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Lisa Dyson: A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food
Lisa Dyson: 一项被遗忘的太空时代的科技可以改变我们生产食物的方式
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我们正在走向一个拥有100亿人口的世界，但是我们未来吃什么呢？Lisa Dyson 重新发现了由美国国家航空航天局在60年代深度太空旅行中提出的观点，那将是彻底改造生产食物方式的关键。
Lisa Dyson - Sustainability crusader
Lisa Dyson thinks a new class of crops might help us reinvent agriculture -- and feed the world. Full bio
Lisa Dyson thinks a new class of crops might help us reinvent agriculture -- and feed the world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Imagine you are a part
of a crew of astronauts
of a crew of astronauts
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想象你是那些宇航员中的一员
00:18
traveling to Mars or some distant planet.
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你们前往火星或遥远的行星
00:21
The travel time could take a year
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这次旅行可能会需要一年的时间
00:24
or even longer.
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或者更长
00:26
The space on board and the resources
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飞船上的空间和资源
00:29
would be limited.
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将会受到限制
00:31
So you and the crew would have
to figure out how to produce food
to figure out how to produce food
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于是你和你的团队将不得不弄清楚如何
00:35
with minimal inputs.
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用最少的给料来生产食物
00:38
What if you could bring with you
just a few packets of seeds,
just a few packets of seeds,
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假如你能携带一小包
00:42
and grow crops in a matter of hours?
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可以在几个小时内成熟的种子?
00:46
And what if those crops
would then make more seeds,
would then make more seeds,
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假如那些作物可以产出更多的种子
00:50
enabling you to feed the entire crew
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使你可以仅仅凭借这几包种子
00:53
with just those few packets of seeds
for the duration of the trip?
for the duration of the trip?
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就可以在旅行期间养活整个团队?
00:58
Well, the scientists at NASA actually
figured out a way to do this.
figured out a way to do this.
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美国国家航空航天局的科学家实际上已经找到了这样的方法
01:03
What they came up with
was actually quite interesting.
was actually quite interesting.
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他们的想法非常有趣
01:06
It involved microorganisms,
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它涉及到微生物
01:08
which are single-celled organisms.
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一些单细胞的有机物
01:10
And they also used hydrogen from water.
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而且他们还使用了从水中提炼的氢
01:13
The types of microbes that they used
were called hydrogenotrophs,
were called hydrogenotrophs,
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他们使用的那种微生物被称为氢利用菌
01:17
and with these hydrogenotrophs,
you can create a virtuous carbon cycle
you can create a virtuous carbon cycle
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利用这些氢利用菌,你可以创造出有效的碳循环
01:22
that would sustain life
onboard a spacecraft.
onboard a spacecraft.
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有效的碳循环会维持飞船上的生活
01:26
Astronauts would breathe out
carbon dioxide,
carbon dioxide,
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宇航员们会呼出二氧化碳
01:30
that carbon dioxide would then
be captured by the microbes
be captured by the microbes
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那些二氧化碳会被这些微生物捕捉到
01:34
and converted into a nutritious,
carbon-rich crop.
carbon-rich crop.
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然后转化为一种有营养的,碳含量高的农作物
01:38
The astronauts would then eat
that carbon-rich crop
that carbon-rich crop
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于是宇航员们可以吃这些含碳量高的作物
01:41
and exhale the carbon out
in the form of carbon dioxide,
in the form of carbon dioxide,
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然后再以二氧化碳的形式呼出
01:45
which would then be captured
by the microbes,
by the microbes,
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然后再被这些微生物捕捉
01:48
to create a nutritious crop,
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产出营养价值高的作物
01:49
which then would be exhaled
in the form of carbon dioxide
in the form of carbon dioxide
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再由宇航员以二氧化碳的
01:52
by the astronauts.
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形式呼出
01:54
So in this way, a closed-loop
carbon cycle is created.
carbon cycle is created.
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于是以这种方式,,一个封闭的碳循环就形成了
01:57
So why is this important?
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为什么碳循环这么重要呢
02:00
We need carbon to survive as humans,
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作为人类我们需要碳来维持生存
02:02
and we get our carbon from food.
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而且我们从食物中获取碳
02:05
On a long space journey,
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在远途的空间旅行中
02:06
you simply wouldn't be able to pick up
any carbon along the way,
any carbon along the way,
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你可能在沿途无法获取任何碳物质
02:10
so you'd have to figure out
how to recycle it on board.
how to recycle it on board.
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所以你不得不想清楚如何在飞船上使碳循环
02:13
This is a clever solution, right?
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这是一个聪明的解决办法，不是吗？
02:16
But the thing is, that research
didn't really go anywhere.
didn't really go anywhere.
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但问题在于,那个研究并没有实践应用于任何地方
02:20
We haven't yet gone to Mars.
We haven't yet gone to another planet.
We haven't yet gone to another planet.
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我们还没有去火星,也没有去其他的行星
02:24
And this was actually done
in the '60s and '70s.
in the '60s and '70s.
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而且这个研究实际上是在60-70年代期间完成的
02:27
So a colleague of mine,
Dr. John Reed, and I,
Dr. John Reed, and I,
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我的一个同事,Dr. John Reed和我
02:30
were interested, actually,
in carbon recycling here on Earth.
in carbon recycling here on Earth.
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当时对于地球上碳的重复利用非常感兴趣
02:34
We wanted to come up
with technical solutions
with technical solutions
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我们希望可以想出科学的办法
02:36
to address climate change.
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来解决气候变化问题
02:38
And we discovered this research
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我们通过阅读60年代的1967年及其以后发表的
02:41
by reading some papers published
in the '60s -- 1967 and later --
in the '60s -- 1967 and later --
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与这项工作有关的文章
02:45
articles about this work.
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得到了这样的研究结果
02:48
And we thought it was a really good idea.
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而且我们认为那是一个非常好的想法
02:50
So we said, well, Earth
is actually like a spaceship.
is actually like a spaceship.
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于是我们提出，地球其实就像一个飞船一样
02:54
We have limited space
and limited resources,
and limited resources,
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我们拥有有限的空间和有限的资源
02:57
and on Earth, we really do
need to figure out
need to figure out
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而且在地球上，我们着实需要想清楚
03:00
how to recycle our carbon better.
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如何更好地循环利用碳
03:03
So we had the idea,
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于是我们有了一个主意
03:05
can we take some of these
NASA-type ideas and apply them
NASA-type ideas and apply them
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我们能不能利用这些美国航空航天局的思路并把他们应用于
03:12
to our carbon problem here on Earth?
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我们地球上的碳问题？
03:14
Could we cultivate
these NASA-type microbes
these NASA-type microbes
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我们能不能培养他们所谓的那种微生物
03:17
in order to make
valuable products here on Earth?
valuable products here on Earth?
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使我们能够在地球上生产有价值的产品
03:21
We started a company to do it.
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于是我们创办了一个公司做这件事
03:23
And in that company, we discovered
that these hydrogenotrophs --
that these hydrogenotrophs --
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在那个公司里，我们发现这些氢利用菌
03:28
which I'll actually call
nature's supercharged carbon recyclers --
nature's supercharged carbon recyclers --
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（我把它称为自然界碳资源的超级循环器）
03:32
we found that they are a powerful
class of microbes
class of microbes
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我们发现他们是一类强大的微生物
03:35
that had been largely overlooked
and understudied,
and understudied,
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这类微生物曾一直被忽视并被作为替补
03:39
and that they could make
some really valuable products.
some really valuable products.
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我们还发现他们可以创造一些非常有价值的产品
03:42
So we began cultivating these products,
these microbes, in our lab.
these microbes, in our lab.
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于是我们开始在实验室里制造这些产品，这些微生物
03:47
We found that we can make
essential amino acids from carbon dioxide
essential amino acids from carbon dioxide
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我们发现我们能够利用这种微生物
03:50
using these microbes.
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从二氧化碳中得到基础的氨基酸
03:52
And we even made a protein-rich meal
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我们甚至制造出一种富含蛋白质的粉
03:55
that has an amino acid profile
similar to what you might find
similar to what you might find
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这种粉有一种氨基酸的外形，就像你可能会从
04:00
in some animal proteins.
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一些动物蛋白中看到的那样
04:02
We began cultivating them even further,
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我们开始更深层次的培养他们
04:04
and we found that we can make oil.
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于是我们发现我们能够制造出油
04:06
Oils are used to manufacture
many products.
many products.
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油可以用来加工很多产品
04:09
We made an oil that was similar
to a citrus oil,
to a citrus oil,
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我们制造了一种类似于柠檬油的油
04:13
which can be used for flavoring
and for fragrances,
and for fragrances,
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它可以被用来调味或用于香水中
04:16
but it also can be used
as a biodegradable cleaner
as a biodegradable cleaner
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但是它也可以被用于一种具有生物降解功能的清洁剂
04:18
or even as a jet fuel.
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或者是一种喷气燃料
04:21
And we made an oil
that's similar to palm oil.
that's similar to palm oil.
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而且我们还生产了一种类似于粽榈油的油
04:24
Palm oil is used to manufacture
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棕榈油被用于供给
04:26
a wide range of consumer
and industrial goods.
and industrial goods.
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很大范围的生态消费者和制造一些工业商品
04:30
We began working with manufacturers
to scale up this technology,
to scale up this technology,
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我们开始和制造商一起工作以扩大这项技术的规模
04:35
and we're currently working with them
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而且我们现在依然和他们一起合作
04:37
to bring some of these products to market.
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把一些产品推向市场
04:40
We believe this type of technology
can indeed help us
can indeed help us
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我们相信这种科技的确可以帮到我们
04:43
profitably recycle carbon dioxide
into valuable products --
into valuable products --
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合理的回收二氧化碳，并用于有价值的产品
04:47
something that's beneficial
for the planet
for the planet
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而这些产品对地球是有益的
04:49
but also beneficial for business.
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对我们的商业也是很有益的
04:52
That's what we're doing today.
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那就是我们现在正在做的事情
04:54
But tomorrow, this type of technology
and using these types of microbes
and using these types of microbes
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但是未来，如果我们把这种技术和对这种微生物的利用
04:58
actually could help us
do something even greater
do something even greater
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应用到下一个层次的话，这着实可以帮到我们
05:01
if we take it to the next level.
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做到更环保
05:04
We believe that this type of technology
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我们相信这种技术
05:06
can actually help us address
an issue with agriculture
an issue with agriculture
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其实也可以帮我们解决农业上的问题
05:09
and allow us to create
a type of agriculture that's sustainable,
a type of agriculture that's sustainable,
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这种技术使我们能够创造出一种可持续的农业模式
05:14
that will allow us to scale
to meet the demands of tomorrow.
to meet the demands of tomorrow.
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那将使我们扩大规模以满足未来的需求
05:18
And why might we need
a sustainable agriculture?
a sustainable agriculture?
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为什么我们需要一个可持续的农业模式呢？
05:22
Well, actually, it is estimated
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实际上，有人预测
05:24
that the population will reach
about 10 billion by 2050,
about 10 billion by 2050,
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截止2050年人口数量将会达到100亿
05:29
and we're projecting that we will need
to increase food production
to increase food production
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我们提出我们将需要增加70%
05:33
by 70 percent.
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的食品产量
05:35
In addition, we will need many more
resources and raw materials
resources and raw materials
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除此之外，我们将需要更多资源和原材料
05:38
to make consumer goods
and industrial goods.
and industrial goods.
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来制造消费品和工业化商品
05:41
So how will we scale to meet that demand?
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那么我们应该如何扩大范围以满足这样的需求呢？
05:44
Well, modern agriculture simply cannot
sustainably scale to meet that demand.
sustainably scale to meet that demand.
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当然，仅仅靠现代农业无法实现持续化来满足那样的需求
05:50
There are a number of reasons why.
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这其中有很多理由
05:53
One of them is that modern agriculture
is one of the largest emitters
is one of the largest emitters
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其中一个原因就是现代农业是温室气体的
05:58
of greenhouse gases.
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一大发射源
05:59
In fact, it emits more greenhouse gases
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事实上，由现代农业所释放的温室气体
06:03
than our cars, our trucks, our planes
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要比我们的汽车、卡车、飞机和火车
06:06
and our trains combined.
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加起来还要多
06:09
Another reason is that modern ag
simply takes up a whole lot of land.
simply takes up a whole lot of land.
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另一个原因是仅仅是现代农业就占据了很大的土地
06:14
We have cleared 19.4 million square miles
for crops and livestock.
for crops and livestock.
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我们为种植业和家畜提供了1940万平方英里的土地
06:21
What does that look like?
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那看起来有多大呢？
06:23
Well, that's roughly the size
of South America and Africa combined.
of South America and Africa combined.
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那几乎是南美与非洲加起来那么大
06:29
Let me give you a specific example.
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让我给你举一个具体的例子
06:31
In Indonesia, an amount
of virgin rainforest was cleared
of virgin rainforest was cleared
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在印度尼西亚，大量的原始森林被清除
06:36
totaling the size
of approximately Ireland,
of approximately Ireland,
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总计有大约爱尔兰岛那么大的面积
06:39
between 2000 and 2012.
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那是发生在2000到2012年之间的
06:42
Just think of all
of the species, the diversity,
of the species, the diversity,
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想象在这个过程中,所有的物种及其多样性
06:45
that was removed in the process,
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无论是植物,昆虫还是动物
06:47
whether plant life, insects
or animal life.
or animal life.
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都在这个过程中被迁移
06:51
And a natural carbon sink
was also removed.
was also removed.
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于是一个天然的碳池会就被移走了
06:54
So let me make this real for you.
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请让我告诉你这个事实
06:56
This clearing happened primarily
to make room for palm plantations.
to make room for palm plantations.
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那被清理的土地主要被用来种植大片的棕榈树
07:01
And as I mentioned before,
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就像我前边提过的那样,
07:02
palm oil is used
to manufacture many products.
to manufacture many products.
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棕榈油能够被用来制造许多产品
07:06
In fact, it is estimated
that over 50 percent of consumer products
that over 50 percent of consumer products
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事实上,估计有超过50%烦人消费产品在制造过程中
07:10
are manufactured using palm oil.
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使用棕榈油
07:13
And that includes things
like ice cream, cookies ...
like ice cream, cookies ...
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那些商品包括冰淇淋,曲奇饼干...
07:17
It includes cooking oils.
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包括食用油,
07:19
It also includes detergents,
lotions, soaps.
lotions, soaps.
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还包括洗涤液,洗衣液和肥皂
07:23
You and I both
probably have numerous items
probably have numerous items
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我们可能在我们的
07:28
in our kitchens and our bathrooms
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厨房和浴室里有大量的
07:30
that were manufactured using palm oil.
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使用棕榈油制造的产品
07:33
So you and I are direct beneficiaries
of removed rainforests.
of removed rainforests.
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所以我们也都是雨林被移除的直接受益者
07:39
Modern ag has some problems,
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现代化农业有一些问题,
07:41
and we need solutions
if we want to scale sustainably.
if we want to scale sustainably.
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如果我们想要稳定的扩张,我们需要解决方法
07:47
I believe that microbes
can be a part of the answer --
can be a part of the answer --
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我认为那种微生物可以是一种解决方案
07:51
specifically, these supercharged
carbon recyclers.
carbon recyclers.
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具体而言,就是那些超动力碳元素回收者
07:55
These supercharged carbon recyclers,
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这些超动力碳元素回收者,
07:58
like plants, serve as
the natural recyclers
the natural recyclers
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就像植物一样,充当着自然的反复循环器
08:02
in their ecosystems where they thrive.
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在他们所生存的生态系统中
08:04
And they thrive in exotic places on Earth,
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他们生活在地球上非常独特的地方
08:06
like hydrothermal vents and hot springs.
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就像深海热泉或是温泉里
08:09
In those ecosystems,
they take carbon and recycle it
they take carbon and recycle it
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在这些生态系统中,他们吸收碳元素并回收它
08:12
into the nutrients needed
for those ecosystems.
for those ecosystems.
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把碳元素转换为那个生态系统中所需要的营养物质
08:15
And they're rich in nutrients,
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于是这些生态系统就富含了营养物质
08:17
such as oils and proteins,
minerals and carbohydrates.
minerals and carbohydrates.
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例如油和蛋白质,矿物质和碳水化合物
08:24
And actually, microbes are already
an integral part of our everyday lives.
an integral part of our everyday lives.
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事实上,微生物已经成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分
08:29
If you enjoy a glass of pinot noir
on a Friday night,
on a Friday night,
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如果你想在一个漫长劳累的一周后的周五晚上
08:33
after a long, hard work week,
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来一杯黑比诺（葡萄品种之一)葡萄酒
08:35
then you are enjoying
a product of microbes.
a product of microbes.
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其实你就是在享受微生物的产品
08:39
If you enjoy a beer
from your local microbrewery --
from your local microbrewery --
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如果你在品味来自你们当地酿酒厂的啤酒
08:41
a product of microbes.
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它其实也是微生物的作品
08:43
Or bread, or cheese, or yogurt.
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或者像面包,奶酪,酸奶
08:47
These are all products of microbes.
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他们也都是微生物的产品
08:49
But the beauty and power associated
with these supercharged carbon recyclers
with these supercharged carbon recyclers
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但是这些超动力碳元素回收循环器的美和力量
08:55
lies in the fact that they can
actually produce in a matter of hours
actually produce in a matter of hours
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在于它们能够在几个小时内
09:00
versus months.
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生产几个月的产量
09:01
That means we can make crops
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那就意味着我们可以比现在更快地
09:03
much faster than we're making them today.
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种植作物
09:07
They grow in the dark,
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这些微生物在黑暗中生长
09:09
so they can grow in any season
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所以他们可以在任何一个季节
09:11
and in any geography and any location.
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在任何地形地势，任何位置生长
09:15
They can grow in containers
that require minimal space.
that require minimal space.
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他们还可以在极小的容器中生长
09:19
And we can get to a type
of vertical agriculture.
of vertical agriculture.
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于是我们能够得到一种立体农业
09:23
Instead of our traditional
horizontal agriculture
horizontal agriculture
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代替我们传统的需要占据
09:26
that requires so much land,
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很多土地的水平农业
09:27
we can scale vertically,
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我们可以在垂直方向上扩张
09:29
and as a result
produce much more product per area.
produce much more product per area.
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这样一来，我们在单位面积的土地上就可以产出更多的产品
09:36
If we implement this type of approach
and use these carbon recyclers,
and use these carbon recyclers,
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如果我们使用了这种方法并且使用这些碳元素循环器
09:40
then we wouldn't have to remove
any more rainforests
any more rainforests
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我们将不需要移除更多的雨林
09:43
to make the food and the goods
that we consume.
that we consume.
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来制造我们消耗的食物和商品
09:48
Because, at a large scale,
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因为，在大规模上，
09:50
you can actually make 10,000 times
more output per land area
more output per land area
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你在单位土地上实际上可以实现原来10000倍的产出
09:56
than you could -- for instance,
if you used soybeans --
if you used soybeans --
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例如，如果你种植大豆，
09:59
if you planted soybeans
on that same area of land
on that same area of land
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如果你在同样面积的土地
10:02
over a period of a year.
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在一年中种植一期大豆
10:04
Ten thousand times
over a period of a year.
over a period of a year.
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10000倍于一年一期的大豆产量
10:08
So this is what I mean
by a new type of agriculture.
by a new type of agriculture.
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这就是我想通过一种新型农业表达的想法
10:12
And this is what I mean
by developing a system
by developing a system
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这也是我为什么说要发展一个
10:15
that allows us to sustainably scale
to meet the demands of 10 billion.
to meet the demands of 10 billion.
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允许我们持续扩大规模以满足未来100亿的需求
10:22
And what would be the products
of this new type of agriculture?
of this new type of agriculture?
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那么这种新型农业的产品将会是什么呢
10:26
Well, we've already made a protein meal,
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事实上，我们已经生产出一种蛋白质粉
10:28
so you can imagine something
similar to a soybean meal,
similar to a soybean meal,
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因此你可以想象出像豆粉，
10:31
or even cornmeal, or wheat flour.
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玉米粉或面粉之类的东西
10:34
We've already made oils,
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我们也已经产出了油
10:35
so you can imagine something
similar to coconut oil
similar to coconut oil
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所以你可以想象一些像椰子油，
10:39
or olive oil or soybean oil.
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或橄榄油，豆油之类的产品
10:42
So this type of crop can
actually produce the nutrients
actually produce the nutrients
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所以这种作物可以生产营养品
10:46
that would give us pasta and bread,
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从而为我们提供面食和面包，
10:48
cakes, nutritional items of many sorts.
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蛋糕等各种各样的营养品
10:52
Furthermore, since oil is used
to manufacture multiple other goods,
to manufacture multiple other goods,
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而且，由于油被用于生产制造多种产品
10:59
industrial products and consumer products,
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工业产品和消耗品
11:01
you can imagine being able to make
detergents, soaps, lotions, etc.,
detergents, soaps, lotions, etc.,
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你可以想象一下使用这种作物来
11:06
using these types of crops.
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制造洗涤剂，肥皂或洗衣液等等
11:09
Not only are we running out of space,
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我们目前不仅仅在渐渐用尽我们的土地
11:12
but if we continue to operate
under the status quo
under the status quo
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而且，如果我们还要继续维持在
11:15
with modern agriculture,
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现代农业这一现状中的话
11:16
we run the risk of robbing our progeny
of a beautiful planet.
of a beautiful planet.
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我们还将使后代失去一个漂亮的地球
11:22
But it doesn't have to be this way.
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但是我们不必要这么做
11:24
We can imagine a future of abundance.
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我们可以想象一个富余的未来
11:28
Let us create systems that keep
planet Earth, our spaceship,
planet Earth, our spaceship,
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让我们创造这样的系统，
11:34
not only from not crashing,
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使我们的地球和飞船不仅可以免受冲撞，
11:36
but let us also develop systems
and ways of living
and ways of living
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而且还让我可以研发出生存的系统和方式
11:40
that will be beneficial
to the lives of ourselves
to the lives of ourselves
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那将有利于我们自己的生存
11:44
and the 10 billion that will
be on this planet by 2050.
be on this planet by 2050.
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和截止2050年存在的100亿人类的生存
11:48
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢
11:50
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lisa Dyson - Sustainability crusaderLisa Dyson thinks a new class of crops might help us reinvent agriculture -- and feed the world.
Why you should listen
Dr. Lisa Dyson is the CEO of Kiverdi, a technology company with a mission to develop innovations that go beyond traditional agriculture to help us feed and power a growing world, one that will include 3 billion more people by 2050. Kiverdi's bio-process uses natural microbes to convert CO2 into the proteins and oils that are the same as the ones we use today for sustenance and to power industry.
Dyson holds a PhD in physics from MIT and has done research in bioengineering, energy and physics at Stanford University, UC Berkeley and Princeton University, among others. She was a Fulbright Scholar at the Imperial College London in the United Kingdom, where she received a master of science, and has degrees in physics and mathematics from Brandeis University.
Dyson has broad business experience developing corporate strategies in a number of industries including in chemicals, packaging, energy, automotive, telecommunications and non-profits. While at The Boston Consulting Group, Dyson worked with executives at multi-national corporations to help them solve strategic business problems including cutting operational costs, expanding internationally, franchising, developing governance structures, designing effective organizations and developing market entry strategies.
Lisa Dyson | Speaker | TED.com