TED2014
Shai Reshef: An ultra-low-cost college degree
沙伊·瑞希夫: 超低成本的大学学位
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在网上人民大学（University of the People），任何一个有高中文凭的人都可以来选修课程并获得商业管理或者计算机科学等学科的学位——没有传统意义上的学费（虽然参加考试需要付费）。创始人沙伊·瑞希夫希望高等教育从少数的人的特权变为一种基本权利，让所有人的都能承担和获取。
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00:12
I would like to share with you
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我想和你们分享
00:14
a new model of higher education,
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一种全新的高等教育模式
00:17
a model that, once expanded,
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这一模式一旦发展起来
00:20
can enhance the collective intelligence
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能提升数以百万计的有创造力和上进心的个人
00:22
of millions of creative and motivated individuals
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的集体智慧，
00:26
that otherwise would be left behind.
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而没有这一模式的话这些人可能会被甩在后面
00:29
Look at the world.
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看看这个世界
00:31
Pick up a place and focus on it.
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任选一个地方并聚焦于此
00:34
You will find humans chasing higher education.
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你会发现人们正在追寻高等教育
00:38
Let's meet some of them.
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让我们来认识其中的一些人
00:40
Patrick.
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帕特里克
00:42
Patrick was born in Liberia
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帕特里克出生于利比里亚
00:44
to a family of 20 children.
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一个有20个孩子的家庭
00:47
During the civil war, he and his family were forced
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在内战期间，他和他的家庭
00:52
to flee to Nigeria.
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被迫逃离去尼日利亚
00:54
There, in spite of his situation,
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在那里，尽管处境恶劣，
00:57
he graduated high school with nearly perfect grades.
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他依然以近乎满分的成绩高中毕业
01:01
He wanted to continue to higher education,
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他想要继续接受高等教育，
01:04
but due to his family
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但是由于他的家庭
01:05
living on the poverty line,
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生活在贫困线上，
01:07
he was soon sent to South Africa
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他不久后被送至南非工作，
01:09
to work and send back money
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寄钱回家
01:12
to feed his family.
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供养他的家人
01:15
Patrick never gave up his dream of higher education.
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帕特里克从未放弃他的高等教育之梦
01:18
Late at night, after work,
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结束工作后的深夜里，
01:21
he surfed the Net looking for ways to study.
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他在网上寻找各种途径来学习
01:25
Meet Debbie.
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来认识一下黛比
01:26
Debbie is from Florida.
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黛比来自佛罗里达
01:29
Her parents didn't go to college,
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她的父母没有上过大学，
01:31
and neither did any of her siblings.
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她的兄弟姐妹也都没有
01:34
Debbie has worked all her life,
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黛比生活的全部就是工作，
01:38
pays taxes, supports herself month to month,
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缴税，每月维持自己的生计，
01:41
proud of the American dream,
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以美国梦为荣，
01:44
a dream that just won't be complete
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但是没有高等教育的话
01:46
without higher education.
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这个梦并不完整
01:48
But Debbie doesn't have the savings
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但是黛比没有足够的积蓄
01:51
for higher education.
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来负担高等教育
01:52
She can't pay the tuition.
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她付不起学费
01:54
Neither could she leave work.
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她也不能抛开工作
01:57
Meet Wael.
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来认识一下瓦伊尔
01:59
Wael is from Syria.
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瓦伊尔来自叙利亚
02:01
He's firsthand experiencing
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他正亲身感受着
02:05
the misery, fear and failure
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他的国家所遭受的
02:07
imposed on his country.
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痛苦、恐惧和失败
02:10
He's a big believer in education.
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他是教育的忠实信徒
02:13
He knew that if he would find an opportunity
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他知道，如果他能找到
02:15
for higher education,
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接受高等教育的机会，
02:17
an opportunity to get ahead of the rest,
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一个能超过别人的机会，
02:19
he has a better chance to survive
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他就更有可能
02:22
in a world turned upside down.
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在一个颠倒混乱的世界里生存下来
02:26
The higher education system
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高等教育体系
02:29
failed Patrick, Debbie and Wael,
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辜负了帕特里克、黛比和瓦伊尔，
02:32
exactly as it is failing
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正如它也辜负了
02:34
millions of potential students,
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数百万的潜在的学生——
02:37
millions that graduate high school,
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数百万的高中毕业生，
02:40
millions that are qualified for higher education,
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数百万有资格接受高等教育的学生，
02:43
millions that want to study
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数百万学生想要学习
02:45
yet cannot access for various reasons.
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却因为各种原因无法实现
02:49
First, financial.
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首先，经济上的原因
02:52
Universities are expensive. We all know it.
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大学是昂贵的 我们都知道这一点
02:55
In large parts of the world,
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在世界上的很多地方，
02:57
higher education is unattainable
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对于普通民众来说，
02:59
for an average citizen.
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高等教育无法企及
03:02
This is probably the biggest problem
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这个可能是我们社会
03:04
facing our society.
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所面临的最大的问题
03:06
Higher education stopped being a right for all
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高等教育不再是所有人的权力，
03:10
and became a privilege for the few.
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而是成为一种少数人的特权
03:13
Second, cultural.
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第二，文化上的原因
03:17
Students who are qualified for higher education,
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合格的、能负担得起的、想要学习的学生
03:20
can afford, want to study, cannot
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却无法得到高等教育，
03:24
because it is not decent,
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因为它不得体，
03:28
it is not a place for a woman.
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它不是女人可以去的地方
03:30
This is the story of countless women
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比如，在非洲，
03:33
in Africa, for example,
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无数的女性
03:35
prevented from higher education
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由于文化上的阻隔
03:37
because of cultural barriers.
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而无法得到高等教育
03:39
And here comes the third reason:
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第三条原因：
03:42
UNESCO stated that in 2025,
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联合国教科文组织声明，
03:45
100 million students
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到2025年，将有1亿学生
03:48
will be deprived from higher education
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被剥夺高等教育的机会，
03:51
simply because there will not be enough seats
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仅仅是因为没有那么多的座位
03:55
to accommodate them, to meet the demand.
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来容纳他们，来满足需求
03:58
They will take a placement test,
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他们会参加程度测验，
03:59
they will pass it,
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他们会通过测验，
04:01
but they still won't have access
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但是他们仍无法得到教育，
04:03
because there are no places available.
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因为没有足够的位置
04:07
These are the reasons
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由于这些的原因，
04:09
I founded University of the People,
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我创办了人民大学（University of the People），
04:11
a nonprofit, tuition-free,
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一所非盈利性的、免学费的、
04:14
degree-granting university
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授予学位的大学
04:16
to give an alternative,
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它提供了另一种选择，
04:18
to create an alternative to those who have no other,
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为那些没有其它选择的人创造了一种选择，
04:22
an alternative that will be affordable
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一种价格合理的选择，
04:25
and scalable,
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一种可扩展的选择，
04:27
an alternative that will disrupt
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一种打破
04:30
the current education system,
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现行的教育体系的选择，
04:33
open the gates to higher education
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为每一位合格的学生
04:35
for every qualified student
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打开高等教育的大门，
04:37
regardless of what they earn, where they live,
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不论他们的收入，不论他们身处何处，
04:42
or what society says about them.
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不论社会如何议论他们
04:45
Patrick, Debbie and Wael
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帕特里克、黛比和瓦伊尔
04:47
are only three examples
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只是来自143个国家的
04:48
out of the 1,700 accepted students
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1700位被录取的学生中
04:51
from 143 countries.
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的三个例子
04:54
We — (Applause) — Thank you.
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我们——（掌声）——谢谢
05:00
We didn't need to reinvent the wheel.
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我们不需要重新发明轮子
05:02
We just looked at what wasn't working
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我们只是看到那些有问题的地方，
05:04
and used the amazing power of the Internet
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并使用互联网的神奇力量
05:07
to get around it.
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来绕开问题
05:09
We set out to build a model
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我们着手建立一种模式，
05:12
that will cut down almost entirely
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它将削减掉
05:15
the cost of higher education,
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高等教育的绝大部分成本
05:17
and that's how we did it.
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我们是这样做到的
05:19
First, bricks and mortar cost money.
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首先，大楼需要花钱
05:22
Universities have expenses
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大学有很多的开销
05:25
that virtual universities don't.
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是虚拟大学所没有的
05:28
We don't need to pass these expenses
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我们不需要将这些开销
05:30
onto our students.
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转移到我们的学生头上
05:31
They don't exist.
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这些开销不存在
05:33
We also don't need to worry about capacity.
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我们也不需要担心可容纳的人数
05:36
There are no limits of seats
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在虚拟大学里
05:38
in virtual university.
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没有座位数的限制
05:40
Actually, nobody needs to stand
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事实上，没人需要
05:42
at the back of the lecture hall.
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站在讲堂的后面
05:45
Textbooks is also something
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我们的学生
05:47
our students don't need to buy.
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也不需要购买课本
05:49
By using open educational resources
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使用开放的教学资源
05:52
and the generosity of professors
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以及教授们的慷慨馈赠，
05:55
who are putting their material
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很多教授把他们的教学材料
05:56
free and accessible,
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免费公开，
05:59
we don't need to send our students to buy textbooks.
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我们不需要让我们的学生去购买课本
06:02
All of our materials come free.
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我们所有的材料都是免费的
06:05
Even professors,
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甚至是教授，
06:07
the most expensive line in
any university balance sheet,
any university balance sheet,
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任何大学的收支表上最昂贵的一项，
06:11
come free to our students,
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也对我们的学生免费
06:12
over 3,000 of them,
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我们有超过3000位教师，
06:15
including presidents, vice chancellors,
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包括校长、副校长、
06:18
professors and academic advisors
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教授和学术导师，
06:21
from top universities such as NYU,
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他们来自顶尖的大学，比如纽约大学、
06:25
Yale, Berkeley and Oxford,
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耶鲁大学、加州大学伯克利分校、牛津大学，
06:27
came on board to help our students.
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来帮助我们的学生
06:30
Finally, it's our belief in peer-to-peer learning.
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最后，是我们对于同伴学习的信念
06:34
We use this sound pedagogical model
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我们使用这个可靠的教学模式
06:37
to encourage our students from all over the world
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来鼓励我们来自世界各地的学生
06:40
to interact and study together
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一起互动并共同学习，
06:42
and also to reduce the time
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这同时也缩短了教授们
06:45
our professors need to labor over class assignments.
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需要花在课堂作业上的时间
06:52
If the Internet has made us a global village,
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如果说互联网把我们变成了一个地球村，
06:58
this model can develop its future leadership.
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这一模式能培养其未来的领导力量
07:02
Look how we do it.
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看看我们如何做到这一点
07:04
We only offer two programs:
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我们只提供了两个项目：
07:07
business administration and computer science,
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商业管理和计算机科学
07:09
the two programs
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这两个项目
07:11
that are most in demand worldwide,
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是世界上需求最广的，
07:13
the two programs that are likeliest
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这两个项目最有可能
07:15
to help our students find a job.
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帮助我们的学生找到工作
07:19
When our students are accepted,
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当我们的学生被录取后，
07:22
they are placed in a small classroom
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他们被安排到
07:25
of 20 to 30 students to ensure
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由20至30人组成的小班
07:29
that those who need personalized attention get it.
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来保证那些有个性化需求的学生可以得到相应的关注
07:32
Moreover, for every nine weeks' course,
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此外，每九周的课程
07:36
they meet a new peer,
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他们会认识一个新的同伴，
07:38
a whole new set of students
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一组来自世界各地的
07:40
from all over the world.
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全新的同学
07:42
Every week, when they go into the classroom,
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每周，当他们进入课堂，
07:45
they find the lecture notes of the week,
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他们会找到本周的课程笔记、
07:48
the reading assignment, the homework assignment,
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阅读任务、课外作业，
07:50
and the discussion question,
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以及讨论问题——
07:51
which is the core of our studies.
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这是我们学习的核心
07:54
Every week, every student
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每周，每位学生
07:55
must contribute to the class discussion
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都必须为课堂讨论做出贡献，
07:58
and also must comment
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同时也必须对其它人的贡献
08:00
on the contribution of others.
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做出评论
08:03
This way, we open our students' minds,
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通过这样的方法，我们开阔了学生的思维，
08:06
we develop a positive shift in attitude
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我们发展了一种正面积极的态度
08:09
toward different cultures.
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来对待不同的文化
08:12
By the end of each week,
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每周结束的时候，
08:14
the students take a quiz,
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学生们参加一个测验，
08:15
hand in their homework,
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提交他们的课外作业，
08:17
which are assessed by their peers
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作业会在教师的监督下
08:18
under the supervision of the instructors,
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由同学互相评估，
08:22
get a grade, move to the next week.
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得到成绩，然后继续下一周的学习
08:24
By the end of the course, they take the final exam,
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在课程的末尾，他们参加期末考试，
08:27
get a grade, and follow to the next course.
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得到成绩，然后开始下一个课程
08:32
We opened the gates for higher education
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我们为每一个合格的学生
08:35
for every qualified student.
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打开了高等教育的大门
08:38
Every student with a high school diploma,
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每个学生，只要有高中文凭、
08:41
sufficient English and Internet connection
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足够的英语能力和互联网连接，
08:44
can study with us.
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就可以和我们一起学习
08:46
We don't use audio. We don't use video.
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我们不使用音频和视频
08:49
Broadband is not necessary.
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宽带网络不是必须的
08:51
Any student from any part of the world
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来自世界任何一个地方的任何一个学生
08:54
with any Internet connection
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只要能连接到互联网
08:56
can study with us.
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就可以和我们一起学习
08:58
We are tuition-free.
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我们没有学费
09:00
All we ask our students to cover
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我们的学生只需要负担
09:03
is the cost of their exams,
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考试的成本，
09:04
100 dollars per exam.
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每门考试100美元。
09:07
A full-time bachelor degree student
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一个全日制本科学位的学生
09:10
taking 40 courses,
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选修40门课，
09:12
will pay 1,000 dollars a year,
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每年将支付1000美元，
09:14
4,000 dollars for the entire degree,
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整个学位需要4000美元
09:17
and for those who cannot afford even this,
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对于连这些也无法负担的学生，
09:21
we offer them a variety of scholarships.
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我们提供了各种类型的奖学金
09:23
It is our mission that nobody will be left behind
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没有人会因为经济上的原因而被抛下，
09:26
for financial reasons.
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这是我们的使命
09:29
With 5,000 students in 2016,
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到2016年，随着5000名学生，
09:32
this model is financially sustainable.
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这一模式在经济上是可持续的。
09:37
Five years ago, it was a vision.
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五年前这还是一个畅想，
09:41
Today, it is a reality.
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而今它成为了现实
09:44
Last month, we got the ultimate
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上个月，我们的模式
09:47
academic endorsement to our model.
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得到了学术界的最终认可
09:50
University of the People is now fully accredited.
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人民大学现在已完全通过认证
09:54
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:55
Thank you.
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谢谢。
10:01
With this accreditation,
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有了这一认证，
10:02
it's our time now to scale up.
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现在到了我们扩张的时候
10:06
We have demonstrated that our model works.
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我们已经展示了我们的模式是可行的
10:09
I invite universities and, even more important,
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我邀请大学，更重要的是
10:13
developing countries' governments,
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发展中国家的政府，
10:14
to replicate this model
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来复制这一模式，
10:16
to ensure that the gates of higher education
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来保证高等教育的大门
10:19
will open widely.
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将一直敞开
10:22
A new era is coming,
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一个新的时代来临了，
10:24
an era that will witness
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这个时代将会见证
10:26
the disruption of the higher education model
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我们今天所知的高等教育模式
10:29
as we know it today,
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的瓦解，
10:31
from being a privilege for the few
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从一种少数人的特权
10:35
to becoming a basic right,
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变为一种基本权力，
10:38
affordable and accessible for all.
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所有人都可以承担，可以获得
10:41
Thank you.
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谢谢。
10:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shai Reshef - Education entrepreneurShai Reshef wants to democratize higher education.
Why you should listen
Reshef is the president of University of the People, an online school that offers tuition-free academic degrees in computer science, business administration and health studies (and MBA) to students across the globe. The university is partnered with Yale Law School for research and NYU and University of California Berkeley to accept top students. It's accredited in the U.S. and has admitted thousands of students from more than 180 countries. Wired magazine has included Reshef in its list of "50 People Changing the World" while Foreign Policy named him a "Top Global Thinker." Now Reshef wants to contribute to addressing the refugee crisis. "Education is a major factor in solving this global challenge," he says. UoPeople is taking at least 500 Syrian refugees as students with full scholarship. Before founding UoPeople, Reshef chaired KIT eLearning, the first online university in Europe.
Shai Reshef | Speaker | TED.com