DLD 2007
Norman Foster: My green agenda for architecture
Norman Foster's 议程
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建筑师 Norman Foster 以他自己的作品来展现电脑能如何帮建筑师设计又能环保，漂亮，”零污染“的建筑屋。- 2007在德国慕尼黑DLD的演讲. www.dld-conference.com
Norman Foster - Architect
Sir Norman Foster, winner of the 1999 Pritzker Prize, is perhaps the leading urban stylist of our age. His elegant, efficient buildings grace cities around the globe. Full bio
Sir Norman Foster, winner of the 1999 Pritzker Prize, is perhaps the leading urban stylist of our age. His elegant, efficient buildings grace cities around the globe. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
As an architect you design for the present,
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身为一名建筑师， 你是利用对于过去的了解
00:23
with an awareness of the past,
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来为现在设计，
00:26
for a future which is essentially unknown.
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也为基本未知的未来而设计
00:33
The green agenda is probably the most important agenda
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绿色议程也许是现在最重要的话题，
00:37
and issue of the day.
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人们都关注的话题。
00:40
And I'd like to share some experience
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我想与大家分享一些经验
00:44
over the last 40 years -- we celebrate our fortieth anniversary this year --
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过去40年- 今年我们庆祝我们的40周年--
00:49
and to explore and to touch on some observations
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一起来讨论和接触一些关于
00:55
about the nature of sustainability.
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持续的本质的观察。
00:59
How far you can anticipate, what follows from it,
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你能预期多远，后面又会发生什么，
01:02
what are the threats, what are the possibilities,
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有哪些威胁，有哪些可能，
01:04
the challenges, the opportunities?
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挑战与机会？
01:07
I think that -- I've said in the past, many, many years ago,
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我想-- 我曾经在很多年前提过，
01:11
before anybody even invented the concept of a green agenda,
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那还是在绿色议程的概念都还没存在之前，
01:17
that it wasn't about fashion -- it was about survival.
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这不是为了时髦-- 是为了生存。
01:23
But what I never said, and what I'm really going to make the point is,
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不过我从没说过， 但是现在我要强调的是，
01:28
that really, green is cool.
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环保是件非常有意义的事。
01:31
I mean, all the projects which have, in some way, been inspired
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我的意思是，所有由环保概念引发的项目
01:36
by that agenda are about a celebratory lifestyle,
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都跟庆祝的生活方式有关，
01:41
in a way celebrating the places and the spaces
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那是庆祝决定生活质量的
01:46
which determine the quality of life.
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地方和空间
01:49
I rarely actually quote anything,
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我实际上很少引述任何东西，
01:53
so I'm going to try and find a piece of paper if I can,
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如此，如果我能，我要找篇文章
01:57
[in] which somebody, at the end of last year, ventured the thought
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去年年底有人曾提出过这个想法
02:03
about what for that individual, as a kind of important observer,
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关于个人怎么样的，作为一位重要的观察者，
02:08
analyst, writer -- a guy called Thomas Friedman,
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分析家，作家，一个名叫汤姆士 弗里曼的人，
02:12
who wrote in the Herald Tribune, about 2006.
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他2006年在国际先锋论坛。
02:18
He said,
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他说，
02:21
"I think the most important thing to happen in 2006
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我想在2006年，最重要的事件
02:24
was that living and thinking green hit Main Street.
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就是让大家知道环保的概念。
02:29
We reached a tipping point this year
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今年，我们达到了一个引爆点
02:32
where living, acting, designing, investing and manufacturing green
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生活，拍戏，设计，投资和生产都被环保的概念影响。
02:37
came to be understood by a critical mass
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大众都开始明白了
02:39
of citizens, entrepreneurs and officials
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包括了市民，企业家和政府人员
02:42
as the most patriotic, capitalistic, geo-political
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他们能做得最爱国的，最资本主义的，最地理政治学
02:45
and competitive thing they could do.
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及最具有竞争性的事。
02:48
Hence my motto: green is the new red, white and blue."
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所以我的座右铭是：环保是新的红，白，蓝。“
02:54
And I asked myself, in a way, looking back,
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回顾过去我问我自己，
02:58
"When did that kind of awareness of the planet and its fragility first appear?"
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”关注地球及其脆弱性是何时开始的呢？“
03:08
And I think it was July 20, 1969,
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我想是从1969年7月20日，
03:12
when, for the first time, man could look back at planet Earth.
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那是，第一次，人类回顾地球。
03:18
And, in a way, it was Buckminster Fuller who coined that phrase.
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从某种程度上来说，是巴克明斯特 富勒创造了那个词。
03:24
And before the kind of collapse of the communist system,
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在共产体制瓦解之前，
03:30
I was privileged to meet a lot of cosmonauts
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我荣幸地跟许多前苏联的宇航员
03:33
in Space City and other places in Russia.
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在俄国的太空城和其他地方见过。
03:35
And interestingly, as I think back,
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很有趣的事情，我回想起来，
03:38
they were the first true environmentalists.
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他们是第一批真正的环保主义者。
03:42
They were filled with a kind of pioneering passion,
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他们充满一种开拓者的热情，
03:47
fired about the problems of the Aral Sea.
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为咸海的问题而充满热情。
03:50
And at that period it was --
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那个时期--
03:53
in a way, a number of things were happening.
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发生了几件事情。
03:55
Buckminster Fuller was the kind of green guru --
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巴克明斯特 富勒是那种环保领袖--
04:00
again, a word that had not been coined.
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这也是当时还未被创造出来的词汇。
04:02
He was a design scientist, if you like, a poet,
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他是个设计科学家，如果你想，也是一位诗人，
04:06
but he foresaw all the things that are happening now.
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他预期了所有正在发生的事情。
04:10
It's another subject. It's another conversation.
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--这是别的话题，另一段谈话。
04:13
You can go back to his writings: it's quite extraordinary.
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你可以看看他的作品，很棒。
04:18
It was at that time, with an awareness
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就在那时，
04:23
fired by Bucky's prophecies, his concerns
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巴克的预言激起了关注，他身为
04:28
as a citizen, as a kind of citizen of the planet,
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公民，地球的公民，
04:33
that influenced my thinking and what we were doing at that time.
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影响了我的思想及当时正在做的事情。
04:37
And it's a number of projects.
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有几个项目。
04:40
I select this one because it was 1973, and it was a master plan
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我选了这个是因为它是在1973年，
04:46
for one of the Canary Islands.
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为加那利群岛之一的总体计划。
04:48
And this probably coincided with the time
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这或许是个巧合
04:52
when you had the planet Earth's sourcebook,
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遇上地球原始资料，
04:55
and you had the hippie movement.
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以及嬉皮运动。
04:57
And there are some of those qualities in this drawing,
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这个设计图上有一些那样的特性
05:01
which seeks to sum up the recommendations.
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来综合那些建议。
05:04
And all the components are there which are now
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那些构成现在成为了
05:07
in common parlance, in our vocabulary,
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共同的说法，出现在我们的词汇中，
05:10
you know, 30-odd years later:
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你知道，30多年之后。
05:13
wind energy, recycling, biomass, solar cells.
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风能，回收，生物能源，太阳能电池--
05:18
And in parallel at that time, there was
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同时还有
05:22
a very kind of exclusive design club.
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一个特别的设计俱乐部。
05:27
People who were really design conscious
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那些真正有设计意识的人们
05:30
were inspired by the work of Dieter Rams,
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深受迪特拉姆斯的作品的影响，
05:33
and the objects that he would create
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以及他为布劳恩公司所创造的
05:36
for the company called Braun.
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那些物品的影响。
05:38
This is going back the mid-'50s, '60s.
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这是在50年代、60年代中期的事了。
05:41
And despite Bucky's prophecies
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不论巴克预言
05:44
that everything would be miniaturized
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所有的东西都将小型化
05:47
and technology would make an incredible style --
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而且科技将创造一种不可思议的风格--
05:50
access to comfort, to amenities --
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贴近舒适，实用--
05:54
it was very, very difficult to imagine
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很难想象
05:57
that everything that we see in this image,
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我们在这张图上看到的一切
05:59
would be very, very stylishly packaged.
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都将被包装得很时髦。
06:02
And that, and more besides, would be in the palm of your hand.
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此外，它们将只有你的掌心大小。
06:05
And I think that that digital revolution
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我认为数字革命
06:09
now is coming to the point
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发展到了现在这个阶段
06:12
where, as the virtual world, which brings so many people together here,
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可将许多人聚集在虚拟世界，
06:18
finally connects with the physical world,
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最终与现实世界联结的境地，
06:20
there is the reality that that has become humanized,
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事实上这个联结已经被人性化了，
06:26
so that digital world has all the friendliness,
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所以数字世界拥有亲切感，
06:30
all the immediacy, the orientation of the analog world.
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即时性，以及模拟世界的方向。
06:34
Probably summed up in a way
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也许可以用
06:36
by the stylish or alternative available here,
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时髦的或者能替代的来作个总结，
06:40
as we generously had gifted at lunchtime,
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就像是我们被赋予享受午餐时间，
06:44
the [unclear], which is a further kind of development --
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Maxin*，一种更高级的发展，
06:48
and again, inspired by the incredible sort of sensual feel.
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再次，受到奇妙的感受所启发。
06:52
A very, very beautiful object.
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一个非常，非常漂亮的物品。
06:54
So, something which in [the] '50s, '60s was very exclusive
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在50和60年代很独特的东西
06:59
has now become, interestingly, quite inclusive.
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有趣的是， 现在已经很普遍。
07:02
And the reference to the iPod as iconic,
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把iPod做为标志的参考，
07:06
and in a way evocative of performance, delivery --
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和一种令人回味的表现方式，传达方式。
07:11
quite interesting that [in] the beginning of the year 2007,
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2007年初很有趣的是，
07:14
the Financial Times commented that the Detroit companies
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金融时报报道了底特律的几家公司
07:18
envy the halo effect that Toyota has gained
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都羡慕丰田从
07:21
from the Prius as the hybrid, energy-conscious vehicle,
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Prius获得的光环效应，即电油能混合汽车，
07:26
which rivals the iPod as an iconic product.
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Prius因此也成为跟iPod竞争的象征性产品。
07:28
And I think it's very tempting to, in a way, seduce ourselves --
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我想我们很容易引诱自己，
07:33
as architects, or anybody involved with the design process --
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无论是建筑师或者是参与设计过程的任何人，
07:36
that the answer to our problems lies with buildings.
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都会认为解决问题的方法就在建筑上。
07:40
Buildings are important, but
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建筑物是重要的，但是
07:42
they're only a component of a much bigger picture.
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他们只是大景象中的一部分。
07:45
In other words, as I might seek to demonstrate,
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换句话说，我将试图说明，
07:47
if you could achieve the impossible,
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如果你能做到不可能的事情，
07:49
the equivalent of perpetual motion,
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例如永动机，
07:52
you could design a carbon-free house, for example.
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你就能设计一栋零碳房屋。
07:56
That would be the answer.
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那将会是解决的方法。
07:57
Unfortunately, it's not the answer.
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可惜的是，那不是解决的方法。
07:59
It's only the beginning of the problem.
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只是问题的开始而已。
08:01
You cannot separate the buildings out
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你不能将建筑物从
08:03
from the infrastructure of cites
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城市基础建设和交通运输中
08:05
and the mobility of transit.
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分离出来。
08:07
For example, if, in that Bucky-inspired phrase, we draw back
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例如，如果，用巴克启发我们的词汇，我们退后一步
08:13
and we look at planet Earth,
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来观察地球，
08:15
and we take a kind of typical, industrialized society,
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我们看到一个典型的，工业化的社会，
08:18
then the energy consumed would be split
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能源消耗是这样的分布的
08:21
between the buildings, 44 percent, transport, 34 percent, and industry.
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建筑，44%，交通，34%，及工业。
08:27
But again, that only shows part of the picture.
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但是再次地，这仅仅是整体的一部分。
08:29
If you looked at the buildings together with the associated transport,
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如果你将建筑和交通一起来看
08:34
in other words, the transport of people, which is 26 percent,
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换句话说，人们的交通，也就是26%，
08:39
then 70 percent of the energy consumption
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70%的能源消耗
08:41
is influenced by the way that our cites and infrastructure work together.
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则受到城市及其基础建设如何一起运作的影响。
08:48
So the problems of sustainability
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于是持久性的问题
08:51
cannot be separated from the nature of the cities,
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不能跟建筑所归属的城市的本质分开，
08:54
of which the buildings are a part.
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建筑是城市的一部分。
08:57
For example, if you take, and you make a comparison
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例如，你把两个城市作比较，
09:01
between a recent kind of city,
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一个新的城市，
09:05
what I'll call, simplistically, a North American city --
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我说，简单点，一个北美的城市--
09:08
and Detroit is not a bad example, it is very car dependent.
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底特律就行，大量地依赖汽车。
09:13
The city goes out in annular rings,
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底特律城市以环状的方式扩散，
09:16
consuming more and more green space,
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耗用更多的绿地，
09:18
and more and more roads, and more and more energy
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更多的道路，更多的能源
09:22
in the transport of people between the city center --
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消耗在人们往返市中心的交通中--
09:26
which again, the city center, as it becomes deprived
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这样，市中心，随着它不再是人们的
09:29
of the living and just becomes commercial, again becomes dead.
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生活空间，仅仅作为商业中心，它也就死亡了。
09:34
If you compared Detroit with a city of a Northern European example --
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如果你将底特律跟北欧的一个城市相比较，
09:40
and Munich is not a bad example of that,
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慕尼黑算是不错的选择，
09:44
with the greater dependence on walking and cycling --
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慕尼黑大量依赖走路和骑脚踏车，
09:49
then a city which is really only twice as dense,
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那么这个密度多了一倍的城市，
09:55
is only using one-tenth of the energy.
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却只使用底特律十分之一的能源。
09:59
In other words, you take these comparable examples
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换句话说，你看这些比较的例子
10:01
and the energy leap is enormous.
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就知道能源的差距很大。
10:05
So basically, if you wanted to generalize, you can demonstrate
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基本上，如果你想归纳，你可以说
10:11
that as the density increases along the bottom there,
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在底线上随着人口密度的增加，
10:16
that the energy consumed reduces dramatically.
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能源消耗却可大幅减少。
10:20
Of course you can't separate this out from issues like
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当然你无法撇开
10:23
social diversity, mass transit,
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社会多样性，公共交通
10:26
the ability to be able to walk a convenient distance,
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行走距离的可行性，
10:30
the quality of civic spaces.
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城市的空间品质等条件。
10:32
But again, you can see Detroit, in yellow at the top,
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但是，你可以看到底特律，处于顶部的黄色部分，
10:37
extraordinary consumption, down below Copenhagen.
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有着惊人的消耗，哥本哈根则在其下。
10:40
And Copenhagen, although it's a dense city,
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哥本哈根，尽管是个人口密集的城市，
10:42
is not dense compared with the really dense cities.
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比起其他一些真正密集的城市却不算密集。
10:47
In the year 2000, a rather interesting thing happened.
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2000年，发生了一件相当有趣的事。
10:52
You had for the first time mega-cities, [of] 5 million or more,
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你第一次看到五百万人或以上的巨型城市，
10:56
which were occurring in the developing world.
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开始在发展中国家形成。
11:00
And now, out of typically 46 cities,
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现在，在46个典型城市中，
11:03
33 of those mega-cities are in the developing world.
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33个巨型城市都在发展中国家。
11:08
So you have to ask yourself -- the environmental impact of,
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所以你会问自己--
11:12
for example, China or India.
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例如，中国或印度，会带来什么样的环境冲击。
11:14
If you take China, and you just take Beijing,
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如果你拿中国，或者只是北京做例子，
11:19
you can see on that traffic system,
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你看它的交通系统，
11:22
and the pollution associated with the consumption of energy
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及能源消耗所导致的污染
11:28
as the cars expand at the price of the bicycles.
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当汽车变得跟自行车一样便宜。
11:35
In other words, if you put onto the roads, as is currently happening,
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换句话说，如果每天有1000辆汽车增加在路上，
11:40
1,000 new cars every day --
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这是正在发生的事情--
11:44
statistically, it's the biggest booming auto market in the world --
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数据显示这是世界上最蓬勃的汽车市场。
11:50
and the half a billion bicycles serving one and a third billion people are reducing.
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而三亿多人骑的五亿辆自行车正在减少。
11:58
And that urbanization is extraordinary, accelerated pace.
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这样的都市化速度真实惊人的快。
12:05
So, if we think of the transition in our society
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假如，我们思考自己社会的转变
12:12
of the movement from the land to the cities, which took 200 years,
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从空地发展到城市整整花了200年的时间，
12:17
then that same process is happening in 20 years.
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而同样的过程仅花了20年。
12:22
In other words, it is accelerating by a factor of 10.
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换句话讲，快了整整十倍。
12:27
And quite interestingly, over something like a 60-year period,
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非常有趣的是，大约60年间，
12:35
we're seeing the doubling in life expectancy,
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我们看到预期寿命增加了一倍，
12:38
over that period where the urbanization has trebled.
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同时都市化快了三倍。
12:44
If I pull back from that global picture,
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如果我们看全球，
12:47
and I look at the implication over a similar period of time
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以相同的时间段来看
12:51
in terms of the technology -- which, as a tool,
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就科技这一工具而言，
12:55
is a tool for designers,
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科技是设计师的工具，
12:57
and I cite our own experience as a company,
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我将以我自己公司的经验作为例子，
13:01
and I just illustrate that by a small selection of projects --
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选一些作品来说明--
13:06
then how do you measure that change of technology?
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如何测量科技的改变程度？
13:11
How does it affect the design of buildings?
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科技如何影响建筑物的设计？
13:14
And particularly, how can it lead
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特别的事，它如何引领
13:17
to the creation of buildings which consume less energy,
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我们创造节能的，
13:21
create less pollution and are more socially responsible?
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低污染的，具有更多社会责任的建筑物？
13:26
That story, in terms of buildings, started in the late '60s, early '70s.
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故事发生在60年代末，70年代初。
13:32
The one example I take is a corporate headquarters
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一个例子是一个企业的总部大楼
13:35
for a company called Willis and Faber,
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这个企业叫威利斯和法贝尔，
13:38
in a small market town in the northeast of England,
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地点在英格兰东北部的商业小镇，
13:45
commuting distance with London.
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与伦敦距离不远。
13:48
And here, the first thing you can see
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首先你看见
13:50
is that this building, the roof is a very warm kind of
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这栋大楼的屋顶像是个
13:55
overcoat blanket, a kind of insulating garden,
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很温暖的大被子，一个隔热花园，
13:58
which is also about the celebration of public space.
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一个共享的公共空间。
14:02
In other words, for this community, they have this garden in the sky.
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换句话说，这个社区有个空中花园。
14:06
So the humanistic ideal is very, very strong in all this work,
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人性化的想法在这些作品中很浓重，
14:11
encapsulated perhaps by one of my early sketches here,
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或许这也涵盖在我早期的手稿当中，
14:16
where you can see greenery, you can see sunlight,
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当你看到绿地，当你看到阳光，
14:19
you have a connection with nature.
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你就跟自然有了接触。
14:21
And nature is part of the generator, the driver for this building.
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自然是这栋建筑的发电机和驱动者之一。
14:26
And symbolically, the colors of the interior are green and yellow.
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象征性地，室内的颜色是绿色跟黄色的。
14:30
It has facilities like swimming pools, it has flextime,
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它还有游泳池等设施，有弹性工作时间，
14:34
it has a social heart, a space, you have contact with nature.
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有社交中心，还有一个空间，你能跟自然相处的空间。
14:39
Now this was 1973.
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那是1973年的设计。
14:42
In 2001, this building received an award.
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2001年，这栋建筑得了个奖。
14:46
And the award was about a celebration for a building
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表彰一座使用了
14:49
which had been in use over a long period of time.
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很长一段时间的建筑。
14:53
And the people who'd created it came back:
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建造它的人们聚集在一起：
14:56
the project managers, the company chairmen then.
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项目主管，公司主席
15:00
And they were saying, you know,
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他们说
15:01
"The architects, Norman was always going on about
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那个建筑诺曼总是说
15:04
designing for the future, and you know,
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是为未来做设计的，
15:06
it didn't seem to cost us any more.
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而且也没让我们花更多的钱。
15:08
So we humored him, we kept him happy."
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所以，我们让他幽默一把，让他高兴。
15:12
The image at the top,
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上方的图片，
15:14
what it doesn't -- if you look at it in detail,
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如果你仔细看，
15:16
really what it is saying is you can wire this building.
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其实它是告诉你，你可以为这栋建筑布线。
15:20
This building was wired for change.
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这栋建筑为了改变而布线。
15:24
So, in 1975, the image there is of typewriters.
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1975年，图片上的是打字机。
15:28
And when the photograph was taken, it's word processors.
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当拍摄照片时，则变成了电脑。
15:33
And what they were saying on this occasion was that our competitors
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他们都说，那个时侯是我们的竞争者
15:37
had to build new buildings for the new technology.
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必须建造出适应新科技的大楼。
15:41
We were fortunate,
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我们很幸运
15:43
because in a way our building was future-proofed.
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因为我们的建筑适应了未来。
15:45
It anticipated change, even though those changes were not known.
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它预计了改变，甚至是那些不可知的改变。
15:51
Round about that design period leading up to this building,
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大约是在完成这栋大楼的设计之前，
15:55
I did a sketch, which we pulled out of the archive recently.
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我花了张草图，最近才从档案中拿出来。
16:00
And I was saying, and I wrote, "But we don't have the time,
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我在上面写着，“但是我们没有那个时间，
16:04
and we really don't have the immediate expertise
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我们真的没有即时的专家
16:07
at a technical level."
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技术专家。”
16:08
In other words, we didn't have the technology
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换句话说，我们当时并没有相关的技术
16:10
to do what would be really interesting on that building.
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能把真的有意思的东西建造出来。
16:14
And that would be to create a kind of three-dimensional bubble --
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比如创造一种立体泡泡--
16:18
a really interesting overcoat that would naturally ventilate,
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一种会自然通风的有趣外层，
16:23
would breathe and would seriously reduce the energy loads.
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会呼吸而且真能减少能量消耗。
16:28
Notwithstanding the fact that the building, as a green building,
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尽管，事实上，这栋建筑也是一栋绿色建筑，
16:31
is very much a pioneering building.
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是绿色建筑的先锋。
16:33
And if I fast-forward in time, what is interesting
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如果我把时间条块，有趣的是
16:36
is that the technology is now available and celebratory.
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现在的技术可行而且值得庆祝。
16:41
The library of the Free University, which opened last year,
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去年落成的自由大学的图书馆，
16:47
is an example of that.
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就是一个例子。
16:49
And again, the transition from one of the many thousands
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从几万份草图中变成
16:53
of sketches and computer images to the reality.
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计算机图再变成实体。
16:57
And a combination of devices here,
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这里面混合着许多设备，
16:59
the kind of heavy mass concrete of these book stacks,
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那些厚重的水泥书柜，
17:03
and the way in which that is enclosed by this skin,
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还有被外层包覆的方式
17:09
which enables the building to be ventilated,
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可让图书馆自然通风，
17:13
to consume dramatically less energy,
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大量节能，
17:16
and where it's really working with the forces of nature.
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而且，还能够以大自然的方式运作。
17:19
And what is interesting is that this is hugely popular
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有趣的是，这很受
17:25
by the people who use it.
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使用者的喜爱。
17:27
Again, coming back to that thing about the lifestyle,
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这又将我们带回生活品味的观念上，
17:30
and in a way, the ecological agenda is very much at one with the spirit.
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从某种程度上讲，人们都认同生态议题。
17:39
So it's not a kind of sacrifice, quite the reverse.
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这不是一种牺牲，而是恰恰相反。
17:42
I think it's a great -- it's a celebration.
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我认为环保是件很棒的事情，值得庆祝。
17:45
And you can measure the performance,
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你能测量环保的功效
17:49
in terms of energy consumption, of that building
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将这栋建筑的耗能量跟典型的图书馆
17:52
against a typical library.
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作比较。
17:55
If I show another aspect of that technology
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让我举出另一项环保科技
17:58
then, in a completely different context --
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在背景完全不同的地方--
18:02
this apartment building in the Alps in Switzerland.
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这栋建筑位于瑞士的阿尔卑斯山。
18:07
Prefabricated from the most traditional of materials,
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用最传统的建材预先打造，
18:10
but that material -- because of the technology, the computing ability,
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材料--因为有科技和电脑的帮助，
18:15
the ability to prefabricate, make high-performance components
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可预制高性能的木材结构，
18:19
out of timber -- very much at the cutting edge.
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那是很先进的建材。
18:23
And just to give a sort of glimpse of that technology,
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再来看一下这个技术，
18:26
the ability to plot points in the sky
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将点划分在空中
18:34
and to transmit, to transfer that information
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再将信息传输到
18:41
now, directly into the factory.
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工厂。
18:46
So if you cross the border -- just across the border --
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越过瑞士的边界--就越过一点点，
18:49
a small factory in Germany, and here you can see the guy with his computer screen,
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在德国有一间小工厂，你可以看到这里有个人站在电脑前，
18:55
and those points in space are communicated.
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刚才那些空中的点就传输过来了。
18:59
And on the left are the cutting machines,
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左边的是用来切割的机器
19:02
which then, in the factory,
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这样工厂
19:04
enable those individual pieces to be fabricated
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可以预制每一块独特的建材。
19:08
and plus or minus very, very few millimeters,
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只留下非常小的尺寸让工人
19:11
to be slotted together on site.
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现场组装。
19:14
And then interestingly, that building to then be clad
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有趣的是，接着那栋建筑将以
19:20
in the oldest technology, which is the kind of hand-cut shingles.
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最古老的技术覆盖起来，那就是像手工切制的瓦片。
19:26
One quarter of a million of them applied by hand as the final finish.
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以手工铺上的25万瓦片来完成最后的表面处理。
19:33
And again, the way in which that works as a building,
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再次，就建筑而言，
19:37
for those of us who can enjoy the spaces,
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我们享受到了在那里居住
19:41
to live and visit there.
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和参观的空间。
19:44
If I made the leap into these new technologies,
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我跳到这里讲解这些新的技术，
19:48
then how did we -- what happened before that?
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那在此之前-发生了什么呢？
19:51
I mean, you know, what was life like before the mobile phone,
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我的意思是，在手机等你认为理所应当 的事物出现之前，
19:57
the things that you take for granted?
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那样的生活有时什么样的呢？
20:00
Well, obviously the building still happened.
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当然，建筑还是盖起来了。
20:02
I mean, this is a glimpse of the interior of our Hong Kong bank of 1979,
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这是1979年建造的香港银行的内部，
20:10
which opened in 1985, with the ability to be able to reflect sunlight
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在1985年落成，能够将阳光折射
20:15
deep into the heart of this space here.
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进入这个空间的中心。
20:18
And in the absence of computers, you have to physically model.
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在没有电脑的情况下，你必须制作实体模型。
20:22
So for example, we would put models under an artificial sky.
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例如，我们将模型放在人造天空下。
20:29
For wind tunnels, we would literally put them
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对于风道，我们就真的把它
20:31
in a wind tunnel and blast air,
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放在风道里吹，
20:34
and the many kilometers of cable and so on.
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应用几千米长的钢索等等。
20:38
And the turning point was probably, in our terms,
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对我们而言，转折点发生在
20:42
when we had the first computer.
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我们拥有了第一批电脑。
20:46
And that was at the time that we sought
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当时我们正在探索
20:50
to redesign, reinvent the airport.
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重新设计机场。
20:54
This is Terminal Four at Heathrow, typical of any terminal --
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这是希思罗机场的第四候机室，很典型的候机室。
20:59
big, heavy roof, blocking out the sunlight,
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很大、很重的屋顶，完全阻挡了阳光，
21:01
lots of machinery, big pipes, whirring machinery.
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很多机器，大型管道，嘈杂的机械声。
21:06
And Stansted, the green alternative,
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斯坦斯德特，绿色的候机室，
21:11
which uses natural light, is a friendly place:
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采用自然光，是个很友善的空间--
21:13
you know where you are, you can relate to the outside.
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你知道你在那里，你也跟外界有联结。
21:17
And for a large part of its cycle, not needing electric light --
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整个循环的重点是，它不需要电灯--
21:21
electric light, which in turn creates more heat,
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因为电灯会产生热量，
21:24
which creates more cooling loads and so on.
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既而增加散热的负担。
21:26
And at that particular point in time,
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就是那个特殊时刻
21:29
this was one of the few solitary computers.
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这是其中一台稀少的独立计算机。
21:33
And that's a little image of the tree of Stansted.
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那是斯坦斯德特机场的机构图。
21:39
Not going back very far in time, 1990,
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1990年，不太久远的年代。
21:42
that's our office.
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这是我们的办公室。
21:45
And if you looked very closely, you'd see
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如果你仔细看，你会看到
21:48
that people were drawing with pencils,
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你们用铅笔绘图，
21:50
and they were pushing, you know, big rulers and triangles.
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他们还在用大尺子和三角板。
21:54
It's not that long ago, 17 years, and here we are now.
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那并不是很久以前的事情，17年，看看我们现在。
21:58
I mean, major transformation.
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真是巨大的转变。
22:01
Going back in time, there was a lady called Valerie Larkin,
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回顾以前，有位叫韦拉瑞 拉肯*德女士，
22:05
and in 1987, she had all our information on one disk.
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1987年，她将所有的资料都存在一张磁盘上。
22:12
Now, every week, we have the equivalent of 84 million disks,
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现在，每个星期我们的资料都相当于那时的八千四百万张，
22:21
which record our archival information
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存储了过去的，
22:24
on past, current and future projects.
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现在的及将来的所有项目。
22:27
That reaches 21 kilometers into the sky.
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长度可达21千米，直达天空。
22:31
This is the view you would get, if you looked down on that.
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这是你从那个高度往下看的景象。
22:34
But meanwhile, as you know,
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可是现在，你知道，
22:36
wonderful protagonists like Al Gore
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像戈尔那样的杰出倡导者
22:40
are noting the inexorable rise in temperature,
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都在说气温将无法停止攀升，
22:46
set in the context of that,
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在这样的情况下。
22:49
interestingly, those buildings which are celebratory
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有趣的是，这些提倡
22:51
and very, very relevant to this place.
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环保的建筑都跟那个地方关系密切。
22:55
Our Reichstag project,
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我们柏林国会大厦的项目，
22:58
which has a very familiar agenda, I'm sure,
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我想这是一个众所皆知的议题，
23:02
as a public place where we sought to, in a way,
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作为公共空间，我们想找办法
23:08
through a process of advocacy,
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提倡环保的方式，
23:11
reinterpret the relationship between society and politicians,
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重新诠释社会及政治家的关系，
23:16
public space. And maybe its hidden agenda, an energy manifesto --
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公共空间，也许在隐藏的议题中，有能源宣言--
23:21
something that would be free, completely free
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某种不需要，完完全全的不需要
23:24
of fuel as we know it.
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燃料的东西。
23:27
So it would be totally renewable.
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利用完全可以再生能源。
23:29
And again, the humanistic sketch, the translation into the public space,
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再次，人性化的草图，转变成公共空间。
23:34
but this very, very much a part of the ecology.
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但是，这个生态环境的一部分。
23:37
But here, not having to model it for real.
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但是，我们不需要实际制作的模型。
23:41
Obviously the wind tunnel had a place,
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显然风道有它的地盘，
23:44
but the ability now with the computer
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但是有了现在的电脑技术，
23:46
to explore, to plan, to see how that would work
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去探索，规划，和观察那将会如何
23:50
in terms of the forces of nature:
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在自然力量下运行。
23:52
natural ventilation, to be able to model the chamber below,
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自然通风，我们能模拟地下的空间，
23:56
and to look at biomass.
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并探讨生物能源。
23:59
A combination of biomass, aquifers, burning vegetable oil --
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综合生物，地下蓄水层，燃烧植物油--
24:06
a process that, quite interestingly, was developed
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这是一个东德设计的流程， 有趣的是
24:10
in Eastern Germany, at the time of its
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那个时候东德
24:14
dependence on the Soviet Bloc.
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还依靠着苏联。
24:16
So really, retranslating that technology and developing something
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我们用这项重新翻译过来的技术建成
24:20
which was so clean, it was virtually pollution-free.
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干净的，几乎是零污染的能源。
24:24
You can measure it again.
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你可以再测量一次。
24:25
You can compare how that building, in terms of its emission
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你可以比较这栋建筑
24:29
in tons of carbon dioxide per year --
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每年的二氧化碳排量--
24:31
at the time that we took that project, over 7,000 tons --
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在项目开始时是7000吨以上。
24:35
what it would have been with natural gas
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使用天然气后呢？
24:36
and finally, with the vegetable oil, 450 tons.
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最后使用植物油只有450吨。
24:39
I mean, a 94 percent reduction -- virtually clean.
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减少了94%--几乎是零污染。
24:42
We can see the same processes at work
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我们看到同样的设计，
24:44
in terms of the Commerce Bank --
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在商业银行--
24:46
its dependence on natural ventilation,
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依赖自然通风，
24:48
the way that you can model those gardens,
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你可以模拟那些花园，
24:50
the way they spiral around.
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旋转的造型。
24:52
But again, very much about the lifestyle, the quality --
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但是，又一次地，跟生活品味及品质有关--
24:56
something that would be more enjoyable as a place to work.
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一个让人能够乐在其中的地方。
25:00
And again, we can measure the reduction
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而且，我们也能测量其中的
25:02
in terms of energy consumption.
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节能功效。
25:06
There is an evolution here between the projects,
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在这些项目之间有场革命，
25:08
and Swiss Re again develops that a little bit further --
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瑞士再保险公司有进一步推进了这种发展。
25:13
the project in the city in London.
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这是在伦敦的项目。
25:15
And this sequence shows the buildup of that model.
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这一连串的图片将呈现模拟的过程。
25:19
But what it shows first, which I think is quite interesting,
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它首先呈现的，我觉得很有趣，
25:22
is that here you see the circle, you see the public space around it.
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是你现在看见的圆圈及圆圈周围的公共空间。
25:27
What are the other ways of putting
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还有哪些方法，
25:29
the same amount of space on the site?
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能将同样大的空间放在那里呢？
25:32
If, for example, you seek to do a building
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例如，你可以想盖一栋楼
25:36
which goes right to the edge of the pavement,
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以人行道为边界线，
25:41
it's the same amount of space.
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可以造出同样大的空间。
25:44
And finally, you profile this, you cut grooves into it.
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最后，你描绘出一个轮廓，切除纹路。
25:49
The grooves become the kind of green lungs
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那些纹路变成类似的绿色的肺
25:52
which give views, which give light, ventilation,
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提供景色，光线，通风，
25:56
make the building fresher.
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让建筑更新鲜。
25:58
And you enclose that with something that also
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然后，你用对外表也有装饰作用的东西，
26:01
is central to its appearance,
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将整栋建筑包起来，
26:04
which is a mesh of triangulated structures --
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那就是三角形的网状体--
26:08
again, in a long connection evocative of
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再次，与一些巴克明斯富勒的作品
26:11
some of those works of Buckminster Fuller,
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跨越时空互相呼应，
26:14
and the way in which triangulation can increase performance
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而三角形的设计提高了性能，
26:18
and also give that building its sense of identity.
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也给与这栋建筑独特的身份识别。
26:23
And here, if we look at a detail of the way
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如果我们仔细看
26:26
that the building opens up and breathes into those atria,
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这栋建筑如何向上伸展，
26:29
the way in which now, with a computer, we can model the forces,
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现在利用电脑，我们可以模拟力度，
26:34
we can see the high pressure, the low pressure,
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看到高气压，低气压，
26:37
the way in which the building behaves rather like an aircraft wing.
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建筑本身就像机翼一样运作。
26:41
So it also has the ability, all the time,
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它也有能力，在任何时候，
26:44
regardless of the direction of the wind,
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无论风向如何，
26:46
to be able to make the building fresh and efficient.
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让建筑维持通风和高效能。
26:51
And unlike conventional buildings,
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跟传统建筑不同的是，
26:54
the top of the building is celebratory.
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建筑的顶端是一个庆祝室。
26:56
It's a viewing place for people, not machinery.
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让人观景的地方，而不是机械室。
26:59
And the base of the building is again about public space.
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建筑的底层也是公共空间。
27:03
Comparing it with a typical building,
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跟典型的建筑相比较，
27:05
what happens if we seek to use such design strategies
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如果我们尝试采用这样的设计策略，
27:10
in terms of really large-scale thinking?
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并大规模的应用，将会发生些什么呢？
27:14
And I'm just going to give two images
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我将分享两张公司调查计划的
27:16
out of a kind of company research project.
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图片。
27:22
It's been well known that the Dead Sea is dying.
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大家都知道死海正在死亡。
27:28
The level is dropping, rather like the Aral Sea.
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海平面正在下降，有点像咸海。
27:32
And the Dead Sea is obviously much lower
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死海的海平面显然
27:36
than the oceans and seas around it.
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比周围的海洋低。
27:40
So there has been a project which rescues the Dead Sea
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于是就出现了一个拯救死海的计划，
27:44
by creating a pipeline, a pipe,
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设置运输管线，
27:48
sometimes above the surface, sometimes buried,
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有时浮现，有时隐藏，
27:51
that will redress that, and will feed from the Gulf of Aqaba
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从阿卡巴湾输送水来填补
27:57
into the Dead Sea.
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死海。
27:59
And our translation of that,
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我们的想法是，
28:00
using a lot of the thinking built up over the 40 years, is to say,
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用过去40年来积累的知识，
28:05
what if that, instead of being just a pipe,
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如果不用输送管线，
28:08
what if it is a lifeline?
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而是创造一条生命线呢？
28:10
What if it is the equivalent, depending on where you are,
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假使这跟大运河一样
28:14
of the Grand Canal,
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取决于所在的位置，
28:16
in terms of tourists, habitation, desalination, agriculture?
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就观光客、居住环境、海水、农业来看?
28:21
In other words, water is the lifeblood.
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换句话说，水就是生命。
28:23
And if you just go back to the previous image,
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如果回到刚才的图片，
28:26
and you look at this area of volatility and hostility,
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你看到这个反复无常且敌对的地区，
28:30
that a unifying design idea as a humanitarian gesture
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一个将人道主义结合在一起的设计
28:36
could have the affect of bringing all those warring factions together
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很可能将敌对派聚集在一起，
28:40
in a united cause, in terms of something that would be
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为了共同的原因，在最广泛的意义上
28:44
genuinely green and productive in the widest sense.
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是环保且有效的东西。
28:50
Infrastructure at that large scale is also
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如此庞大的基础设施
28:52
inseparable from communication.
450
1716000
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也离不开沟通。
28:57
And whether that communication is the virtual world
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无论是在虚拟世界
29:00
or it is the physical world,
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还是在现实世界的沟通，
29:01
then it's absolutely central to society.
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对社会来说都是中心。
29:04
And how do we make more legible in this growing world,
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在不断成长的世界里，我们如何更清楚地表达，
29:09
especially in some of the places that I'm talking about --
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尤其是在我讨论过的一些地方--
29:13
China, for example, which in the next ten years
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中国，在未来的10年
29:15
will create 400 new airports.
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将会建设400个新机场。
29:19
Now what form do they take?
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那些机场会是什么样的呢？
29:21
How do you make them more friendly at that scale?
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你如何让大规模的机场对环境更友善呢？
29:24
Hong Kong I refer to as a kind of analog experience in a digital age,
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香港机场，我形容它是一个数字时代的类似体验
29:31
because you always have a point of reference.
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因为你总能有参考。
29:33
So what happens when we take that and you expand that further
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如果我们将这点延伸到中国社会，
29:39
into the Chinese society?
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又会发生些什么呢？
29:43
And what is interesting is that that produces in a way
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有趣的是，结果将产生一个
29:47
perhaps the ultimate mega-building.
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最终极的巨型建筑。
29:49
It is physically the largest project on the planet at the moment.
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这是目前地球上最大的项目。
29:53
250 -- excuse me, 50,000 people working 24 hours, seven days.
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250--抱歉，5万人每天工作24小时，一周工作7点。
29:59
Larger by 17 percent than every terminal put together
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比希思罗机场还要大17%，包括现有的
30:03
at Heathrow -- built -- plus the new, un-built Terminal Five.
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候机室以及未建盖的第五候机室。
30:08
And the challenge here is a building that will be green,
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这当中的挑战是要盖一栋绿色建筑，
30:12
that is compact despite its size
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尽管巨大，还要精简，
30:15
and is about the human experience of travel,
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以人类的旅行体验为目标，
30:20
is about friendly, is coming back to that starting point,
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也强调友善的使用性，这又回到原点，
30:25
is very, very much about the lifestyle.
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跟生活品味非常，非常的有关系。
30:27
And perhaps these, in the end, as celebratory spaces.
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也许，最后这将会是一个值得庆祝的空间。
30:33
As Hubert was talking over lunch,
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如同休伯特*在午餐时谈到的，
30:35
as we sort of engaged in conversation,
477
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我们那时的谈话，
30:37
talked about this, talked about cities.
478
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说到环保，说到城市。
30:39
Hubert was saying, absolutely correctly, "These are the new cathedrals."
479
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休伯特所说的完全正确，“这些都是新的大教堂。”
30:44
And in a way, one aspect of this conversation
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从某种程度上说，这段讲演的某一部分
30:48
was triggered on New Year's Eve,
481
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是在除夕夜想到的，
30:52
when I was talking about the Olympic agenda in China
482
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当我说到中国的奥运议题，
31:00
in terms of its green ambitions and aspirations.
483
1844000
5000
它的绿色理想与抱负。
31:05
And I was voicing the thought that --
484
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我说出了自己的想法--
31:07
it just crossed my mind that New Year's Eve,
485
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在那除夕夜想到的，
31:09
a sort of symbolic turning point as we move from 2006 to 2007 --
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那好象是2006年到2007年转折的象征，
31:15
that maybe, you know, the future was
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也许，未来是
31:17
the most powerful, innovative sort of nation.
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最强大，创新的国家。
31:21
The way in which somebody like Kennedy inspirationally could say,
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像肯尼迪那样说出启发性的话，
31:24
"We put a man on the moon."
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“我们把人放到月球上去。”
31:25
You know, who is going to say
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谁会来说
31:27
that we cracked this thing of the dependence on fossil fuels,
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我们突破了对石化燃料的依赖，
31:32
with all that being held to ransom by rogue regimes, and so on.
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摆脱了流氓政权控制的价格等等，
31:36
And that's a concerted platform.
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这是个商议好的平台。
31:38
It's more than one device, you know, it's renewable.
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不只是一种装置，你知道的，它可以再生。
31:41
And I voiced the thought that maybe at the turn of the year,
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我说出一个想法，也许在进入新的一年时，
31:45
I thought that the inspiration was more likely
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我认为这些启发性的想法很可能
31:47
to come from those other, larger countries out there --
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会来自于其他，更大的国家--
31:49
the Chinas, the Indias, the Asian-Pacific tigers.
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中国，印度，亚太的老虎们。
31:53
Thank you very much.
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非常谢谢大家。
31:55
(Applause)
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(掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Norman Foster - ArchitectSir Norman Foster, winner of the 1999 Pritzker Prize, is perhaps the leading urban stylist of our age. His elegant, efficient buildings grace cities around the globe.
Why you should listen
From museums and banks to airports and bridges, from apartment buildings to the Reichstag, in the past 35 years Norman Foster's beautiful and efficient designs have dramatically changed the character of cities (think of the London Gherkin) and landscapes (the Viaduc de Millau) around the world.
A common philosophy connects all of them, starting with social responsiveness and the use of natural resources (ventilation, light). Some of Foster's work has sparked controversy (such as his pyramid in Astana, Kazakhstan), but he has never ignored a chance to rewrite the rules of architecture, be it by tackling audaciously huge construction projects or by designing wind turbines and partly-solar-powered electric buses.
Norman Foster | Speaker | TED.com