TED2013
Sebastião Salgado: The silent drama of photography
Sebastião Salgado: 摄影，沉默的戏剧
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经济学博士Sebastião Salgado在他30多岁时开始拍摄照片，却從此深陷其中。经年的拍摄中，他完美的捕捉到全球性故事中人性的那一面，作品常常涉及死亡毁灭或腐朽。在这里，他阐述了一个他亲身经历的几乎让他丧命的深刻故事，展示了他最新作品“Genesis（创世纪）”中激动人心的影像。这部新的作品记录了世界上那些被遗忘的人和地点。
Sebastião Salgado - Photojournalist
Sebastião Salgado captures the dignity of the dispossessed through large-scale, long-term projects. Full bio
Sebastião Salgado captures the dignity of the dispossessed through large-scale, long-term projects. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm not sure that every person here
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我不是很确定，在座的各位
00:15
is familiar with my pictures.
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是否都很熟悉我的照片。
00:18
I want to start to show just a few pictures to you,
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我想先给各位看一些照片，
00:22
and after I'll speak.
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然后再进行我的演讲。
00:57
I must speak to you a little bit of my history,
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我要给大家介绍一点我的个人生涯，
01:01
because we'll be speaking on this
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因为稍后我们会在演讲中谈到这个。
01:03
during my speech here.
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因为稍后我们会在演讲中谈到这个。
01:06
I was born in 1944 in Brazil,
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我于1944年出生在巴西，
01:09
in the times that Brazil was not yet a market economy.
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那时巴西还未实行市场经济。
01:13
I was born on a farm,
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我出生在农庄，
01:15
a farm that was more than 50 percent rainforest [still].
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那个农庄有一半以上的面积是雨林（现在仍然是）。
01:20
A marvelous place.
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超棒的地方。
01:21
I lived with incredible birds, incredible animals,
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我和各种珍奇的鸟兽朝夕相处，
01:25
I swam in our small rivers with our caimans.
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和鳄鱼在同一条小河游泳。
01:30
It was about 35 families that lived on this farm,
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农庄里住着大概有35户人家，
01:33
and everything that we produced on this farm, we consumed.
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过着自给自足的生活。
01:37
Very few things went to the market.
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我们几乎不去集市。
01:39
Once a year, the only thing that went to the market
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一年一次，唯一要去集市的情况
01:42
was the cattle that we produced,
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是因为我们养的牛群要去屠宰。
01:43
and we made trips of about 45 days
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我们要走大概45天
01:46
to reach the slaughterhouse,
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才到屠宰场，
01:48
bringing thousands of head of cattle,
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赶着数千头的牛。
01:51
and about 20 days traveling back
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返程会再花上20天左右
01:53
to reach our farm again.
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才会回到农庄。
01:56
When I was 15 years old,
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我15岁的时候，
01:58
it was necessary for me to leave this place
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必须离开这里
02:01
and go to a town a little bit bigger -- much bigger --
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去一个大一点的小镇.....大很多
02:05
where I did the second part of secondary school.
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在那里我完成了中学的后半部分。
02:08
There I learned different things.
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学到了不一样的知识。
02:11
Brazil was starting to urbanize, industrialize,
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巴西开始实行城镇化和工业化，
02:14
and I knew the politics. I became a little bit radical,
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我知道政治是怎么回事。我有点激进，
02:18
I was a member of leftist parties,
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我是左派党党员，
02:21
and I became an activist.
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后来成为一名政治活动家。
02:24
I [went to] university to become an economist.
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我在大学里学习经济，
02:27
I [did] a master's degree in economics.
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拿到了经济学的硕士学位。
02:30
And the most important thing in my life
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我生命中最重要的事情
02:33
also happened in this time.
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也是在这时发生的。
02:35
I met an incredible girl
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我遇到了一个非常不错的女孩
02:37
who became my lifelong best friend,
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她后来成为我一生的挚友，
02:41
and my associate in everything that I have done till now,
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和我携手与共的人生伴侣。
02:45
my wife, Lélia Wanick Salgado.
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她是我的爱妻，Lelia Wannick Salgado。
02:48
Brazil radicalized very strongly.
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巴西那时非常激进。
02:50
We fought very hard against the dictatorship,
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我们和当权者进行了艰难卓绝的斗争，
02:53
in a moment it was necessary to us:
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一时间我们必须
02:55
Either go into clandestinity with weapons in hand,
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找个地方带着武器躲起来，
02:59
or leave Brazil. We were too young,
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或者离开巴西。我们非常年轻，
03:01
and our organization thought it was better for us to go out,
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组织认为离开对我们来说更好。
03:06
and we went to France,
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我们就去了法国，
03:07
where I did a PhD in economics,
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在法国我获得了经济学博士学位，
03:09
Léila became an architect.
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Leila则成为一名建筑师。
03:11
I worked after for an investment bank.
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后来我在一家投资银行工作。
03:14
We made a lot of trips, financed development,
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我们常常出差，融资开发
03:17
economic projects in Africa with the World Bank.
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在非洲和世界银行的金融项目...
03:20
And one day photography made a total invasion in my life.
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后来有一天摄影闯进并占领了我的生活，
03:24
I became a photographer,
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我成为一名摄影师。
03:25
abandoned everything and became a photographer,
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抛弃我所有的一切，成为一名摄影师。
03:27
and I started to do the photography
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我开始拍照，
03:30
that was important for me.
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这对我而言非常重要。
03:33
Many people tell me that you are a photojournalist,
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很多人对我说，你是一名摄影记者，
03:35
that you are an anthropologist photographer,
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你是一名人类学家摄影师，
03:38
that you are an activist photographer.
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你是一名社会活动家摄影师。
03:41
But I did much more than that.
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但我做的比这更多。
03:44
I put photography as my life.
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我视摄影为生命。
03:47
I lived totally inside photography
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我潜心摄影
03:49
doing long term projects,
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长期拍照。
03:51
and I want to show you just a few pictures
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我想给大家展示一些照片
03:54
of -- again, you'll see inside the social projects,
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再一次，你们会看到社会课题的深入层面，
04:00
that I went to, I published many books
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关于这方面我着手并出版了许多书籍，
04:02
on these photographs,
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通过照片反映出来，
04:05
but I'll just show you a few ones now.
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但我现在只展示一小部分。
04:54
In the '90s, from 1994 to 2000,
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上世纪90年代，从1994年到2000年，
04:58
I photographed a story called Migrations.
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我拍摄了一个故事叫做 迁徙
05:01
It became a book. It became a show.
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它出版过书籍，也办过展览。
05:03
But during the time that I was photographing this,
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但在我拍摄这个故事期间，
05:06
I lived through a very hard moment in my life, mostly in Rwanda.
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我经历了人生中非常艰难的一段时光，大部分是在卢旺达。
05:12
I saw in Rwanda total brutality.
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我在卢旺达见识了全部的残暴行径。
05:16
I saw deaths by thousands per day.
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一天之内数以千计的人丧生，
05:19
I lost my faith in our species.
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我对人性失去信心。
05:22
I didn't believe that it was possible for us to live any longer,
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我不相信我们还可以继续活下去。
05:26
and I started to be attacked by my own Staphylococcus.
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然后我的身体也开始被细菌侵袭。
05:32
I started to have infection everywhere.
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每处都被感染了。
05:35
When I made love with my wife, I had no sperm that came out of me;
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和我妻子做爱时，没有精液射出
05:39
I had blood.
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而是流血。
05:42
I went to see a friend's doctor in Paris,
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我去巴黎看了一个朋友的医生
05:45
told him that I was completely sick.
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告诉他我病的很严重。
05:48
He made a long examination, and told me, "Sebastian,
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他做了很多检查后告诉我：” Sebastian，
05:51
you are not sick, your prostate is perfect.
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你没有生病，你的前列腺状况良好。
05:54
What happened is, you saw so many deaths that you are dying.
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事实上是，你见到了如此多的死亡事件而让你病入膏肓。
05:58
You must stop. Stop.
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你必须停下来。停止。
06:01
You must stop because on the contrary, you will be dead."
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你必须停下来，如果不这样的话你真的会死。
06:06
And I made the decision to stop.
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后来我决定停止。
06:09
I was really upset with photography,
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我非常低落，不论是摄影，
06:12
with everything in the world,
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还是其他任何事情。
06:14
and I made the decision to go back to where I was born.
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我决定回去我出生的地方。
06:18
It was a big coincidence.
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刚好有一个很大的巧合。
06:19
It was the moment that my parents became very old.
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我的父母这时都已非常年迈，
06:23
I have seven sisters. I'm one of the only men in my family,
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我有7个姐妹，我是家里唯一的男孩。
06:26
and they made together the decision
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他们一起决定
06:28
to transfer this land to Léila and myself.
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让Lelia和我继承家族的土地。
06:31
When we received this land, this land was as dead as I was.
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我们继承到这块土地的时候，它和我一样死气沉沉。
06:36
When I was a kid, it was more than 50 percent rainforest.
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我还是孩子的时候，它有一半以上的雨林。
06:40
When we received the land,
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但是当我们继承到它的时候，
06:41
it was less than half a percent rainforest,
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雨林面积不足0.5%。
06:45
as in all my region.
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在我所有的区域中，
06:47
To build development, Brazilian development,
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为了开发新的建案
06:49
we destroyed a lot of our forest.
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我们毁弃了大面积的森林。
06:52
As you did here in the United States,
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就跟你们在美国
06:54
or you did in India, everywhere in this planet.
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或者印度，其他各个地方一样做了同样的事情。
06:56
To build our development,
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为了开发建案，
06:58
we come to a huge contradiction
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我们陷入了一个巨大的矛盾
07:00
that we destroy around us everything.
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我们毁弃了周围几乎所有的事物。
07:04
This farm that had thousands of head of cattle
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这个农场，曾经有数以千计的牛群，
07:08
had just a few hundreds,
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只剩下几百只。
07:10
and we didn't know how to deal with these.
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我们不知道该怎么办。
07:12
And Léila came up with an incredible idea, a crazy idea.
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Lelia想到了一个好主意，很疯狂。
07:16
She said, why don't you put back the rainforest that was here before?
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她说：不然我们恢复这里的雨林吧？
07:21
You say that you were born in paradise.
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你说你出生的地方好比伊甸园，
07:22
Let's build the paradise again.
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我们重新建造一个伊甸园。
07:25
And I went to see a good friend
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后来我就去拜访了一个很好的朋友
07:28
that was engineering forests
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他为我们设计了森林
07:30
to prepare a project for us,
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准备详尽的计划
07:31
and we started. We started to plant, and this
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我们就开工了。我们开始种树，
07:34
first year we lost a lot of trees, second year less,
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第一年未成活的有很多，第二年就少一些，
07:38
and slowly, slowly this dead land started to be born again.
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慢慢的，慢慢的，这片死亡之地开始重生。
07:43
We started to plant hundreds of thousands of trees,
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我们开始大量的种植树木，
07:46
only local species, only native species,
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只种本地品种，本国品种，
07:50
where we built an ecosystem identical to the one that was destroyed,
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在这里我们建造了一个生态系统，和毁弃的那个森林一样。
07:53
and the life started to come back in an incredible way.
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生命奇迹般的回来了。
07:58
It was necessary for us to transform our land
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把我们的这块土地变成森林公园
08:00
into a national park.
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是很必要的事情
08:02
We transformed. We gave this land back to nature.
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我们这么做了。我们把这块土地还给自然，
08:05
It became a national park.
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让他成为森林公园。
08:06
We created an institution called Instituto Terra,
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我们成立了一个机构叫做 Instituto Terra，
08:10
and we built a big environmental project to raise money everywhere.
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我们成立了一个大的环境项目，各处募款。
08:15
Here in Los Angeles, in the Bay Area in San Francisco,
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在洛杉矶，旧金山湾区，
08:18
it became tax deductible in the United States.
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捐款在美国可抵税。
08:21
We raised money in Spain, in Italy, a lot in Brazil.
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我们也在西班牙，意大利，巴西募款。
08:24
We worked with a lot of companies in Brazil
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我们和巴西的很多公司合作，
08:26
that put money into this project, the government.
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他们管理运用这笔资金。
08:28
And the life started to come, and I had a big wish
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生命开始回归，我有一个很大的愿望
08:33
to come back to photography, to photograph again.
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要重拾摄影之路
08:36
And this time, my wish was not to photograph anymore
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这一次，我的愿望不再是
08:39
just one animal that I had photographed all my life: us.
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跟从前一样只拍摄人类，
08:44
I wished to photograph the other animals,
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我希望拍摄其他的动物
08:46
to photograph the landscapes,
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拍摄风景
08:48
to photograph us, but us from the beginning,
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拍摄我们，但是是最初的我们
08:52
the time we lived in equilibrium with nature.
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和自然平和相处的我们
08:54
And I went. I started in the beginning of 2004,
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我去做了。我在2004年年初开始，
08:59
and I finished at the end of 2011.
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到2011年年底结束。
09:02
We created an incredible amount of pictures,
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我们拍摄了超多数量的照片。
09:05
and the result -- Lélia did the design of all my books,
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结果，Lelia为我所有的书做设计，
09:08
the design of all my shows. She is the creator of the shows.
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也策划了所有的展览。她是这些展览的创办人。
09:11
And what we want with these pictures
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我们希望这些照片
09:14
is to create a discussion about what we have that is pristine on the planet
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能激发一些讨论，我们未受破坏的星球原本是怎样的
09:20
and what we must hold on this planet
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哪些是我们必须要坚守的
09:22
if we want to live, to have some equilibrium in our life.
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如果我们要生存，要在我们的生活中获得一些平衡。
09:26
And I wanted to see us
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我也希望看到我们
09:28
when we used, yes, our instruments in stone.
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我们在用石头器具的时候，
09:34
We exist yet. I was last week
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我们就存在了。上周
09:36
at the Brazilian National Indian Foundation,
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我在巴西国家印第安基金会，
09:39
and only in the Amazon we have about 110 groups
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仅仅在亚马逊地区就有110个
09:43
of Indians that are not contacted yet.
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印第安人群落我们还未联络到。
09:45
We must protect the forest in this sense.
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这点来讲我们必须保护森林。
09:48
And with these pictures, I hope that we can create
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用这些照片，我希望我们能传达
09:53
information, a system of information.
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一个信息，一整套信息。
09:55
We tried to do a new presentation of the planet,
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我尝试做一个新的关于地球的展示，
09:59
and I want to show you now just a few pictures
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我希望能给你们展示一些新的照片
10:01
of this project, please.
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关于这个计划。请。
11:59
Well, this — (Applause) —
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呃，这个 （掌声）
12:01
Thank you. Thank you very much.
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谢谢，非常感谢。
12:09
This is what we must fight hard
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这是我必须努力争取的
12:12
to hold like it is now.
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让它保持现状
12:14
But there is another part that we must together rebuild,
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但还有一部分我们需要一起重建。
12:18
to build our societies, our modern family of societies,
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为了建设我们的社会，我们现代家庭社会，
12:22
we are at a point where we cannot go back.
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我们没办法回到从前，
12:24
But we create an incredible contradiction.
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但我们创造了一个巨大的矛盾。
12:27
To build all this, we destroy a lot.
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为了建立这些，我们毁弃太多。
12:29
Our forest in Brazil, that antique forest
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我们在巴西的森林，那些古老的森林，
12:31
that was the size of California,
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曾经和加州面积一样大的森林
12:34
is destroyed today 93 percent.
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现在有93%消失殆尽。
12:37
Here, on the West Coast, you've destroyed your forest.
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这里，在西海岸，你们的森林被摧毁了。
12:40
Around here, no? The redwood forests are gone.
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这里，不是吗？红木林也消失了。
12:43
Gone very fast, disappeared.
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以非常快的速度，消失不见。
12:45
Coming the other day from Atlanta, here, two days ago,
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两天前从亚特兰大搭乘飞机过来这里，
12:47
I was flying over deserts
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在飞机上
12:49
that we made, we provoked with our own hands.
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看到了这些我们人为造成的荒地。
12:52
India has no more trees. Spain has no more trees.
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印度没有树木。西班牙没有树木。
12:55
And we must rebuild these forests.
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我们必须重建这些森林。
12:58
That is the essence of our life, these forests.
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这是我们生命的本质，这些森林。
13:02
We need to breathe. The only factory
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我们需要呼吸。
13:06
capable to transform CO2 into oxygen,
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唯一能把二氧化碳转化为氧气的工厂
13:10
are the forests.
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只有森林。
13:12
The only machine capable to capture the carbon
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唯一能对抗
13:16
that we are producing, always,
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我们人类生产排放的碳，
13:19
even if we reduce them, everything that we do, we produce CO2,
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即使减少，人类活动都会制造二氧化碳。
13:23
are the trees.
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能对抗碳的机器，只有树木。
13:24
I put the question -- three or four weeks ago,
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我提出这个问题——三周或四周以前，
13:29
we saw in the newspapers
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我们在报纸上看到
13:30
millions of fish that die in Norway.
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挪威有数百万的鱼死亡
13:33
A lack of oxygen in the water.
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因为水中缺氧。
13:36
I put to myself the question, if for a moment,
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我问我自己，如果有一刻，
13:39
we will not lack oxygen for all animal species,
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所有物种缺乏氧气，
13:43
ours included -- that would be very complicated for us.
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包括人类自己 — — 那对我们来说会非常麻烦 。
13:46
For the water system, the trees are essential.
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对水资源系统来说，树木是至关重要的。
13:50
I'll give you a small example that you'll understand very easily.
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我要举一个简单的例子，你们就能很容易的理解。
13:54
You happy people that have a lot of hair on your head,
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你们很幸运，头发茂盛，
13:58
if you take a shower, it takes you
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如果你去冲澡，不用吹风机
14:01
two or three hours to dry your hair
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如果你去冲澡，不用吹风机
14:05
if you don't use a dryer machine.
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头发需要两到三小时才会变干。
14:07
Me, one minute, it's dry. The same with the trees.
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但对我，一分钟，就干了。树也是一样。
14:12
The trees are the hair of our planet.
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树木是我们地球的头发。
14:14
When you have rain in a place that has no trees,
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如果一个没有树木覆盖的地方下雨，
14:18
in just a few minutes, the water arrives in the stream,
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只要在几分钟之内，水就会变成瀑布，
14:22
brings soil, destroying our water source,
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带来泥沙，毁坏我们的水资源，
14:24
destroying the rivers,
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毁坏我们的河流，
14:26
and no humidity to retain.
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无法再保持湿度。
14:28
When you have trees, the root system holds the water.
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如果有树木的话，树根会蓄住水分，
14:32
All the branches of the trees, the leaves that come down
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枝叶垂下来，
14:35
create a humid area,
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制造一个湿润的环境，
14:37
and they take months and months under the water, go to the rivers,
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经过很长时间的蒸发，水分才会进入河流，
14:41
and maintain our source, maintain our rivers.
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就能保住我们的资源，保住我们的河流。
14:45
This is the most important thing,
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这是最重要的事情，
14:47
when we imagine that we need water for every activity in life.
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当我们想到我们生活的任何活动都需要水
14:51
I want to show you now, to finish,
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我想给你们展示一些照片，作为结束，
14:53
just a few pictures that for me
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对我而言非常重要
14:56
are very important in that direction.
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在这方面。
14:59
You remember that I told you,
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你们记得我告诉过你们，
15:01
when I received the farm from my parents
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当我从父母那里继承农场时，
15:03
that was my paradise, that was the farm.
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曾经的伊甸园，这个农场，
15:06
Land completely destroyed, the erosion there, the land had dried.
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满目疮夷，土地侵蚀干涸。
15:11
But you can see in this picture,
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但你们看这张照片，
15:14
we were starting to construct an educational center
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我们开始建设教育中心，
15:18
that became quite a large environmental center in Brazil.
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后来成为巴西一个非常大的环境中心。
15:23
But you see a lot of small spots in this picture.
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但你们能看到图片中有很多小点
15:27
In each point of those spots, we had planted a tree.
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每个点都是我们种的树
15:31
There are thousands of trees.
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有好几千棵。
15:32
Now I'll show you the pictures made exactly in the same point
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现在我会展示在几乎同样的地点拍摄的照片
15:36
two months ago.
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两个月以前拍的。
15:39
(Applause)
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（掌声）
15:48
I told you in the beginning that it was necessary
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我告诉你们，在最开始的时候，我们必须种植
15:50
for us to plant about 2.5 million trees
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大概250万棵树木，
15:55
of about 200 different species
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共有大概200个不同品种
15:57
in order to rebuild the ecosystem.
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来重建生态系统。
16:01
And I'll show you the last picture.
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现在我要展示最后一张照片。
16:03
We are with two million trees in the ground now.
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我们现在土地上有200万棵树。
16:06
We are doing the sequestration
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因为这些树木，我们抵扣了
16:08
of about 100,000 tons of carbon with these trees.
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大约10万吨的碳排放量。
16:12
My friends, it's very easy to do. We did it, no?
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朋友们，这个做起来很简单。我们做到了，不是吗？
16:17
By an accident that happened to me,
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一个偶然的机会，
16:19
we went back, we built an ecosystem.
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我们回来了，我们建立了一个生态系统。
16:23
We here inside the room,
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我们在这个房间，
16:25
I believe that we have the same concern,
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我相信我们都有同样的考虑。
16:29
and the model that we created in Brazil,
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我们在巴西建立的模式，
16:31
we can transplant it here.
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可以移植到这里。
16:33
We can apply it everywhere around the world, no?
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我们可以应用到世界的每个角落，不是吗?
16:36
And I believe that we can do it together.
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我相信我们可以共同努力做到。
16:39
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家。
16:40
(Applause)
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掌声
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sebastião Salgado - PhotojournalistSebastião Salgado captures the dignity of the dispossessed through large-scale, long-term projects.
Why you should listen
A gold miner in Serra Pelada, Brazil; a Siberian Nenet tribe that lives in -35°C temperatures; a Namibian gemsbok antelope. These are just a few of the subjects from Sebastião Salgado’s immense collection of work devoted to the world’s most dispossessed and unknown.
Brazilian-born Salgado, who shoots only using Kodak film, is known for his incredibly long-term projects, which require extensive travel and extreme lifestyle changes. Workers took seven years to complete and contained images of manual laborers from 26 countries, while Migrations took six years in 43 different countries on all seven continents. Most recently Salgado completed Genesis, an ambitious eight-year project that spanned 30 trips to the world’s most pristine territories, land untouched by technology and modern life. Among Salgado’s many travels for Genesis was a two-month hike through Ethiopia, spanning 500 miles with 18 pack donkeys and their riders. In the words of Brett Abbott, a Getty Museum curator, Salgado’s approach can only be described as “epic.”
Sebastião Salgado | Speaker | TED.com