to first know and understand it
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我們需要先認識和理解它，
09:30
before we can be responsible stewards
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才能成為負責任的管家，
09:33
and hope to fish it sustainably.
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和有望永續地捕魚。
09:36
This is not just a journey for scientists,
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這旅程不限於科學家，
09:38
it is for all of us,
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而是所有人的，
09:40
because the decisions we collectively make
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因為在未來十年我們共同作出的決定
09:43
over the next decade
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09:45
will affect what the ocean looks like
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將會影響未來幾個世紀的海洋相貌。
09:48
for centuries to come.
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09:50
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:51
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Heidi M. Sosik - Ocean scientist, inventor, explorerHeidi M. Sosik is an ocean scientist who uses tools like lasers and robotic cameras to figure out how tiny organisms in the ocean affect our whole planet.
Why you should listen
Heidi M. Sosik is a scientist, inventor and explorer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where she holds the Stanley W. Watson Chair for Excellence in Oceanography. Sosik leads a multidisciplinary team conducting long-term research on marine ecosystems and how they are changing in response to intersecting pressures from human activity, environmental variability and climate change.
During undergraduate engineering studies at MIT, Sosik became fascinated by the diversity of microscopic life in the ocean. This led her toward a doctorate in oceanography and a research career focused on discovery. Today she develops and deploys new technologies to see life in the ocean in new ways. Sosik is co-inventor of a robotic underwater microscope used by researchers around the world to study minuscule forms of life in the ocean and by coastal managers to ensure that seafood is safe to eat. Sosik has been recognized for her impact and leadership through honors including a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers and selection as a Fellow of The Oceanography Society.
Sosik's bold plan to explore the ocean's twilight zone is one of the first ideas of The Audacious Project, TED's initiative to inspire global change.
Heidi M. Sosik | Speaker | TED.com